Association between glycaemic control and common infections in people with Type 2 diabetes: a cohort study.

AIM: To investigate the impact of glycaemic control on infection incidence in people with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We compared infection rates during 2014 in people with Type 2 diabetes and people without diabetes in a large primary care cohort in the UK (the Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre database). We performed multilevel logistic regression to investigate the impact of Type 2 diabetes on presentation with infection, and the effect of glycaemic control on presentation with upper respiratory tract infections, bronchitis, influenza-like illness, pneumonia, intestinal infectious diseases, herpes simplex, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, and genital and perineal infections. People with Type 2 diabetes were stratified by good [HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (< 7%)], moderate [HbA1c 53-69 mmol/mol (7-8.5%)] and poor [HbA1c > 69 mmol/mol (> 8.5%)] glycaemic control using their most recent HbA1c concentration. Infection incidence was adjusted for important sociodemographic factors and patient comorbidities. RESULTS: We identified 34 278 people with Type 2 diabetes and 613 052 people without diabetes for comparison. The incidence of infections was higher in people with Type 2 diabetes for all infections except herpes simplex. Worsening glycaemic control was associated with increased incidence of bronchitis, pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, and genital and perineal infections, but not with upper respiratory tract infections, influenza-like illness, intestinal infectious diseases or herpes simplex. CONCLUSIONS: Almost all infections analysed were more common in people with Type 2 diabetes. Infections that are most commonly of bacterial, fungal or yeast origin were more frequent in people with worse glycaemic control.

Cardiovascular risk prevention and all-cause mortality in primary care patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative mortality is low for patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair, but long-term survival remains poor. Although patients diagnosed with AAA have a significant burden of cardiovascular disease and associated risk factors, there is limited understanding of the contribution of cardiovascular risk management to long-term survival. METHODS: General practice records within The Health Improvement Network (THIN) were examined. Patients with a diagnosis of AAA and at least 1 year of registered medical history were identified from 2000 to 2012. Medical therapies for cardiovascular risk were classified as antiplatelet, statin or antihypertensive agents. Progression to death was investigated using the G-computation formula with time-dependent co-variables to account for differences in exposure to cardiovascular risk-modifying treatments and the confounding between exposure, co-morbidities and death. RESULTS: Some 12 485 patients had a recorded diagnosis of AAA. From 2000 to 2012, prescription of medications that modify cardiovascular risk increased: from 26·6 to 76·7 per cent for statins, from 56·5 to 73·9 per cent for antiplatelet agents and from 75·3 to 84·0 per cent for antihypertensive drugs. Adjusted Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated a better 5-year survival rate in patients receiving statins (68·4 versus 42·2 per cent), antiplatelet agents (63·6 versus 39·7 per cent) or antihypertensive agents (61·5 versus 39·1 per cent), compared with rates in patients not receiving each therapy. CONCLUSION: Appropriate risk factor modification could significantly reduce long-term mortality in patients with AAA. In the UK, up to 30 per cent of patients are not currently receiving these medications.

The Endovascular Sealing Device in Combination with Parallel Grafts for Treatment of Juxta/Suprarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Short-term Results of a Novel Alternative.

BACKGROUND: The chimney technique using parallel grafts offers an alternative to fenestrated or branched endovascular solutions for juxtarenal and suprarenal aneurysms. Endograft deployment proximal to the renal or visceral ostia is combined with parallel stents to the aortic side branches. Application of the chimney technique using the Nellix device (Ch-EVAS) may offer some potential advantages with respect to the seal between the endograft and the parallel grafts. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of the Nellix endovascular aneurysm sealing (EVAS) system in conjunction with parallel grafts for the treatment of juxtarenal and suprarenal aneurysms. METHODS: A prospective evaluation of patients treated for juxtarenal and suprarenal non-ruptured aortic aneurysms using Ch-EVAS was undertaken in a single vascular unit. Patients were treated with this technique if they were unsuitable for either open repair or a custom-made complex branched/fenestrated endograft. Procedural, postoperative morbidity, and mortality data were recorded. RESULTS: Between March 2013 and April 2015, 28 patients were treated with Ch-EVAS. The median age was 75 years (range 60-87 years) and the median aneurysm diameter 66 mm (IQR 60-73 mm). Eight patients underwent suprarenal aneurysm repair including parallel grafts in the superior mesenteric artery and renal arteries. Five patients had a double chimney configuration; all the other patients were treated with a single chimney configuration. There was one 30-day or in-hospital mortality in a patient with a symptomatic aneurysm (4%) and three further deaths within 1 year of follow-up. One proximal type I endoleak and one type II endoleak occurred. Four patients underwent a reintervention. One patient experienced a transient ischemic attack and two patients suffered from a minor stroke (7%), therefore the total number of cerebrovascular complications was 11%. No patient required postoperative renal replacement therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Ch-EVAS appears to offer a feasible solution for juxtarenal and suprarenal aneurysms with adverse morphology. In this short-term follow-up endoleak rates were low and re-intervention rates were acceptable. Outcomes over extended follow-up will determine the application of this novel technique and better define which patients and aneurysm morphology can be treated effectively.

