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1.
J Med Virol ; 88(8): 1325-33, 2016 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26773605

ABSTRACT

This study reports the results of a systematic screening for respiratory viruses in pediatric outpatients from an emergency department (ED) in southern Brazil during two consecutive influenza seasons. Children eligible for enrollment in this study were aged 24-59 months and presented with acute respiratory symptoms and fever. Naso- and oropharyngeal swabs were collected and multiplex reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was performed to identify the respiratory viruses involved. In total, 492 children were included in this study: 248 in 2010 and 244 in 2011. In 2010, 136 samples (55%) were found to be positive for at least one virus and the most frequently detected viruses were human rhinovirus (HRV) (18%), adenovirus (AdV) (13%), and human coronavirus (CoV) (5%). In 2011, 158 samples (65%) were found to be positive for at least one virus, and the most frequently detected were HRV (29%), AdV (12%), and enterovirus (9%). Further, the presence of asthma (OR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.86-5.46) was independently associated with HRV infection, whereas fever was associated with AdV (OR, 3.86; 95% CI, 1.31-16.52) and influenza infections (OR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.26-16.06). Ten patients (2%) were diagnosed with pneumonia, and six of these tested positive for viral infection (4 HRV, 1 RSV, and 1 AdV). Thus, this study identified the most common respiratory viruses found in preschool children in the study region and demonstrated their high frequency, highlighting the need for improved data collection, and case management in order to stimulate preventive measures against these infections. J. Med. Virol. 88:1325-1333, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Subject(s)
Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Virus Diseases/epidemiology , Viruses/isolation & purification , Adenoviridae/genetics , Adenoviridae/isolation & purification , Adenoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Adenoviridae Infections/prevention & control , Adenoviridae Infections/virology , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Influenza A virus/genetics , Influenza A virus/isolation & purification , Influenza, Human/virology , Male , Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction , Nose/virology , Oropharynx/virology , Outpatients , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/genetics , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/isolation & purification , Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Rhinovirus/genetics , Rhinovirus/isolation & purification , Seasons , Virus Diseases/diagnosis , Virus Diseases/prevention & control , Virus Diseases/virology , Viruses/classification , Viruses/genetics
5.
J Pediatr (Rio J) ; 80(2): 93-8, 2004.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15079177

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare the intradermal and percutaneous routes of BCG administration. SOURCES OF DATA: A review of the literature published between 1987 and 2002 was carried out in the MEDLINE and Lilacs databases. The following key words were used: BCG vaccine/administration, adverse effects, efficacy, tuberculosis/prevention and control. Some articles published before 1987 were included because of their relevance to the topic. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: There are no clinical studies comparing the efficacy of intradermal and percutaneous BCG. Percutaneous BCG causes a weaker reaction, however it is also less efficient in stimulating gamma-interferon production by Th1-lymphocytes, which is considered as the best marker of the anti-tuberculin immune response. CONCLUSIONS: In vivo and in vitro studies suggest a better immune response with intradermal BCG. The intradermal method should be recommended for BCG administration.


Subject(s)
BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage , Tuberculosis/prevention & control , Administration, Cutaneous , BCG Vaccine/adverse effects , Humans , Immunologic Tests , Injections, Intradermal , Tuberculosis/immunology
6.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 80(2): 93-98, mar.-abr. 2004.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-360809

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: As variações na eficácia da vacina BCG têm sido atribuídas a diversos fatores do hospedeiro, ambiente, cepas vacinais, dose e métodos de administração da vacina. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os métodos intradérmico e percutâneo no uso da vacina BCG. FONTES DOS DADOS: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica referente ao período de 1987 a 2002 no MEDLINE e Lilacs (OPS/Bireme), através das palavras-chave "vacina BCG/administração", "eficácia", "eventos adversos", "tuberculose/prevenção" e "eficácia". Alguns artigos publicados antes de 1987 foram incluídos devido à sua relevância para a discussão do tema. SíNTESE DOS DADOS: Não existem estudos clínicos que permitam comparar a efetividade das vacinas BCG intradérmica e BCG percutânea. A BCG percutânea é menos reatogênica do que a BCG intradérmica, porém estimula de forma menos eficiente a produção de interferon-gama pelos linfócitos Th1, considerada como o melhor marcador da resposta imune protetora contra tubérculos. CONCLUSÕES: Testes imunológicos in vivo e in vitro demonstraram que a via intradérmica é mais eficiente para estimular a resposta imune. O método intradérmico deve ser recomendado para a administração da vacina BCG.


