The Effects of a Physical Activity Intervention on Adiposity, Physical Fitness and Motor Competence: A School-Based, Non-Randomized Controlled Trial.

Evidence suggests that early physical activity interventions are a means of preventing childhood obesity and are more effective when delivered in a school setting and based on the ecological model. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the effect of a multicomponent intervention based on the ecological model on adiposity, physical fitness and motor competence in children aged 4 to 5 years. METHODS: This study is a non-randomized controlled trial involving 173 children from Chile. The intervention was based on an ecological model and consisted of a physical activity program with three simultaneous parts, affecting intra- and interpersonal dimensions. The adiposity index, body mass index and waist circumference were measured. For physical fitness, muscle strength in the lower part, speed/agility and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured. Motor competence was assessed using catching, aiming and dynamic and static balance tests. RESULTS: After the intervention, there was no reduction in adiposity indices; in the intervention group, body mass index increased significantly with a high effect size. The intervention group showed significant differences in physical fitness in the components of muscle strength in the lower part (p = 0.000) and speed/agility (p = 0.002). For motor competence, the intervention group showed significant improvements in most components. CONCLUSIONS: The multicomponent intervention did not reduce adiposity indices; however, it caused significant improvements in the physical fitness and motor competence components, so it seems prudent to continue implementing it, given the benefits that adequate levels of motor competence and physical fitness bring to children's health, both in the short and long term.

Intensity of a Physical Exercise Programme Executed through Immersive Virtual Reality.

Evidence suggests that moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is necessary for health benefits. Immersive virtual reality is a technology that uses images, sounds, and tactile sensations from a simulated world to encourage healthy behaviours and physical activity. The aims of this research are (1) to determine the duration and intensity of physical activity performed through immersive virtual reality; (2) to determine differences in physical activity intensity according to gender. METHODS: A nonprobabilistic convenience sample composed of 39 university students of physical education pedagogy, who performed, through immersive virtual reality, a physical activity programme composed of three levels that progressively increased in complexity. Physical activity intensity was measured using accelerometers. RESULTS: Of the three levels, the most complex was not the one that produced the most minutes of MVPA. The three levels added up to 08:53 min of MVPA. No significant differences were found when comparing them by sex. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that an exercise programme delivered through immersive virtual reality generates MVPA levels, with no major differences between sexes. Further research is needed to confirm the contribution of immersive virtual reality to physical activity.

The Association between Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, and Physical Fitness with Body Mass Index and Sleep Time in Chilean Girls and Boys: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: In recent decades, the school population has undergone behavioral changes that have affected their health and adult life. The current educational scenario presents high levels of sedentary behavior, physical inactivity, low physical fitness, high levels of obesity, and non-compliance with sleep recommendations. In Chile, the scientific evidence on associations between these behaviors is incipient. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between sedentary behavior, physical activity, and physical fitness with BMI and minutes of sleep in Chilean children aged 10 to 11 years. METHODS: A non-probabilistic convenience sample of 222 schoolchildren aged 10 to 11 years. The variables measured were body composition (BMI), cardiorespiratory fitness (20 m shuttle run test), lower and upper muscular strength (long jump test and handgrip dynamometry), speed (4 × 10 m running), and flexibility (sit and reach test). Physical activity and sleep were measured by accelerometers. RESULTS: Of the participants, 60.4% and 90.6% did not comply with sleep and physical activity recommendations, respectively. Physical fitness was higher in boys in all components. The results of the linear regression show that in girls, moderate-vigorous-intensity physical activity, lower- and upper-body muscular strength, and cardiorespiratory endurance were associated with BMI and sleep. In boys, light-intensity physical activity and upper-body muscular strength were associated with both variables. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity intensity, strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with BMI and sleep; however, physical activity intensity and associated physical fitness components differed by gender.

