Frequency of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis among elderly patients with transthyretin cardiomyopathy.

AIMS: Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is increasingly recognized as a cause of heart failure in the elderly. Although wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis is the most frequent form of ATTR-CM found in the elderly, hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv) can also occur. We sought to determine the prevalence of ATTRv among elderly ATTR-CM patients, identify predictors of ATTRv and evaluate the clinical consequences of positive genetic testing in this population. METHODS AND RESULTS: Prevalence of ATTRv in elderly ATTR-CM patients (≥70 years) was assessed in a cohort of 300 consecutive ATTR-CM patients (median age 78 years at diagnosis, 82% ≥70 years, 16% female, 99% Caucasian). ATTRv was diagnosed in 35 (12%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.1-8.8) and 13 (5.3%; 95% CI 5.6-26.7) patients in the overall cohort and in those ≥70 years, respectively. Prevalence of ATTRv among elderly female patients with ATTR-CM was 13% (95% CI 2.1-23.5). Univariate analysis identified female sex (odds ratio [OR] 3.66; 95% CI 1.13-11.85; p = 0.03), black ancestry (OR 46.31; 95% CI 3.52-Inf; p = 0.005), eye symptoms (OR 6.64; 95% CI 1.20-36.73; p = 0.03) and polyneuropathy (OR 10.05; 95% CI 3.09-32.64; p < 0.001) as the only factors associated with ATTRv in this population. Diagnosis of ATTRv in elderly ATTR-CM patients allowed initiation of transthyretin-specific drug treatment in 5 individuals, genetic screening in 33 relatives from 13 families, and identification of 9 ATTRv asymptomatic carriers. CONCLUSIONS: Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis is present in a substantial number of ATTR-CM patients aged ≥70 years. Identification of ATTRv in elderly patients with ATTR-CM has clinical meaningful therapeutic and diagnostic implications. These results support routine genetic testing in patients with ATTR-CM regardless of age.

Endomyocardial biopsy-confirmed myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: clinical profile and prognosis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is the only technique able to establish an etiological diagnosis of myocarditis or inflammatory cardiomyopathy (ICM). The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical profile, outcomes, and prognostic factors of patients with suspected myocarditis/ICM undergoing EMB. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics, histological findings, and follow-up data of all patients with suspected myocarditis or ICM who underwent EMB between 1997 and 2019 in a Spanish tertiary hospital. The diagnostic yield was compared using the Dallas criteria vs immunohistochemical criteria (IHC). RESULTS: A total of 99 patients underwent EMB (67% male; mean age, 42±15 years; mean left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF], 34%±14%). Myocarditis or ICM was confirmed in 28% with application of the Dallas criteria and in 54% with the IHC criteria (P <.01). Lymphocytic myocarditis was diagnosed in 47 patients, eosinophilic myocarditis in 6, sarcoidosis in 3, and giant cell myocarditis in 1 patient. After a median follow-up of 18 months, 23 patients (23%) required heart transplant (HTx), a left ventricular assist device (LVAD), and/or died. Among the patients with IHC-confirmed myocarditis, 21% required HTx/LVAD or died vs 7% of those without inflammation (P=.056). The factors associated with a worse prognosis were baseline LVEF ≤ 30%, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter ≥ 60mm, and NYHA III-IV, especially in the presence of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: EMB allows an etiological diagnosis in more than half of patients with suspected myocarditis/ICM when IHC techniques are used. IHC-confirmed inflammation adds prognostic value and helps to identify patients with a higher probability of developing complications.

Early Preventive Treatment With Enalapril Improves Cardiac Function and Delays Mortality in Mice With Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy Type 5.