Quality of life from a randomized trial of open and endovascular repair for abdominal aortic aneurysm.

BACKGROUND: Long-term survival is similar after open or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Few data exist on the effect of either procedure on long-term health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and health status. METHODS: Patients enrolled in a multicentre randomized clinical trial (DREAM trial; 2000-2003) in Europe of open repair versus endovascular repair (EVAR) of abdominal aortic aneurysm were asked to complete questionnaires on health status and HRQoL. HRQoL scores were assessed at baseline and at 13 time points thereafter, using generic tools, the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36®) and EuroQol 5D (EQ-5D™). Physical (PCS) and mental component summary scores were also calculated. Follow-up was 5 years. RESULTS: Some 332 of 351 patients enrolled in the trial returned questionnaires. More than 70 per cent of questionnaires were returned at each time point. Both surgical interventions had a short-term negative effect on HRQoL and health status. This was less severe in the EVAR group than in the open repair group. In the longer term the physical domains of SF-36® favoured open repair: mean difference in PCS score between open repair and EVAR -1·98 (95 per cent c.i. -3·56 to -0·41). EQ-5D™ descriptive and EQ-5D™ visual analogue scale scores for open repair were also superior to those for EVAR after the initial 6-week interval: mean difference -0·06 (-0·10 to -0·02) and -4·09 (-6·91 to -1·27) respectively. CONCLUSION: In this study EVAR appeared to be associated with less severe disruption to HRQoL and health status in the short term. However, during longer-term follow-up to 5 years, patients receiving open repair appeared to have improved quality of life and health status.

Preoperative morphology influences thoracic aortic aneurysm sac expansion after endovascular repair.

BACKGROUND: The fate of the aneurysm sac after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) remains poorly defined. The aim of this study was to characterize the incidence of aneurysm sac expansion after TEVAR, and to determine the effect of aneurysm morphology on postoperative sac behaviour. METHODS: Preoperative and postoperative CT angiography (CTA) images were analysed from a proprietary database (M2S). TEVARs undertaken for thoracic aortic aneurysms from 2004 to 2013 were included. Preoperative aortic morphology was available for each patient. Post-TEVAR sac expansion was defined as an increase in aortic diameter of at least 5 mm. The influence of aortic morphological variables on sac expansion was assessed using Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: CTA images were available for 899 patients who underwent TEVAR. Median follow-up was 2·1 (i.q.r. 1·7-2·4) years. Some 46·0 per cent had a maximum aneurysm diameter of 55 mm or more at the time of repair. The 5-year rate of freedom from sac expansion of at least 5 mm was 60·9 per cent. The sac expansion rate after 3 years was higher when the proximal sealing zone was over 38 mm in diameter (freedom from expansion 51·2 per cent versus 76·6 per cent for diameter 38 mm or less; P < 0·001), or 20 mm or less in length (freedom from expansion 67·3 per cent versus 77·1 per cent for length exceeding 20 mm; P = 0·022). Findings for the distal sealing zone were similar. The risk of sac expansion increased according to the number of adverse morphological risk factors (freedom from expansion rate 79·1 per cent at 3 years in patients with 2 or fewer risk factors versus 45·7 per cent in those with more than 2; P < 0·001). CONCLUSION: Sac expansion was common in this cohort of patients undergoing TEVAR for thoracic aortic aneurysm. Aneurysm sac expansion was significantly influenced by adverse morphological features in the aortic stent-graft sealing zones.

