Analysis of variables that can interfere with clinical outcomes of patients presented with vocal or swallowing complaints / Análise das variáveis que podem interferir no desfecho de casos clínicos de pacientes com queixas de voz ou deglutição

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze sociodemographic variables that may interfere with the clinical outcome of patients with voice or swallowing complaints. Methods: a descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study in which the medical records of patients above 18 years old treated at the Voice Clinic of the Speech-Language-Hearing Service of the Rio de Janeiro University Hospital between 2010 and 2018, were analyzed, including 81 medical records - 47 from females and 34 from males. Patients were divided according to three types of outcomes, namely: discharge, dismissal, and abandonment. The sociodemographic variables were sex, marital status, education level, income, whether they were occupational voice users, and the main complaint. The relative and absolute frequencies were calculated to analyze the results, and the Pearson´s chi-square test was used for inferential analysis (significance level of 5%). Results: sociodemographic variables were not significantly associated with the outcomes when the type of complaint (voice or swallowing) was not considered, separately. The study found a significantly higher frequency of patients with voice complaints who were discharged from speech-language-hearing therapy (p = 0.020). The higher frequency of such patients who abandoned therapy was significantly associated with an income of up to one minimum wage (p = 0.041). People with swallowing complaints were not significantly associated with sociodemographic variables. Conclusion: the most frequent outcome was treatment abandonment. In this study, low family income was associated with treatment abandonment by patients with voice complaints. Patients with swallowing complaints had a lower frequency of treatment abandonment and discharge than patients with voice complaints.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as variáveis sociodemográficas que podem interferir no desfecho de casos clínicos de pacientes com queixas de voz ou deglutição. Métodos: estudo observacional, transversal, descritivo e retrospectivo. Foram analisados os prontuários de pessoas maiores de 18 anos atendidas na Clínica de Voz do Serviço de Fonoaudiologia do Hospital Universitário do Rio de Janeiro de 2010 a 2018. Foram incluídos 81 prontuários, sendo 47 de participantes do gênero feminino e 34 do masculino. Os pacientes foram divididos quanto a três tipos de desfecho: alta, desligamento e abandono. As variáveis sociodemográficas estudadas foram gênero, estado civil, escolaridade, renda, ser ou não profissional da voz e queixa principal. Para análise dos resultados, foram contabilizadas as frequências relativa e absoluta e, para análise inferencial, foi utilizado o teste Qui-Quadrado de Pearson (nível de significância de 5%). Resultados: as variáveis sociodemográficas não estiveram significantemente associadas aos desfechos estudados quando não se considerou o tipo de queixa (de voz ou de deglutição) de forma separada. Especificamente, observou-se uma frequência significativamente maior de pacientes com queixa de voz e que receberam alta fonoaudiológica (p=0,020). Nestes pacientes, houve associação significativa entre a frequência maior de pacientes que abandonaram a terapia e que possuíam renda de até um salário-mínimo (p=0,041). Não houve associações significativas nas pessoas com queixas de deglutição e as variáveis sociodemográfica estudadas. Conclusão: o desfecho mais frequente foi o abandono ao tratamento. Neste estudo, a baixa renda familiar esteve associada ao abandono do tratamento por pacientes com queixa de voz. Pacientes com queixas de deglutição apresentaram menor frequência de abandono ao tratamento e menos alta do que pacientes com queixas de voz.

Swallowing outcome to speech therapy intervention in resistant hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