BACKGROUND: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy type 5 (ARVC5) is an inherited cardiac disease with complete penetrance and an aggressive clinical course caused by mutations in TMEM43 (transmembrane protein 43). There is no cure for ARVC5 and palliative treatment is started once the phenotype is present. A transgenic mouse model of ARVC5 expressing human TMEM43-S358L (TMEM43mut) recapitulates the human disease, enabling the exploration of preventive treatments. The aim of this study is to determine whether preventive treatment with heart failure drugs (ß-blockers, ACE [angiotensin-converting enzyme] inhibitors, mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonists) improves the disease course of ARVC5 in TMEM43mut mice. METHODS: TMEM43mut male/female mice were treated with metoprolol (ß-blockers), enalapril (ACE inhibitor), spironolactone (mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonist), ACE inhibitor + mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonist, ACE inhibitor + mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonist + ß-blockers or left untreated. Drugs were initiated at 3 weeks of age, before ARVC5 phenotype, and serial ECG and echocardiograms were performed. RESULTS: TMEM43mut mice treated with enalapril showed a significantly increased median survival compared with untreated mice (26 versus 21 weeks; P=0.003). Enalapril-treated mice also exhibited increased left ventricular ejection fraction at 4 months compared with controls (37.0% versus 24.9%; P=0.004), shorter QRS duration and reduced left ventricle fibrosis. Combined regimens including enalapril also showed positive effects. Metoprolol decreased QRS voltage prematurely and resulted in a nonsignificant decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction compared with untreated TMEM43mut mice. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive enalapril-based regimens reduced fibrosis, improved ECG, echocardiographic parameters and survival of ARVC5 mice. Early metoprolol did not show positive effects and caused premature ECG abnormalities. Our findings pave the way to consider prophylactic enalapril in asymptomatic ARVC5 genetic carriers.

Clinical profile and outcome of cardiac amyloidosis in a Spanish referral center.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is produced by amyloid fiber deposition in the myocardium. The most frequent forms are those caused by light chains (AL) and transthyretin (ATTR). Our objective was to describe the diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of CA in a specialized Spanish center. METHODS: We included all patients diagnosed with CA in Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda from May 2008 to September 2018. We analyzed their clinical characteristics, outcomes, and survival. RESULTS: We included 180 patients with CA, of whom 64 (36%) had AL (50% men; mean age, 65±11 years) and 116 had ATTR (72% men; mean age 79±11 years; 18 with hereditary ATTR). The most common presentation was heart failure in both groups (81% in AL and 45% in ATTR, P <.01). Other forms of presentation in ATTR patients were atrial arrhythmias (16%), conduction disorders (6%), and incidental finding (6%); 70 patients (40%), had a previous alternative cardiac diagnosis. Diagnosis was noninvasive in 75% of ATTR patients. Diagnostic delay was higher in ATTR (2.8±4.3 vs 0.6±0.7 years, P <.001), but mortality was greater in AL patients (48% vs 32%, P=.028). Independent predictors of mortality were AL subtype (HR, 6.16; 95%CI, 1.56-24.30; P=.01), female sex (HR, 2.35; 95%CI, 1.24-4.46; P=.01), and NYHA functional class III-IV (HR, 2.07; 95%CI, 1.11-3.89; P=.02). CONCLUSIONS: CA is a clinical challenge, with wide variability in its presentation depending on the subtype, leading to diagnostic delay and high mortality. Improvements are needed in the early diagnosis and treatment of these patients.

Availability of Services Related to Achieving Pregnancy in U.S. Publicly Funded Family Planning Clinics.