Subject(s)
Humans , BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage , Tuberculosis/prevention & control , Administration, Cutaneous , BCG Vaccine/adverse effects , Immunologic Tests , Injections, Intradermal , Tuberculosis/immunology
7.
J Pediatr (Rio J) ; 79(3): 215-20, 2003.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14506530

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Streptococcus pneumoniae usually colonizes the oropharynx of healthy people. Oropharyngeal carriage is related to the invasion of adjacent structures and to the development of invasive disease. A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed aiming at verifying the prevalence of oropharyngeal colonization by S. pneumoniae in children attending day care centers in the city of Taubaté - SP; verifying the frequency of S. pneumoniae serotypes in isolated strains; and relating the most frequent serotypes to the composition of the conjugated heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine currently in use. METHODS: From June 29 to December 15 1998, samples of oropharyngeal material were collected from 987 children, ranging from 8 to 71 months old, enrolled in day care centers in Taubaté - SP. The identification of S. pneumoniae was based on the observation of the colonies that presented partial hemolysis in agar-blood and agar-blood with gentamycin plates and on the observation of inhibited growth around the optochin disc. Serotyping was performed by the Quellung reaction, using specific antiserum, provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA/USA), and the Danish nomenclature system. RESULTS: S. pneumoniae was isolated from the oropharynx in 209 out of 987 children (colonization rate of 21.2%). Twenty eight serotypes were identified. The seven most frequent serotypes were: 6A/6B (21.5%), 19F (14.8%), 18C (7.4%), 23F (7.4%), 9V (6.7%), 14 (5.2%), 10A (4.4%). Except for serotype 10A, all the other six are included in the vaccine. The only vaccine serotype which was not found was serotype 4. CONCLUSION: Agreement of 63% between the oropharynx colonizer serotypes and the serotypes present in the vaccine was found.


Subject(s)
Oropharynx/microbiology , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Brazil , Child, Preschool , Female , Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine , Humans , Infant , Male , Meningococcal Vaccines , Pneumococcal Vaccines , Serotyping , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classification
8.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 79(3): 215-220, maio-jun. 2003. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-347281

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: o Streptococcus pneumoniae habitualmente coloniza a orofaringe de pessoas sadias. O estado de portador assintomático está relacionado à invasão de estruturas adjacentes e ao surgimento de doença invasiva. Foi realizado estudo transversal, descritivo, objetivando verificar a prevalência de colonização de orofaringe pelo S.pneumoniae em crianças que freqüentam creches no município de Taubaté, SP, verificar a freqüência de sorotipos de Streptococcus pneumoniae nas cepas isoladas e relacionar os soro tipos mais freqüentes com os sorotipos presentes na composição da vacina pneumocócica heptavalente conjugada atualmente em uso.Métodos: foram coletados, de 29 de junho a 15 de dezembro de 1998, 987 swabs de orofaringe de crianças entre 8 e 71 meses de idade, matriculadas nas creches municipais de Taubaté, SP. A identificação do S. pneumoniae foi baseada na observação das colônias que apresentassem hemó1ise parcial nos meios AS e AS-G, e pela observação da inibição do crescimento ao redor do disco de optoquina. A sorotipagem foi realizada pela reação de Quellung, utilizando anti-soros específicos, e adotado o sistema de nomenclatura dinamarquês. Resultados: o Streptococcus pneumoniae foi isolado em 209 das 987 crianças (taxa de colonização= 21,1por cento). Vinte e oito sorotipos foram identificados. Os 7 sorotipos mais freqüentes foram: 6A/6B (21,5por cento), 19F (14,8por cento), 18C (7,4por cento), 23F (7,4por cento),9V (6,7por cento),14 (5,2por cento) e 10A(4,4por cento). Com exceção do sorotipo 10A, todos os outros seis estão incluídos na vacina. O único sorotipo vacinal não encontrado foi o sorotipo 4. Conclusão: estima-se, então, uma concordância de 63por cento entre os sorotipos colonizadores de orofaringe e os soro tipos presentes na vacina


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Child Day Care Centers , Oropharynx , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Vaccines
9.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 75(1): 11-22, jan.-fev. 1999.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-234270

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Apresentar uma revisäo sobre os medicamentos mais utilizados no tratamento das afeccoes otorrinolaringologicas. Método: Revisäo da literatura sobre a terapêutica das infecçöes respiratórias agudas de vias aéreas superiores e rinite alérgica na criança, utilizando os dados do MEDLINE e LILACS. Resultados e Comentários: As afecçöes otorrinolaringológicas na infância säo freqüêntes e, na maioria das vezes, agudas. Säo uma das principais queixas em consultas pediátricas. Na abordagem terapêutica dessas afecçöes, em inúmeras circunstâncias, observa-se um uso excessivo de remédios, especialmente antibióticos, antitérmicos/antiinflamatórios e fármacos de açäo questionável, como descongestionantes e mucolíticos. O uso judicioso, a correta indicaçäo e o efeitos colaterais desses fármacos devem ser do conhecimento dos médicos que abordam a saúde da criança


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Otolaryngology , Respiratory Tract Infections , Rhinitis , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/adverse effects , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Analgesics/adverse effects , Analgesics/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Nasal Decongestants/adverse effects , Nasal Decongestants/therapeutic use
10.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 70(2): 75-81, mar.-abr. 1994.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-148259

ABSTRACT

A autora apresenta uma revisao da literatura mais recente a respeito das vacinas polissacaridicas contra o pneumococo, enfatizando as controversias a respeito da eficacia vacinal em diferentes grupos de risco e as dificuldades para o desenvolvimento de novas vacinas conjugadas com maior imunogenicidade e capacidade de estimular a producao de anticorpos em lactentes


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Aged , Immunization/trends , Meningitis, Bacterial , Pneumonia/diagnosis , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification
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