Effects of physical activity interventions on anthropometric indicators and health indices in Chilean children and adolescents: A protocol for systematic review and/or meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Physical activity interventions have been a proven effective means of preventing or treating overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. The results of these interventions in many cases are based on the determination of the effect they produce on anthropometric evaluations, which allow the calculation of health indices. However, the effects of physical activity interventions on anthropometric assessments in Chilean children and adolescents have not been systematized. The objective of this study is to provide a detailed protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis that synthesizes the available evidence on the effect of physical activity interventions on anthropometric indicators and health indices in Chilean children and adolescents and identifies the field-based methods and health indices most used for body composition estimation. METHODS: This protocol was performed according to the PRISMA declaration. MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, and Scielo databases will be systematically searched. Eligible studies will include randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCTs and pre-post studies. CONCLUSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol is designed to provide up-to-date evidence that could significantly assist public health policy makers and implementers of physical activity interventions through evidence-based guidance and recommendations.

Efecto del ejercicio en la memoria de adultos mayores con sobrepeso u obesidad: Revisión sistemática / Effect of exercise on the memory of overweight or obese older adults: Systematic review

RESUMEN La obesidad y el sobrepeso en adultos mayores se asocia con un mayor riesgo de enfermedades cognitivas, lo que contribuye a la disminución del rendimiento funcional. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar el efecto del ejercicio en la memoria de adultos mayores con obesidad o sobrepeso. La metodología utiliza las palabras MESH: Población = envejecido, sobrepeso, obesidad; Intervención = ejercicio; Comparación = grupo control; Resultado = memoria; Diseño: ensayo clínico aleatorio. Buscando hasta diciembre de 2021 en: PUBMED, SCIELO, BVSALUD, LILACS, TRIP DATABASE Y MEDLINE. Se identifican 6.832 artículos. Se analizan cinco estudios, con 214 participantes. El índice de masa corporal medio es 28,6 ± 1,1 kg/m2 y el Mini mental medio inicial es 23,6 ± 2,1 puntos. La intervención con ejercicio es de doce a veintiséis semanas. En el modelo de efectos aleatorios el ejercicio mejora el Mini mental medio en MD = 2,6 puntos (1,7 a 3,4) p < 0,01. Heterogeneidad (87,7 %). El ejercicio mejora la función cognitiva (memoria) en adultos mayores con sobrepeso u obesidad.

ABSTRACT Obesity and overweight in older adults are associated with an increased risk of cognitive diseases, contributing to decreased functional performance. The objective of this review is to analyze the effect of exercise on memory in older adults with obesity or overweight. The methodology uses the words MESH: Population = aged, overweight, obesity; Intervention = exercise; Comparison = control groups; Result = Memory; Design: randomized controlled trial. Searching until December 2021 in PUBMED, SCIELO, BVSALUD, LILACS, TRIP DATABASE, and MEDLINE. Six thousand eight hundred thirty-two items are identified. We analyzed five studies with 214 participants. The mean body mass index is 28.6 ± 1.1 kg/m2, and the initial average Mini mental is 23.6 ± 2.1 points. The intervention with exercise is from twelve to twenty-six weeks. In the random-effects model, exercise improves the mean Mini Mental by MD = 2.6 points (1.7 to 3.4) p < 0.01. Heterogeneity (87.7 %). Exercise improves cognitive function (memory) in older adults who are overweight or obese.

Diferencias de actividad electromiográfica abdominal en el entrenamiento del core / Differences of abdominal electromiographic activity in core training

Resumen Introducción: La musculatura del core involucra a todos los grupos musculares ubicados en la zona media del cuerpo. La metodología clínica de elección para el registro y análisis de su actividad bioeléctrica es la electromiografía superficial (sEMG), metodología clínica para el registro y posterior análisis de las actividades bioeléctricas del músculo esquelético. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar si existen diferencias de actividad electromiográfica en la musculatura del recto abdominal y oblicuo externo entre practicantes de musculación y practicantes de calistenia. Metodología: El estudio es de tipo comparativo, de diseño no experimental, transversal de enfoque cuantitativo en una muestra de 20 sujetos; 10 practicantes de calistenia y 10 que entrenan con ejercicios de musculación clásicos. Resultados: Los ejercicios que tuvieron mayor respuesta electromiográfica fueron abdominal en suspensión y abdominal inclinado. Conclusiones: La calistenia es una alternativa viable para la activación muscular a nivel del Core.