BACKGROUND: Recognizing that quality family planning services should include services to help clients who want to become pregnant, the objective of our analysis was to examine the distribution of services related to achieving pregnancy at publicly funded family planning clinics in the United States. METHODS: A nationally representative sample of publicly funded clinics was surveyed in 2013-2014 (n = 1615). Clinic administrators were asked about several clinical services and screenings related to achieving pregnancy: basic infertility services, reproductive life plan assessment, screening for body mass index, screening for sexually transmitted diseases, provision of natural family planning services, infertility treatment, and primary care services. The percentage of clinics offering each of these services was compared by Title X funding status; prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated after adjusting for clinic characteristics. RESULTS: Compared to non-Title X clinics, Title X clinics were more likely to offer reproductive life plan assessment (adjusted PR [aPR], 1.62; 95% CI, 1.42-1.84), body mass index screening for men (aPR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01-1.21), screening for sexually transmitted diseases (aPRs ranged from 1.21 to 1.37), and preconception health care for men (aPR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01-1.20). Title X clinics were less likely to offer infertility treatment (aPR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.40-0.74) and primary care services (aPR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.68-0.80) and were just as likely to offer basic infertility services, preconception health care services for women, natural family planning, and body mass index screening in women. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of selected services related to achieving pregnancy differed by Title X status. A follow-up assessment after publication of national family planning recommendations is underway.

[Female adolescents with eating disordes: cardiac abnormalities]. / Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria: alteraciones cardiovasculares al ingreso y evolución a 3 meses.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular complications can occur in up to 80% of adolescent patients with eating disorders (ED) and account for 30% of their mortality. AIM: To evaluate cardiovascular complications in adolescents with ED and their evolution after refeeding. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In adolescents with ED admitted to treatment, we assessed the nutritional status, weight loss prior to consultation, presence of bradycardia (BC, defined as heart rate < 60 bpm), we performed an electrocardiogram (ECG) and an echocardiography and measured thyroid hormones. RESULTS: We studied 53 women aged 16.4 ± 2.3 years. Fifteen had a diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa (AN), seven of Bulimia (BN), eight a not otherwise specified ED (ED-NOS), four a Binge Eating Disorder (BED), sixteen an Atypical Anorexia (AAN) and three an Atypical Bulimia (ABN). Thirty four percent were malnourished and 3.8% overweight. The most common cardiac problem was BC in 51%. In eight of 26 patients in whom an echocardiogram was done, it was abnormal. Six had a decreased ventricular mass, three a pericardial effusion and three valvular involvement. There was a significant association between bradycardia and malnutrition, weight loss and low free triiodothyronine levels. BC was significantly more common in patients with AN, but it also occurred in half of the patients with AAN and in one of three patients with other types of ED. At follow up, bradycardia significantly improved with refeeding. CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between all types of ED and bradycardia, as well as anatomical and functional cardiac anomalies.

Patterns and trends in contraceptive use among women attending Title X clinics and a national sample of low-income women.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the types of contraception used by women attending Title X-funded clinics and a comparable group of low-income reproductive-age women at risk of unintended pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: We estimated the percentage of reproductive aged (15-44 years) women using contraception, by method type and level of effectiveness in preventing pregnancy (i.e., most, moderately, and less effective), using Title X Family Planning Annual Report (2006-2016) and National Survey of Family Growth (2006-2015) data. We divided most effective methods into permanent (female and male sterilization) and reversible (long-acting reversible contraceptives [LARCs]) methods. RESULTS: Among Title X clients during 2006-2016, use of LARCs increased (3-14%); use of moderately effective methods decreased (64-54%); and use of sterilization (~ 2%), less effective methods (21-20%), and no method (8-7%) was unchanged. These same trends in contraceptive use were observed in a comparable group of women nationally during 2006-2015, during which LARC use increased (5-19%, p < .001); moderately effective method use decreased (60-48%, p < .001); and use of sterilization (~5%), less effective methods (19%), and no method (11-10%) was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: The contraceptive method mix among Title X clients differs from that of low-income women at risk of unintended pregnancy nationally, but general patterns and trends are similar in the two populations. Research is needed to understand whether method use patterns among low-income women reflect their preferences, access, or the conditions of the supply environment. IMPLICATIONS: This study contributes to our understanding of patterns and trends in contraceptive use among two groups of reproductive-age women - Title X clients and low-income women nationally who are at risk of unintended pregnancy. The findings highlight areas for further research.

Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria: alteraciones cardiovasculares al ingreso y evolución a 3 meses / Female adolescents with eating disordes: cardiac abnormalities

Background: Cardiovascular complications can occur in up to 80% of adolescent patients with eating disorders (ED) and account for 30% of their mortality. Aim: To evaluate cardiovascular complications in adolescents with ED and their evolution after refeeding. Patients and Methods: In adolescents with ED admitted to treatment, we assessed the nutritional status, weight loss prior to consultation, presence of bradycardia (BC, defined as heart rate < 60 bpm), we performed an electrocardiogram (ECG) and an echocardiography and measured thyroid hormones. Results: We studied 53 women aged 16.4 ± 2.3 years. Fifteen had a diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa (AN), seven of Bulimia (BN), eight a not otherwise specified ED (ED-NOS), four a Binge Eating Disorder (BED), sixteen an Atypical Anorexia (AAN) and three an Atypical Bulimia (ABN). Thirty four percent were malnourished and 3.8% overweight. The most common cardiac problem was BC in 51%. In eight of 26 patients in whom an echocardiogram was done, it was abnormal. Six had a decreased ventricular mass, three a pericardial effusion and three valvular involvement. There was a significant association between bradycardia and malnutrition, weight loss and low free triiodothyronine levels. BC was significantly more common in patients with AN, but it also occurred in half of the patients with AAN and in one of three patients with other types of ED. At follow up, bradycardia significantly improved with refeeding. Conclusions: There is an association between all types of ED and bradycardia, as well as anatomical and functional cardiac anomalies.

Family Planning Reminder Systems: An Updated Systematic Review.

CONTEXT: The objective of this systematic review was to update a prior review and summarize the evidence on the impact of family planning reminder systems (e.g., daily text messages reminding oral contraception users to take a pill). EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Multiple databases, including PubMed, were searched during 2016-2017 for articles published from March 1, 2011, to November 30, 2016, describing studies of reminder systems. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The search strategy identified 24,953 articles, of which two studies met the inclusion criteria. In total with the initial review, four studies (including two RCTs) examined reminder systems among oral contraception users, with two of three that examined correct use finding a statistically significant positive impact, and one RCT finding a positive impact on knowledge and continuation. Of three studies (including two RCTs) that examined reminder systems among depot medroxyprogesterone acetate users, one of three that examined correct use found a statistically significant positive impact on timely injections at 3 months, and one study found no effect on continued use at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Although this review found mixed support for the effectiveness of reminder systems on family planning behaviors, the highest quality evidence yielded null findings related to correct use of oral contraception and timely depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injections beyond 3 months, and found positive findings related to oral contraception continuation and knowledge. Future studies would be strengthened by objectively measuring outcomes and examining additional contraceptive methods and outcomes at least 12 months post-intervention. THEME INFORMATION: This article is part of a theme issue entitled Updating the Systematic Reviews Used to Develop the U.S. Recommendations for Providing Quality Family Planning Services, which is sponsored by the Office of Population Affairs, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Youth-Friendly Family Planning Services for Young People: A Systematic Review Update.

CONTEXT: Youth-friendly family planning services may improve youth reproductive health outcomes. A systematic review conducted in 2011 was updated in 2016 to incorporate recent data examining the effects of youth-friendly family planning services on reproductive health outcomes and the facilitators and barriers facing young people in accessing family planning services. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: PubMed, POPLINE, EMBASE, and other databases were used to identify relevant articles published from March 2011 through April 2016. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Eighteen studies met inclusion criteria and were added to 19 studies from the review conducted in 2011. Of these, seven assessed the effect of youth-friendly services on outcomes: two showed a positive effect on reducing teen pregnancy, three on contraceptive use, and three on knowledge and patient satisfaction (not mutually exclusive). Facilitators or barriers were described in 32 studies. However, none were RCTs and most were at high risk for bias due to selection, self-report, and recall bias among others. CONCLUSIONS: The studies in this review suggest some positive effects of youth-friendly family planning services on reproductive health outcomes, but the need for more rigorous research persists. This review identified numerous factors relevant to young people's access to family planning services, reaffirming findings from the initial review: young people value confidentiality, supportive provider interaction, specialized provider training, and the removal of logistic barriers. Further, it illuminates the importance young people place on receiving comprehensive, client-centered family planning counseling. These findings should be considered when developing, implementing, and evaluating reproductive health services for young people. THEME INFORMATION: This article is part of a theme issue entitled Updating the Systematic Reviews Used to Develop the U.S. Recommendations for Providing Quality Family Planning Services, which is sponsored by the Office of Population Affairs, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Family Planning Confidential: A Qualitative Research Study on the Implications of the Affordable Care Act.