PURPOSE: To evaluate (i) the outcome of swallowing therapy program on the rehabilitation of oropharyngeal dysphagia in resistant hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and (ii) the association between the clinical and anthropometric characteristics of these individuals and this outcome. METHODS: This was a prospective interventional study in which resistant hypertensives diagnosed with OSA by polysomnography and dysphagia by fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FESS) participated. All participants underwent a FEES and assessment of the risk of dysphagia (Eating Assessment Tool, EAT-10) and swallowing-related quality of life (Swal-QoL) before and after the intervention. The therapeutic program was performed daily by the participants, with weekly speech-therapist supervision for eight weeks, including the following strategies: Masako, chin tuck against resistance, and expiratory muscle training. RESULTS: A total of 26 (78.8%) of the participants exhibited improvement in the degree of dysphagia in the intervention outcome. After the intervention, there was a statistically significant improvement in the level of penetration-aspiration (p = 0.007), the degree of pharyngeal residue (p = 0.001), the site of onset of the pharyngeal phase (p = 0.001), and the severity of dysphagia (p = 0.001) compared to before intervention. The EAT-10 score was 2 (0-6) before and 0 (0-3) after intervention (p = 0.023). Swal-QoL had a score on the symptom frequency domain of 92.8 (75-100) before and 98.2 (87.5-100) after intervention (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Resistant hypertensive patients with OSA showed improved swallowing performance after swallowing therapy program.

Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing and the Brazilian version of the Eating Assessment Tool-10 in resistant hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and characteristics of OD through Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) and the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) in hypertensive patients with OSA, as well as to describe the sensitivity of EAT-10 for the detection of OD in this population. Methods: This study included a convenience sample in which 85 resistant hypertensive patients diagnosed with OSA in an university hospital participated. Participants were subjected to the EAT-10 (index test) and FEES (reference standard). Results: The median EAT-10 score was 2 (0-5.5). According to the FEES, 27 participants did not have dysphagia, 42 had mild dysphagia and 16 had mild to moderate dysphagia. The sensitivity of the EAT-10 was 70.7% (95% CI: 57.3-81.9) at a cutoff score ≤1, with a discriminatory power of 67.4% (p = 0.005). The most prevalent symptom in this population was "food stuck in the throat", while the most prevalent signs were delayed initiation of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing, premature bolus spillage and pharyngeal residue. Conclusion: In our study, the cutoff score for the EAT-10 for screening for OD in this population was ≥ 1. In conclusion, this population presented a high prevalence of dysphagia detected in FEES and its severity is associated with higher EAT-10 scores.

Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing and the Brazilian version of the Eating Assessment Tool-10 in resistant hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and characteristics of OD through Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) and the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) in hypertensive patients with OSA, as well as to describe the sensitivity of EAT-10 for the detection of OD in this population. METHODS: This study included a convenience sample in which 85 resistant hypertensive patients diagnosed with OSA in an university hospital participated. Participants were subjected to the EAT-10 (index test) and FEES (reference standard). RESULTS: The median EAT-10 score was 2 (0-5.5). According to the FEES, 27 participants did not have dysphagia, 42 had mild dysphagia and 16 had mild to moderate dysphagia. The sensitivity of the EAT-10 was 70.7% (95% CI: 57.3-81.9) at a cutoff score ≥1, with a discriminatory power of 67.4% (p = 0.005). The most prevalent symptom in this population was "food stuck in the throat", while the most prevalent signs were delayed initiation of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing, premature bolus spillage and pharyngeal residue. CONCLUSION: In our study, the cutoff score for the EAT-10 for screening for OD in this population was ≥ 1. In conclusion, this population presented a high prevalence of dysphagia detected in FEES and its severity is associated with higher EAT-10 scores.

Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing in Resistant Hypertensive Patients With and Without Sleep Obstructive Apnea.

Resistant arterial hypertension (RAH) is strongly associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Individuals with OSA may have subclinical swallow impairment, diagnosed by instrumental assessments, such as videofluoroscopy and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES). However, few studies have evaluated this population and included a control group of individuals without OSA. To evaluate, through FEES, the swallowing characteristics of resistant hypertensive patients with and without OSA and to investigate the association between the signs of swallow impairment and OSA. This was an observational study in which individuals with RAH underwent baseline polysomnography and were diagnosed with and without OSA. All participants underwent an initial assessment with the collection of demographic characteristics and FEES. Individuals were divided into 2 groups based on the presence or absence of OSA. Seventy-nine resistant hypertensive patients were evaluated: 60 with OSA (19 with mild OSA, 21 with moderate OSA, and 20 with severe OSA) and 19 without OSA. The most prevalent swallowing differences between groups with and without OSA were piecemeal deglutition, in 61.7% and 31.6%, respectively (p = 0.022); spillage, in 58.3% and 21.1% (p = 0.005); penetration/aspiration, in 55% and 47.4% (p = 0.561); and pharyngeal residue, in 51.5% and 26.3% (p = 0.053). The prevalence of swallow impairment among the participants in this study was 58.3% and 47.4% in the groups with OSA and without OSA, respectively (p = 0.402). This study shows a high prevalence of swallow impairment both in hypertensive patients with OSA and without OSA. The characteristics of swallowing associated with hypertensive patients with OSA are spillage, piecemeal deglutition, and the onset of the pharyngeal phase in the hypopharynx.