Performance of prognostic markers in the prediction of wound healing or amputation among patients with foot ulcers in diabetes: a systematic review.

Prediction of wound healing and major amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulceration is clinically important to stratify risk and target interventions for limb salvage. No consensus exists as to which measure of peripheral artery disease (PAD) can best predict outcomes. To evaluate the prognostic utility of index PAD measures for the prediction of healing and/or major amputation among patients with active diabetic foot ulceration, two reviewers independently screened potential studies for inclusion. Two further reviewers independently extracted study data and performed an assessment of methodological quality using the Quality in Prognostic Studies instrument. Of 9476 citations reviewed, 11 studies reporting on 9 markers of PAD met the inclusion criteria. Annualized healing rates varied from 18% to 61%; corresponding major amputation rates varied from 3% to 19%. Among 10 studies, skin perfusion pressure ≥ 40 mmHg, toe pressure ≥ 30 mmHg (and ≥ 45 mmHg) and transcutaneous pressure of oxygen (TcPO2 ) ≥ 25 mmHg were associated with at least a 25% higher chance of healing. Four studies evaluated PAD measures for predicting major amputation. Ankle pressure < 70 mmHg and fluorescein toe slope < 18 units each increased the likelihood of major amputation by around 25%. The combined test of ankle pressure < 50 mmHg or an ankle brachial index (ABI) < 0.5 increased the likelihood of major amputation by approximately 40%. Among patients with diabetic foot ulceration, the measurement of skin perfusion pressures, toe pressures and TcPO2 appear to be more useful in predicting ulcer healing than ankle pressures or the ABI. Conversely, an ankle pressure of < 50 mmHg or an ABI < 0.5 is associated with a significant increase in the incidence of major amputation.

Effectiveness of bedside investigations to diagnose peripheral artery disease among people with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.

Non-invasive tests for the detection of peripheral artery disease (PAD) among individuals with diabetes mellitus are important to estimate the risk of amputation, ulceration, wound healing and the presence of cardiovascular disease, yet there are no consensus recommendations to support a particular diagnostic modality over another and to evaluate the performance of index non-invasive diagnostic tests against reference standard imaging techniques (magnetic resonance angiography, computed tomography angiography, digital subtraction angiography and colour duplex ultrasound) for the detection of PAD among patients with diabetes. Two reviewers independently screened potential studies for inclusion and extracted study data. Eligible studies evaluated an index test for PAD against a reference test. An assessment of methodological quality was performed using the quality assessment for diagnostic accuracy studies instrument. Of the 6629 studies identified, ten met the criteria for inclusion. In these studies, the patients had a median age of 60-74 years and a median duration of diabetes of 9-24 years. Two studies reported exclusively on patients with symptomatic (ulcerated/infected) feet, two on patients with asymptomatic (intact) feet only, and the remaining six on patients both with and without foot ulceration. Ankle brachial index (ABI) was the most widely assessed index test. Overall, the positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) of an ABI threshold <0.9 ranged from 2 to 25 (median 8) and <0.1 to 0.7 (median 0.3), respectively. In patients with neuropathy, the NLR of the ABI was generally higher (two out of three studies), indicating poorer performance, and ranged between 0.3 and 0.5. A toe brachial index <0.75 was associated with a median positive likelihood ratio and NLRs of 3 and ≤ 0.1, respectively, and was less affected by neuropathy in one study. Also, in two separate studies, pulse oximetry used to measure the oxygen saturation of peripheral blood and Doppler wave form analyses had NLRs of 0.2 and <0.1. The reported performance of ABI for the diagnosis of PAD in patients with diabetes mellitus is variable and is adversely affected by the presence of neuropathy. Limited evidence suggests that toe brachial index, pulse oximetry and wave form analysis may be superior to ABI for diagnosing PAD in patients with neuropathy with and without foot ulcers. There were insufficient data to support the adoption of one particular diagnostic modality over another and no comparisons existed with clinical examination. The quality of studies evaluating diagnostic techniques for the detection of PAD in individuals with diabetes is poor. Improved compliance with guidelines for methodological quality is needed in future studies.

Comparison of long-term mortality after ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm in England and Sweden.