PURPOSE: A cornerstone of the Title X program is guaranteed access to confidential family planning services regardless of patients' ability to pay. This is particularly important for adolescents and young adults. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) expanded health insurance access for thousands of individuals. But, billing third-party payers for family planning services can result in the generation of explanations of benefits and other communications to the policy holder that may compromise confidentiality for covered dependents. METHODS: The research team facilitated 12 focus groups with 62 Title X clients in 5 states and conducted interviews with 91 health center key informants in 10 states. Transcripts were coded using NVivo version 10.0. Researchers used deductive coding and grounded theory to search for themes. RESULTS: Clients expressed confusion about the difference between confidential services from their health center versus confidential communications from their health insurance plan. Health center staff also highlighted confidentiality issues that may arise from ACA insurance expansion and revealed that clients overall do not understand how health insurance works, particularly younger clients and those that were newly covered under the ACA. CONCLUSIONS: Many Title X supported health centers will continue not to bill insurance if there are concerns regarding confidentiality, especially with their adolescent and young adult clients. Despite additional revenue sources that have emerged since the passage of the ACA, Title X funding may remain critical for clients who need safe, affordable, and confidential care.

Transcultural adaptation and validation of a satisfaction with life scale for Chilean adolescents. / Estudio de adaptación y validación transcultural de una escala de satisfacción con la vida para adolescentes.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the determinants of subjecti ve well-being and happiness. In that context, life satisfaction is one of the measures used to assess subjective well-being, with emphasis in adult population. OBJECTIVE: Adapt and validate (cultu rally and linguistically) the Canadian "Satisfaction with Life adapted for Children" (SWLS-C) in Chilean adolescents, in order to assess their global judgement about their own lives. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study, with adolescents between 10 to 18 years old, of both sexes and three socioeconomic levels in the Metropolitan region of Chile. After a process of translation and back translation, the scale SWLS-C was applied in 3 groups: cognitive interviews (n = 23) to evaluate se mantics, content, reliability and construct validity, a second group was used as pretest (n = 24) and a third for the validation of the test (n = 200). Factor analysis was performed and measurement of convergent and divergent validity. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the scale through Cronbach's alpha was 0.815, with item-total correlations between 0.51 and 0.7. The correlation between scale items varies between 0.390 and 0.607. In the main component analysis, all items met the require ment of a factor greater than 0.3. The inverse correlation between SWLS-C and CDI was significant, with a linear R2 of 0.465. CONCLUSIONS: The Chilean version of the SWLS-C shows adequate psycho metric properties, construct validity, confirming its unidimensional character and the need to keep each item of the Canadian version. SWLS-C, in its Chilean version, is suitable to be self-applied in adolescent population. Further studies are needed to provide further evidence.

