[The National Consensus statement on the management of adult patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and main comorbidities].

The National Consensus was prepared with the participation of the National Medical Association for the Study of the Multimorbidity, Russian Scientific Liver Society, Russian Association of Endocrinologists, Russian Association of Gerontologists and Geriatricians, National Society for Preventive Cardiology, Professional Foundation for the Promotion of Medicine Fund PROFMEDFORUM. The aim of the multidisciplinary consensus is a detailed analysis of the course of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the main associated conditions. The definition of NAFLD is given, its prevalence is described, methods for diagnosing its components such as steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis are described. The association of NAFLD with a number of cardio-metabolic diseases (arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, thrombotic complications, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, etc.), chronic kidney disease and the risk of developing hepatocellular cancer were analyzed. The review of non-drug methods of treatment of NAFLD and modern opportunities of pharmacotherapy are presented. The possibilities of new molecules in the treatment of NAFLD are considered: agonists of nuclear receptors, antagonists of pro-inflammatory molecules, etc. The positive properties and disadvantages of currently used drugs (vitamin E, thiazolidinediones, etc.) are described. Special attention is paid to the multi-target ursodeoxycholic acid molecule in the complex treatment of NAFLD as a multifactorial disease. Its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and cytoprotective properties, the ability to reduce steatosis an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular pathology, reduce inflammation and hepatic fibrosis through the modulation of autophagy are considered. The ability of ursodeoxycholic acid to influence glucose and lipid homeostasis and to have an anticarcinogenic effect has been demonstrated. The Consensus statement has advanced provisions for practitioners to optimize the diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD and related common pathogenetic links of cardio-metabolic diseases.

[Primary multiple malignant lung tumors. References and a clinical observation].

The problem of primary multiple tumors is relevant to current clinical oncology because of increasing of number of patients with multiple malignant tumors and unsolved issues of treatment. Primary multiple malignant lung tumors is a common oncological situation requires an individualized, differentiated approach to treatment. The results of treatment are associated with the prevalence of the process, stages of tumor development, spare capacity of patients. There is presented clinical example of a patient with metachronous primary multiple malignant tumors of one lung.

NON-INVASIVE MONITORING OF EGFR MUTATIONS IN NONSMALL CELL LUNG CANCER (NSCLC) DURING TARGETED THERAPY: STATE OF THE ART AND OUR EXPERIENCE.

Liquid biopsy is a promising approach to molecular tumor testing in the context of targeted therapy. During this pilot study we applied a high-sensitivity protocol for detection of tumor-derived mutations in circulating plasma DNA of EGFR-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients during EGFR-TKI therapy. We showed that this protocol was well suited for dynamic monitoring during targeted therapy as well as for detection of acquired resistance mutations.

[Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma].

The paper gives information on current approaches to diagnosing and treating intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHC), its microscopic and macroscopic varieties. It details the specific features of images of IHC by ultrasonography, X-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including those by diffusion-weighted MRI. Dynamic intravenous contrast enhancement and analysis of tumor hemodynamic features are emphasized to play a crucial role in different examination (arterial, venous, and delayed) phases. Diffuse heterogeneous enhancement of the whole volume of the tumor in the arterial phase with pronounced peripheral and progressing centripetal enhancement in ensuing phases is considered to be the most common type of an IHC image, which can recognize with confidence this comparatively rare neoplasm.

[The frequency and spectrum of KRAS mutations in metastatic colorectal cancer].

KRAS mutations in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) are a negative marker of the effectiveness of anti-EGFR therapy and have prognostic significance. KRAS genotyping was performed in the material from patients with metastatic CRC. KRAS mutations were determined in tumor DNA from archival biopsies of 573 patients using PCR and sequencing. Mutations in the exon 2 of the KRAS gene were detected in 36.3% of cases of CRC, while often in women (41.1%) than in men (31.2%). There were identified eight types of KRAS mutations, the most frequent--replacement of G12D (33.7%), G12V (32.7%) and G13D (12.5%). There were revealed differences in the frequency and spectrum of KRAS mutations in CRC of various locations; in tumors of the rectum dominated mutation G12V (39%). The Russian CRC patients find out a higher frequency of mutations G12V and a lower frequency of mutations G13D, than patients from Europe and it should be taken into account when assessing the response of CRC patients with different mutant KRAS status on chemotherapy and targeted therapy.

[Results of a phase I clinical trial of "theraphthal + ascorbic acid" catalytic system]. / Rezul'taty I fazy klinicheskogo izucheniia kataliticheskoi sistemy "teraftal + askorbinovaia kislota".

Phase-I clinical studies of teraphtal and a "teraphtal + ascorbic acid" catalytic system have been completed. The dose-limiting toxicity and maximum tolerable dose were not reached even at the end of maximal dose trials. No side-effects characteristic of antitumor cytostatic drugs were registered. The gravest side-effect ever recorded was a collapse which could not be linked to teraphtal dosage and was probably caused by hypersensitivity to the drug. The drug was recommended for phase II trials.

Paclitaxel and cisplatin as salvage treatment in patients with non-seminomatous germ cell tumour who failed to achieve a complete remission on induction chemotherapy.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of paclitaxel and cisplatin combination chemotherapy as salvage treatment in patients with non-seminomatous germ cell tumour. Sixteen patients with histologically proven germ cell tumour, measurable disease and/or elevated serum tumour markers were eligible for the protocol. All patients had previously not achieved a complete remission (CR) to platinum-based induction chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery. The treatment consisted of paclitaxel 175-225 mg/m2 as a 3-hour infusion, followed by cisplatin 100 mg/m2, repeated every 3 weeks for up to four cycles. Seven patients achieved a marker-positive partial remission (PR) by the end of the cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy; the remainder had disease progression at the start of the paclitaxel plus cisplatin treatment. One (6%) CR and 3 (19%) PRs were achieved, with an overall response rate of 25% (90% confidence interval 7-43). The duration of the CR is currently 9+ months; two PRs lasted 2 months. One patient with a PR has been lost to follow-up. During a median follow-up of 8 months (range 1-11), 12 patients died from the disease progression. The median survival for the whole group was 7 months. Toxicity was moderate, with neutropenia grade 3 occurring in 29% of patients, thrombocytopenia grade 1-3 in 29%, creatinine > 130 mmol/l in 36%, peripheral neuropathy grade 1-2 in 50%, and nausea and vomiting in 43%. Paclitaxel plus cisplatin showed modest activity, with an overall response rate of 31% in patients with poor prognosis who had not achieved a CR on induction chemotherapy.