BACKGROUND: Concern has been raised regarding international discrepancies in perioperative mortality after repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA). The variation in in-hospital mortality is difficult to interpret, owing to international differences in discharge strategies. This study compared 90-day and 5-year mortality in patients who had a rAAA in England and Sweden. METHODS: Patients undergoing rAAA repair were identified from English Hospital Episode Statistics and the Swedish Vascular Registry (Swedvasc) between 2003 and 2012. Ninety-day and 5-year mortality were compared after matching for age and sex. Within-country analyses examined the impact of co-morbidity, teaching hospital status or hospital annual caseload, adjusted with causal inference techniques. RESULTS: Some 12 467 patients underwent rAAA repair in England, of whom 83.2 per cent were men; the median (i.q.r.) age was 75 (70-80) years. A total of 2829 Swedish patients underwent rAAA repair, of whom 81.3 per cent were men; their median (i.q.r.) age was 75 (69-80) years. The 90-day mortality rate was worse in England (44.0 per cent versus 33.4 per cent in Sweden; P < 0.001), as was 5-year mortality (freedom from mortality 38.6 versus 46.3 per cent respectively; P < 0.001). In England, lower mortality was seen in teaching hospitals with larger bed capacity, higher annual caseloads and greater use of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). In Sweden, lower mortality was associated with EVAR, high annual caseload, or surgery on weekdays compared with weekends. CONCLUSION: Short- and long-term mortality after rAAA repair was higher in England. In both countries, mortality was lowest in centres performing greater numbers of AAA repairs per annum, and more EVAR procedures.

Effectiveness of revascularization of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease: a systematic review.

Symptoms or signs of peripheral artery disease (PAD) can be observed in up to 50% of the patients with a diabetic foot ulcer and is a risk factor for poor healing and amputation. In 2012, a multidisciplinary working group of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot published a systematic review on the effectiveness of revascularization of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and PAD. This publication is an update of this review and now includes the results of a systematic search for therapies to revascularize the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and PAD from 1980 to June 2014. Only clinically relevant outcomes were assessed. The research conformed to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network methodological scores were assigned. A total of 56 articles were eligible for full-text review. There were no randomized controlled trials, but there were four nonrandomized studies with a control group. The major outcomes following endovascular or open bypass surgery were broadly similar among the studies. Following open surgery, the 1-year limb salvage rates were a median of 85% (interquartile range of 80-90%), and following endovascular revascularization, these rates were 78% (70-89%). At 1-year follow-up, 60% or more of ulcers had healed following revascularization with either open bypass surgery or endovascular techniques. Studies appeared to demonstrate improved rates of limb salvage associated with revascularization compared with the results of conservatively treated patients in the literature. There were insufficient data to recommend one method of revascularization over another. There is a real need for standardized reporting of baseline demographic data, severity of disease and outcome reporting in this group of patients.

Endovascular aneurysm sealing for infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms: 30-day outcomes of 105 patients in a single centre.

OBJECTIVE: Endovascular aneurysm sealing (EVAS) has been proposed as a novel alternative to endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) in patients with infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). The early clinical experience, technical refinements, and learning curve of EVAS in the treatment of AAA at a single institution are presented. METHODS: One-hundred and five patients were treated with EVAS between March 2013 and November 2014. Prospective data were recorded on consecutive patients receiving EVAS. Data included demographics, preoperative aneurysm morphology, and 30-day outcomes, including rates of endoleak, limb occlusion, reintervention, and death. Postoperative imaging consisted of duplex ultrasound and computed tomographic angiography. RESULTS: The mean age of the cohort was 76 ± 8 years and 12% were female. Adverse neck morphology was present in 72 (69%) patients, including aneurysm neck length <10 mm (20%), neck diameter >32 mm (18%), ß-angulation >60° (21%), and conical aneurysm neck (51%). There was one death within 30 days. The incidence of Type 1 endoleak within 30 days was 4% (n = 4); all were treated successfully with transcatheter embolisation. All four proximal endoleaks were associated with technical issues that resulted in procedure refinement, and all were in patients with adverse proximal aortic necks. The persistent Type 1 endoleak rate at 30 days was 0% and there were no Type 2 or Type 3 endoleaks. Angioplasty and adjunctive stenting were performed for postoperative limb stenosis in three patients (3%). CONCLUSIONS: EVAS appears to be associated with reasonable 30-day outcomes despite the necessity of procedural evolution in the early adoption of this technique. EVAS appears to be applicable to patients with challenging aortic morphology and endoleak rates should reduce with procedural experience. The utility of EVAS will be defined by the durability of the device in long-term follow-up, although the absence of Type 2 endoleaks is encouraging.