Estudio de adaptación y validación transcultural de una escala de satisfacción con la vida para adolescentes / Transcultural adaptation and validation of a satisfaction with life scale for Chilean adolescents

Resumen: Introducción: El estudio del bienestar ha aumentado en las últimas décadas por su importancia en la salud mental de las personas. En ese marco, la evaluación de la satisfacción con la vida (SV) se ha utilizado para conocer el bienestar subjetivo (BS), con énfasis en población adulta. Objetivo: Adaptar y validar lingüística y culturalmente a Chile la "Satisfaction with Life adapted for Children" (SWLS- C) de origen canadiense, para conocer el juicio global del adolescente respecto a su propia vida. Pacientes y Método: Estudio transversal, con adolescentes entre 10 y 18 años, de tres niveles socioe conómicos, en la Región Metropolitana de Chile. Tras un proceso de traducción y retrotraducción, se aplicó la escala en 3 grupos: entrevista cognitiva (n = 23) para evaluar la validez semántica, de contenido, de constructo y confiabilidad del mismo; otro grupo como pretest (n = 24) y el tercero para la validación del test (n = 200). Se realizó análisis factorial y medición de validez convergente y divergente. Resultados: Consistencia interna presentó un alpha de Cronbach de 0,815, con correla ciones ítem-total entre 0,51 y 0,7. La correlación entre ítems varió entre 0,390 y 0,607. En la matriz de componentes principales, todos los ítems cumplieron con un factor mayor a 0,3. Significativa correlación inversa entre SWLS-C y el Inventario de Depresión Infantil (CDI), con un R2 lineal de 0,465. Conclusiones: Escala muestra adecuadas propiedades psicométricas, la validez de constructo, el carácter unidimensional y la necesidad de mantener cada ítem de la versión canadiense. SWLS-C, en la versión chilena, resulta adecuado para ser autoaplicado.

Abstract: Background: In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the determinants of subjecti ve well-being and happiness. In that context, life satisfaction is one of the measures used to assess subjective well-being, with emphasis in adult population. Objective: Adapt and validate (cultu rally and linguistically) the Canadian "Satisfaction with Life adapted for Children" (SWLS-C) in Chilean adolescents, in order to assess their global judgement about their own lives. Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional study, with adolescents between 10 to 18 years old, of both sexes and three socioeconomic levels in the Metropolitan region of Chile. After a process of translation and back translation, the scale SWLS-C was applied in 3 groups: cognitive interviews (n = 23) to evaluate se mantics, content, reliability and construct validity, a second group was used as pretest (n = 24) and a third for the validation of the test (n = 200). Factor analysis was performed and measurement of convergent and divergent validity. Results: The internal consistency of the scale through Cronbach's alpha was 0.815, with item-total correlations between 0.51 and 0.7. The correlation between scale items varies between 0.390 and 0.607. In the main component analysis, all items met the require ment of a factor greater than 0.3. The inverse correlation between SWLS-C and CDI was significant, with a linear R2 of 0.465. Conclusions: The Chilean version of the SWLS-C shows adequate psycho metric properties, construct validity, confirming its unidimensional character and the need to keep each item of the Canadian version. SWLS-C, in its Chilean version, is suitable to be self-applied in adolescent population. Further studies are needed to provide further evidence.

From theory to application: using performance measures for contraceptive care in the Title X family planning program.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to describe a Performance Measure Learning Collaborative (PMLC) designed to help Title X family planning grantees use new clinical performance measures for contraceptive care. STUDY DESIGN: Twelve Title X grantee-service site teams participated in an 8-month PMLC from November 2015 to June 2016; baseline was assessed in October 2015. Each team documented their selected best practices and strategies to improve performance, and calculated the contraceptive care performance measures at baseline and for each of the subsequent 8 months. RESULTS: PMLC sites implemented a mix of best practices: (a) ensuring access to a broad range of methods (n=7 sites), (b) supporting women through client-centered counseling and reproductive life planning (n=8 sites), (c) developing systems for same-day provision of all methods (n=10 sites) and (d) utilizing diverse payment options to reduce cost as a barrier (n=4 sites). Ten sites (83%) observed an increase in the clinical performance measures focused on most and moderately effective methods (MME), with a median percent change of 6% for MME (from a median of 73% at baseline to 77% post-PMLC). CONCLUSION: Evidence suggests that the PMLC model is an approach that can be used to improve the quality of contraceptive care offered to clients in some settings. Further replication of the PMLC among other groups and beyond the Title X network will help strengthen the current model through lessons learned. IMPLICATIONS: Using the performance measures in the context of a learning collaborative may be a useful strategy for other programs (e.g., Federally Qualified Health Centers, Medicaid, private health plans) that provide contraceptive care. Expanded use of the measures may help increase access to contraceptive care to achieve national goals for family planning.

