ABSTRACT
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) incidence rates in the Republic of the Marshall Islands are among the highest in the world, 480/100,000 in 2017. In response, the Health Ministry completed islandwide screening in Ebeye Island in 2017. Methods: Participants were interviewed to obtain TB history, exposures, and symptoms. TB assessment included chest radiography with sputum collection for GeneXpert® MTB-RIF if indicated. TB diagnosis was made by consensus of visiting TB experts. Participants were also screened for Hansen's disease (HD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). For persons aged ≥21 years, blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood glucose were assessed. Results: A total of 5,166 persons (90.0 % of target population) completed screening leading to the identification of 39 new cases of TB (755/100,000) and 14 persons with HD (270/100,000). DM was detected in 1,096 persons (27 %), including in 351 persons not previously diagnosed. The rate of hypertension was 61 % and of hypercholesterolemia was 15 %. New or prevalent TB diagnosis was associated with newly diagnosed or history of DM (aOR 4.68, 2.15-10.20). Conclusions: In Ebeye, an integrated TB screening campaign found TB, HD, DM, and hypertension. TB and DM were strongly associated.
ABSTRACT
An outbreak of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) involved 13 persons in four households in a low-income, under-resourced urban Kansas community during November 2021-November 2022. A majority of the seven adults identified in the Kansas outbreak were born outside the United States in a country that had experienced an MDR TB outbreak with the same genotype during 2007-2009, whereas most of the six children in the Kansas outbreak were U.S.-born. Prompt identification, evaluation, and treatment of persons with MDR TB and their contacts is essential to limiting transmission.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant , Adult , Child , Humans , Kansas/epidemiology , Genotype , Poverty , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess outcomes from the US postarrival evaluation of newly arrived immigrant and refugee children aged 2-14 years who were diagnosed with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) during a required overseas medical examination. STUDY DESIGN: We compared overseas and US interferon-γ release assay (IGRA)/tuberculin skin test (TST) results and LTBI diagnosis; assessed postarrival LTBI treatment initiation and completion; and evaluated the impact of switching from TST to IGRA to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection overseas. RESULTS: In total, 73 014 children were diagnosed with LTBI overseas and arrived in the US during 2007-2019. In the US, 45 939 (62.9%) completed, and 1985 (2.7%) initiated but did not complete a postarrival evaluation. Among these 47 924 children, 30 360 (63.4%) were retested for M tuberculosis infection. For 17 996 children with a positive overseas TST, 73.8% were negative when retested by IGRA. For 1051 children with a positive overseas IGRA, 58.0% were negative when retested by IGRA. Overall, among children who completed a postarrival evaluation, 18 544 (40.4%) were evaluated as having no evidence of TB infection, and 25 919 (56.4%) had their overseas LTBI diagnosis confirmed. Among the latter, 17 229 (66.5%) initiated and 9185 (35.4%) completed LTBI treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Requiring IGRA testing overseas could more effectively identify children who will benefit from LTBI treatment. However, IGRA reversions may occur, highlighting the need for individualized assessment for risk of infection, progression, and poor outcome when making diagnostic and treatment decisions. Strategies are needed to increase the proportions receiving a postarrival evaluation and completing LTBI treatment.