Diagnosis and assessment of peripheral arterial disease in the diabetic foot.

Approximately half of all patients with a diabetic foot ulcer have co-existing peripheral arterial disease. Identifying peripheral arterial disease among patients with foot ulceration is important, given its association with failure to heal, amputation, cardiovascular events and increased risk of premature mortality. Infection, oedema and neuropathy, often present with ulceration, may adversely affect the performance of diagnostic tests that are reliable in patients without diabetes. Early recognition and expert assessment of peripheral arterial disease allows measures to be taken to reduce the risk of amputation and cardiovascular events, while determining the need for revascularization to promote ulcer healing. When peripheral arterial disease is diagnosed, the extent of perfusion deficit should be measured. Patients with a severe perfusion deficit, likely to affect ulcer healing, will require further imaging to define the anatomy of disease and indicate whether a revascularization procedure is appropriate.

Peripheral arterial disease and revascularization of the diabetic foot.

Diabetes is a complex disease with many serious potential sequelae, including large vessel arterial disease and microvascular dysfunction. Peripheral arterial disease is a common large vessel complication of diabetes, implicated in the development of tissue loss in up to half of patients with diabetic foot ulceration. In addition to peripheral arterial disease, functional changes in the microcirculation also contribute to the development of a diabetic foot ulcer, along with other factors such as infection, oedema and abnormal biomechanical loading. Peripheral arterial disease typically affects the distal vessels, resulting in multi-level occlusions and diffuse disease, which often necessitates challenging distal revascularisation surgery or angioplasty in order to improve blood flow. However, technically successful revascularisation does not always result in wound healing. The confounding effects of microvascular dysfunction must be recognised--treatment of a patient with a diabetic foot ulcer and peripheral arterial disease should address this complex interplay of pathophysiological changes. In the case of non-revascularisable peripheral arterial disease or poor response to conventional treatment, alternative approaches such as cell-based treatment, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and the use of vasodilators may appear attractive, however more robust evidence is required to justify these novel approaches.

Current endovascular management of acute type B aortic dissection - whom should we treat and when?

Aortic dissection is the most common of the acute aortic syndromes, once initiated, intimal disruption can propagate in an anterograde or retrograde fashion, and the resulting false lumen may compress the ostia of aortic branches or cause aortic expansion and eventual rupture. Acute complicated type B dissection most often requires immediate interventional treatment, whereas uncomplicated dissection has classically been managed with medical therapy alone. The first line management of complicated acute and aneurysmal chronic type B dissections has shifted toward minimally invasive endovascular treatment. To give an overview of the contemporary management of acute type B dissection, clinical manifestations, aims of management, and therapeutic options are discussed in the context deciding which patients require intervention and when.

Evidence-based management of PAD & the diabetic foot.

Diabetic foot ulceration (DFU) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and represents the leading cause of hospitalization in patients with diabetes. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), present in half of patients with DFU, is an independent predictor of limb loss and can be difficult to diagnose in a diabetic population. This review focuses on the evidence for therapeutic strategies in the management of patients with DFU. We highlight the importance of timely referral of patients presenting with a new foot ulcer to a multidisciplinary team, which includes vascular surgeons and interventional radiologists.

Population-based screening for the prevention of lower extremity complications in diabetes.

Diabetes-related foot disease is a major health problem leading to significant morbidity and cost. If high-risk populations could be identified and treated before they develop complications, a significant reduction in the burden of foot disease and number of amputations might be expected. We examined the evidence to support population-based screening programs. MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched from January 1970 to February 2012 to identify studies assessing the impact of screening on lower limb complications in diabetes. Foot screening was defined as combined risk stratification and intervention to prevent foot complications in a population of people with diabetes mellitus. Articles reporting singularly on stratification of risk factors to predict subsequent complications but not reporting effect on minor, major and/or combined major and minor (total) amputation were excluded. Two randomized control trials were identified. These demonstrated patient benefit from screening in the setting of a general secondary care diabetes clinic and renal dialysis unit. Four before and after studies suggested benefit from primary care or regional screening. One study tried to address confounding from general improvements in the provision of diabetes foot care separately from screening. All the observational studies were prone to confounding. The evidence base for formal national primary care-based foot screening of all patients with diabetes is weak. Focused research is needed to confirm that general population-based screening in the community is effective and cost-effective. Limited evidence suggests that screening of high-risk populations of patients may be justified.