Tipificación de virus de papiloma humano en lesiones preneoplásicas y neoplásicas del cérvix

Objetivo: Determinar los tipos de virus papiloma humano mediante la técnica de reacción en cadena de polimerasa en lesiones preneoplásicas (neoplasia intraepitelial cervical I, II, III) y neoplásica (cáncer in situ), en pacientes que acudieron a la consulta de patología cervical. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, no experimental y de campo, se evaluaron 102 pacientes de la consulta de patología cervical, de las cuales 42 pacientes se incluyeron en el estudio, se les practicó una entrevista y luego una toma de exfoliado cervical por la técnica de hisopado, que fueron recogidas en un tubo recolector, para ser procesados en el laboratorio clínico e inmunodiagnóstico BRIMED C. A. mediante la técnica de reacción en cadena de polimerasa. Resultados: Mediante reacción en cadena polimerasa para virus papiloma humano dieron positivo en 24 pacientes, mayormente entre las edades de 34 a 39 años con 7 pacientes, el genotipo 6 fue el más común con un total de 12 de pacientes, siendo la neoplasia intraepitelial cervical I el tipo de lesión cervical más afectada con 5 pacientes en este grupo, mientras que solo 10 pacientes dieron positivo para genotipo de riesgo alto, siendo el más común el de otro genotipo con un total de 7 pacientes, obteniéndose la cervicitis y la neoplasia intraepitelial cervical II como las lesiones cervicales más afectadas con 2 pacientes en cada grupo. Conclusiones: La técnica por reacción en cadena de polimerasa para virus papiloma humano obtuvo una sensibilidad de 57,1 % y especificidad de un 42,9 % en este estudio, siendo el genotipo 6 de bajo riesgo el más frecuente en total, el de riesgo intermedio fue habitual en solo 2 pacientes y el de riesgo alto, el más común fue el de otro genotipo con un total de 7 pacientes, mientras que el genotipo 16 fue el menos frecuente. Asimismo, la relación del virus papiloma humano con el grupo etario se ubicó frecuentemente entre las edades de 34 a 39 años, y en relación al tipo de lesión cervical la neoplasia intraepitelial cervical I fue la más común.

Objective: To determine the type of virus human papillomavirus by the technique of polymerase chain reaction in premalignant lesions (NIC I, II, III) and neoplastic (cancer in situ) in patients who attended the consultation cervical pathology. Methods: Not experimental and field, cross-sectional study of 102 patients with cervical pathology consultation, of which 42 patients were included in the study and, she underwent an interview and then a decision by the exfoliated cervical swab technique, which were collected in a collecting tube to be processed in the clinical laboratory and immunodiagnostic BRIMED CA by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Using polymerase chain reaction were positive for human papillomavirus 24 patients, mostly between the ages of 34 to 39 with 7 patients, genotype 6 was the most common with a total of 12 patients being the NIC I the type of neck injury more affected with 5 patients in this group, while only 10 patients tested positive for high-risk genotype, the most common being that of another genotype with a total of 7 patients, obtaining cervicitis NIC II and neck injuries as most affected 2 patients in each group. Conclusions: Human papillomavirus polymerase chain reaction technique had a sensitivity of 57.1 % and specificity of 42.9 % in this study, with the low risk genotype 6 the most common in all, the intermediate risk was common in just 2 patients and high risk, the most common was that of another genotype with a total of 7 patients, while genotype 16 was the least frequent. Likewise, the ratio of the age group human papillomavirus is frequently ranked among the ages of 34-39 years and in relation to the type of cervical lesion NIC I was the most common.

