ABSTRACT
The coexistence of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and type 2A (MEN2A) is a rare occurrence and has been reported only twice in the literature. We present a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism and medullary thyroid cancer with strong family history of both MEN1- and MEN2A-associated conditions. Genetic testing showed the patient had a novel MEN1 loss-of-function mutation, c0.525_526insTT (p.Ala176Leufs*10), and an uncommon Cys630Tyr RET mutation. This case highlights the importance of obtaining a detailed family history when heritable endocrine disorders are suspected.
ABSTRACT
Type 2 diabetes negatively impacts heart failure outcomes. Insulin resistance, central adiposity, dyslipidemia, and altered cellular substrate metabolism each have a mechanistic role. Management strategies focused solely on glycemic control have had limited success. However, three new classes of drugs, each with several options, offer the promise of improved diabetes management in heart failure. Unlike earlier classes, these medications have had favorable cardiovascular outcomes. In this review, we present a therapeutic guide for metabolic treatment based on the stages of heart failure.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/drug therapy , Heart Failure/drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Blood Glucose/drug effects , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Clinical Decision-Making , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/diagnosis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology , Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/diagnosis , Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/epidemiology , Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/physiopathology , Heart Failure/diagnosis , Heart Failure/epidemiology , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects , Predictive Value of Tests , Risk Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The parathyroid glands are critical to maintaining calcium homeostasis through actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Recent clinical and molecular research has shown that direct and indirect actions of PTH also affect the heart and vasculature through downstream actions of G protein-coupled receptors in the myocardium and endothelial cells. Patients with disorders of the parathyroid gland have higher incidences of hypertension, arrhythmias, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and calcific disease which translate into increased cardiac morbidity and mortality. Importantly, clinical research also suggests that early treatment of parathyroid disorders through medical or surgical management may reverse cardiovascular remodeling and mitigate cardiac risk factors.