Aplicação e efeitos da eletroestimulação neuromuscular na reabilitação da disfagia orofaríngea: revisão de literatura / Application and effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the rehabilitation of oropharyngeal dysphagia: a literature review

Objetivo: Analisar os diferentes métodos de Eletroestimulação Neuromuscular (EENM) na intervenção das disfagias orofaríngeas. Metódos: Revisão através dos descritores: "transtornos de deglutição" e "estimulação elétrica" nas bases PubMed, BVS, SciELO e MedLine, de 1997 a 2015. Classificados segundo Sistema Integrado CAPES (SiCAPES), Escala PEDro e Jadad. Resultados: 165 artigos encontrados. 25 selecionados de acordo com o tema proposto. Entre 2009-2012 (60%, n = 15) ocorreu maior número de publicações. Caso Controle foi o tipo de estudo mais relatado (28%, n = 7). A maioria investigou indivíduos pós acidente vascular cerebral (44%, n = 11). O tipo de terapia mais recorrente considera EENM em repouso e terapia tradicional (TT) (28%, n = 8), EENM durante a deglutição e TT (28%, n = 7) e EENM em repouso (24%, n = 3). Vital Stim® foi o aparelho de eletroestimulação mais citado (32%, n = 8). A eletroestimulação transcutânea foi a mais relatada (76%, n = 19). Quanto à localização, destacam-se eletrodos fixados na região do pescoço (48%, n = 12) e submentual (44%, n =11). Correntes mais utilizadas: FES (40%, n = 10) e TENS (24%, n = 6). Videofluoroscopia é o método de avaliação predominante (52%, n = 13). Pela distribuição SiCAPES o maior número de materiais classificam-se em B2 (36%, n = 9) e A1 (16%, n=4). Na Escala PEDro os trabalhos pontuaram, principalmente, em 11 (24%, n = 6) e 10 (16%, n = 4). Considerando a Escala Jadad, (24%, n = 6) estudos obtiveram 3 pontos. Conclusão: Observou-se maior prevalência de efeito terapêutico na elevação do complexo hiolaríngeo, importante mecanismo de defesa das vias respiratórias durante a deglutição, utilização da corrente FES, e eletrodos posicionados na região submentual ou de pescoço. Novas pesquisas são necessárias, com grupos etiológicos definidos, para comprovação do efeito terapêutico a médio e longo prazo

Objective: To analyze the different methods of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) in the intervention of oropharyngeal dysphagia. Methods: Review using the descriptors: "deglutition disorders" and "electrical stimulation" in PubMed, BVS, SciELO, and MedLine, from 1997 to 2015. Classified according to the CAPES Integrated System (SiCAPES), PEDro, and Jadad scales. Results: There were 165 articles found, from which 25 were selected according to the theme. Between 2009-2012 there were more publications (60%, n = 15). Case-control was the most reported type of study (28%, n = 7). Most individuals were investigated after a stroke (44%, n = 11). The most popular type of therapy considered NMES at rest and traditional therapy (TT) (28%, n = 8), NMES during swallowing and TT (28%, n = 7), and NMES at rest (24%, n = 3). Vital Stim® was the most cited electrical stimulation device (32%, n = 8). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation was the most reported (76%, n = 19). As to location, electrodes placed on the neck (48%, n = 12) and submental (44%, n = 11) stood out. Electric current commonly used: FES (40%, n = 10) and TENS (24%, n = 6). Fluoroscopy was the prevailing evaluation method (52%, n = 13). For SiCAPES distribution, the greatest number of materials was classified as B2 (36%, n = 9) and A1 (16%, n = 4). On the PEDro scale, the studies mostly scored 11 (24%, n = 6) and 10 (16%, n = 4). Considering the Jadad scale, (24%, n = 6) the studies scored 3 points. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of therapeutic effect on hyolaryngeal complex elevation, an important airway defense mechanism during swallowing, and the use of FES current and electrodes placed on the submental region or neck. Further research is needed, with defined etiological groups, to prove the therapeutic effect in the medium and long term