Calidad de Vida, Bienestar y Felicidad en Niños y Adolescentes: una aproximación conceptual / Children and Adolescents quality of life, welfare and happiness: A review of the definitions

El estudio de calidad de vida, bienestar y felicidad dentro de las ciencias médicas y sociales, presenta un creciente desarrollo durante las últimas décadas, siendo la investigación en población infantojuvenil menos numerosa que en adultos. Los conceptos relacionados, al provenir de diferentes disciplinas, se sobreponen y confunden. Se revisan las definiciones, planteando un modelo que relaciona los conceptos entre sí, y se plantea la necesidad de evaluarlos, dada su asociación directa con salud física y mental de los individuos. Se releva la importancia de utilizar instrumentos validados transculturalmente en niños y adolescentes, para obtener equivalencia lingüístico-cultural y acceder al proceso cognitivo subyacente. Se mencionan instrumentos validados en Chile en esta población para cada constructo, y algunos resultados de estudios chilenos recientes. Se concluye la relevancia de incorporar medidas subjetivas a la evaluación de intervenciones en niños y adolescentes, tanto en el área de la salud como de las políticas públicas. Palabras clave: Satisfacción con la vida, bienestar, calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, niños, adolescentes.

The study area of quality of life, welfare and happiness within the medical and social sciences, has been increasingly developed in the world the last decades, with studies in child and adolescent population less numerous than in adults.Related concepts, coming from different disciplines, overlap and merge. A review of the definitions is done, suggesting a model that relates the concepts between themselves. The need to evaluate them is suggested, because of its relation with physical and mental health.It is important to use validated instruments in children and adolescents, to obtain cultural and linguistic equivalence, and to get access to the underlying cognitive process. We review validated instruments in Chile for children and adolescents for each of the constructs, and some results of recent Chilean studies are mentioned. The importance of incorporating subjective measurements to evaluations of interventions in children and adolescents, both in the area of health and public policy, is concluded.Key words: Life satisfaction, wellbeing, health-related quality of life, Children, adolescents.

Vital signs: trends in use of long-acting reversible contraception among teens aged 15-19 years seeking contraceptive services­United States, 2005-2013.

BACKGROUND: Nationally, the use of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), specifically intrauterine devices (IUDs) and implants, by teens remains low, despite their effectiveness, safety, and ease of use. METHODS: To examine patterns in use of LARC among females aged 15-19 years seeking contraceptive services, CDC and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Office of Population Affairs analyzed 2005-2013 data from the Title X National Family Planning Program. Title X serves approximately 1 million teens each year and provides family planning and related preventive health services for low-income persons. RESULTS: Use of LARC among teens seeking contraceptive services at Title X service sites increased from 0.4% in 2005 to 7.1% in 2013 (p-value for trend <0.001). Of the 616,148 female teens seeking contraceptive services in 2013, 17,349 (2.8%) used IUDs, and 26,347 (4.3%) used implants. Use of LARC was higher among teens aged 18-19 years (7.6%) versus 15-17 years (6.5%) (p<0.001). The percentage of teens aged 15-19 years who used LARC varied widely by state, from 0.7% (Mississippi) to 25.8% (Colorado). CONCLUSIONS: Although use of LARC by teens remains low nationwide, efforts to improve access to LARC among teens seeking contraception at Title X service sites have increased use of these methods. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE: Health centers that provide quality contraceptive services can facilitate use of LARC among teens seeking contraception. Strategies to address provider barriers to offering LARC include: 1) educating providers that LARC is safe for teens; 2) training providers on LARC insertion and a client-centered counseling approach that includes discussing the most effective contraceptive methods first; and 3) providing contraception at reduced or no cost to the client.