The association of ulceration of the foot with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: It is well established that diabetes mellitus increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. Observational studies suggest that a history of diabetic foot ulceration (DFU) may increase this risk further still. We sought to determine to what extent DFU is associated with excess risk over and above diabetes. METHODS: We identified studies reporting on associations of DFU with CVD and all-cause mortality. We obtained data on incident events of all-cause mortality, fatal myocardial infarction and fatal stroke. Study-specific estimates were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis and the statistical heterogeneity of included studies was assessed using the I (2) statistic. RESULTS: The eight studies included reported on 3,619 events of all-cause mortality during 81,116 person-years of follow-up. DFU was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (RR 1.89, 95% CI 1.60, 2.23), fatal myocardial infarction (2.22, 95% CI 1.09, 4.53) and fatal stroke (1.41, 95% CI 0.61, 3.24). CVD mortality accounted for a similar proportion of deaths in DFU and non-DFU patients. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Patients with DFU have an excess risk of all-cause mortality, compared with patients with diabetes without a history of DFU. This risk is attributable, in part, to a greater burden of CVD. If this result is validated in other studies, strategies should evaluate the role of further aggressive CVD risk modification and ulcer prevention in those with DFU.

Unselected percutaneous access with large vessel closure for endovascular aortic surgery: experience and predictors of technical success.

INTRODUCTION: The effectiveness of percutaneous access with large vessel closure (pEVR) in non-selective groups of patients undergoing endovascular aneurysm repair (EVR) remains unclear. This study aims to identify factors that predict success in pEVR, performed using percutaneous access and the Prostar XL (Abbott Vascular, Redwood City, Calif) closure device. METHOD: Consecutive patients who underwent pEVR between April 2010 and March 2011 were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Procedural and postoperative outcomes were compared with consecutive patients who underwent endovascular aneurysm repair using standard open femoral access between April 2008 and March 2009. To determine the predictors of technical success of pEVR, the association between clinical, anatomical and procedural variables with technical success, were examined in a multiple logistic regression model. RESULTS: pEVR was attempted in 186 common femoral arteries (CFAs) with a technical success rate of 95.2% (177/186). Conventional open femoral access in the historic control group was performed in 208 CFAs. pEVR was associated with a reduced operation length (131 min [105-152] versus 150 min [124-195], p≤0.001) and length of stay (2 days [2-5] versus 4 days [2-7], p = 0.01) in patients undergoing infrarenal EVR. In secondary analysis of outcomes following percutaneous access in 91 CFAs, pre-operative renal failure, CFA depth (min and max), CFA diameter (min and max) and operator experience predicted success of percutaneous access in univariate analysis. Operator experience was the only independent predictor of technical success (p = 0.05) after adjustment for all confounding variables. CONCLUSION: pEVR using the Prostar XL device is effective in the majority of patients. In this study there were benefits in terms of reduced postoperative complications, shorter procedures and decreased lengths of stay. Operator experience is a predictor of technical success for pEVR, irrespective of clinical and morphological characteristics at baseline.

Occurrence and multiple recurrence of severe vasospasm of the upper extremity following thorascopic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis.

INTRODUCTION: Thorascopic sympathectomy is a widely used procedure for the treatment of intractable palmar hyperhidrosis. REPORT: A 24-year-old woman who underwent thorascopic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis in 2005 presented on more than 30 occasions with recurrent right distal upper limb ischaemia secondary to repetitive episodes of vasospasm. The patient did not have preoperative symptoms consistent with Raynaud's syndrome. We observed a reduction in the symptomatic relief offered by Iloprost treatment over a period of five years. DISCUSSION: This is the first report of distal upper limb ischaemia following thorascopic sympathectomy. We highlight the development of resistance to repeated Iloprost infusions that we observed in this case.