Perfil, critérios de indicação e desfecho da inserção de gastrostomia em um hospital pediátrico universitário / Profile, recommendation criteria, and outcome of gastrostomy tube insertions in a pediatric teaching hospital

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil dos pacientes submetidos à gastrostomia, os critérios de indicação e o desfecho dessa inserção em um hospital pediátrico universitário. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, quantitativo e descritivo, através de pesquisa em prontuários de pacientes submetidos à gastrostomia no período entre janeiro/2010 e dezembro/2012. Resultados: As doenças e condições de base mais frequentes foram: encefalopatia crônica da infância (77,5%), pneumonia (67,5%), crise convulsiva (57,5%) e desnutrição (42,5%). Apesar da maioria dos pacientes apresentar história de disfagia (62,5%), observou-se como via de nutrição mais frequente antes da inserção da gastrostomia a via oral (42,5%), seguida pela nasoenteral (40%). A introdução de dieta pela gastrostomia foi bem sucedida e ocorreu em média 2,82(± 1,19) dias após a sua inserção. Após seis meses de realização da gastrostomia, 80% dos pacientes permaneceram alimentando-se exclusivamente através desta via e somente 2,5% retirou a gastrostomia. 45% dos participantes apresentaram complicações da gastrostomia, sendo extravasamento do material gástrico (15%) e inflamação local (15%) as mais frequentes. Conclusão: O perfil dos pacientes submetidos à gastrostomia é de indivíduos, em sua maioria, com doença neurológica e respiratória, sem suporte respiratório, do sexo masculino e alimentando-se por via oral ou sonda nasoenteral por período prolongado. Os principais critérios de indicação foram doença neurológica e disfagia. Em relação ao desfecho, a introdução de dieta pela gastrostomia é bem sucedida, a maioria dos indivíduos permanece com este suporte nutricional a longo prazo e as complicações mais frequentes são extravasamento do material gástrico e inflamações na área da gastrostomia.

Objective: To describe the profile of patients undergoing a gastrostomy, the recommendations and outcome of this insertion in a Pediatric Teaching Hospital. Method: This was a retrospective, quantitative, and descriptive study that researched the records of patients who underwent a gastrostomy between January 2010 and December 2012. Results: The diseases and conditions most frequent were chronic infantile encephalopathy (77.5%), pneumonia (67.5%), seizures (57.5%), and malnutrition (42.5%). Although most patients presented a history of dysphagia (62.5%), oral feeding was observed most frequently as the most common form of nutrition, before the gastrostomy insertion (42.5%), followed by nasoenteric tube (40%). The introduction of nutrition by gastrostomy was successful and occurred an average of 2.82 (± 1.19) days after insertion. Six months after their gastrostomy, 80% of patients continued feeding only through this access tube and only 2.5% had removed the gastrostomy; 45% of the participants had gastrostomy complications, with extravasation of gastric material (15%) and local inflammation (15%) being the most frequent. Conclusion: The profile of patients undergoing gastrostomy is mostly of individuals with neurological and respiratory diseases, without respiratory support, of the male gender, and feeding by oral cavity or nasoenteric tube for a prolonged period. The main recommendation criteria were dysphagia and neurological diseases. Regarding the outcome, the introduction of nutrition by gastrostomy was successful; most individuals remained with this long-term nutritional support and the most common complications were gastric material extravasation and local inflammations.