Abstract Introduction: The Core musculature involves all the muscle groups located in the middle area of the body whose activity can be measured using superficial electromyography (sEMG), a clinical methodology for recording and subsequent analysis of skeletal muscle bioelectric activities. Objectives: The objective of this research is to determine if there are differences in electromyographic activity in the muscles of the rectus abdominis and external oblique between bodybuilding practitioners and calisthenics practitioners. Methodology: A comparative study, non-experimental design, cross-sectional with a quantitative approach in a sample of 20 subjects; 10 calisthenics practitioners and 10 who train with classic bodybuilding exercises. Results: The exercises with the greatest electromyographic response were abdominal in suspension and abdominal incline. Conclusions: Calisthenics is a viable alternative for muscle activation at the Core level.

Diferencias del somatotipo entre niños mapuche y no mapuche de 12 - 13 años de Malleco ­ Araucanía ­ Chile / Somatotype Differences Between Mapuche And Non-Mapuche Children Of 12 - 13 Years Old From Malleco - Araucania - Chile

Los estudios somatotípicos y su descripción de la configuración morfológica humana permitir apreciar impactos en hábitos alimentarios y sedentarismo. Este estudio determinó la diferencia somatotípica niños mapuche (NM) y no mapuche (NNM) de Malleco, Chile. Se evaluaron a través del protocolo ISAK, 160 niños con edad media de 12,5 años, talla 145,5 ± 3,5 cm y peso 43,7 ± 3 kg., Obteniendo las siguientes clasificaciones: Grupo 12 años, Mapuche; Meso-endomorfos. Grupo no mapuche 12 años; Endo-mesomorfo. Grupo 13 años, mapuche; Meso-endomorfos. Grupo no mapuche 13 años; Endo-mesomorfo. Los resultados indican que para la edad de 12 años, los NM presentan valores más bajos de endomorfía y valores más altos de mesomorfía (p≤0.01) que NNM. Los NM de 13 años presentaron valores más bajos de endomorfía y mesomorfía (p≤0.01) que NNM. En conclusión,

Somatotypic studies and their description of the human morphological configuration allow to appreciate impacts on eating habits and sedentary lifestyle. This study determined the somatotypic difference in Mapuche (NM) and non-Mapuche (NNM) children from Malleco, Chile. Through the ISAK protocol, 160 children with a mean age of 12.5 years, height 145.5 ± 3.5 cm and weight 43.7 ± 3 kg were evaluated, obtaining the following classifications: Group 12 years, Mapuche; mesoendomorphs. Non-Mapuche group 12 years; Endomesomorph. Group 13 years old, Mapuche; Mesoendomorphs. Non Mapuche group 13 years old; endomesomorph. The results indicate that for the age of 12 years, the NM presented lower values of endomorphy and higher values of mesomorphy (p≤0.01) than NNM. The 13-year-old NMs presented lower endomorphy and mesomorphy values (p≤0.01) than NNM. In conclusion, Mapuche schoolchildren present a mesomorphic predominance, however, NNM present a predominance of the endomorphic component.

Reference Values for Fitness Level and Gross Motor Skills of 4-6-Year-Old Chilean Children.

In childhood, fitness level is considered an important indicator of health, while gross motor skills are the basis of future motor competence. So far, no reference values have been found for the Chilean population. Therefore, this study aims to provide fitness level and gross motor skill reference values by gender and age of Chilean children aged 4‒6 years. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted that included 728 children between 4 and 6 years old from the La Araucanía region of Chile. To assess the fitness level, the 20-m shuttle run test, standing long jump, handgrip dynamometry, 4x10m shuttle run, and Sit and Reach tests were used. Gross motor skills were assessed by five tests including aiming and catching and balance motor tasks. For fitness level, boys have better values in the long jump and dynamometry test, while girls have better values in flexibility. For estimated maximum volume of oxygen, at 5 years old there are significant differences in favour of boys, while at 6 years old in favour of girls. No statistically significant differences in speed/agility by gender were found. For gross motor skills, boys obtain higher values for catching and aiming tests, and girls for balance. The reference values for fitness level and gross motor skills shown in this study could aid physical education and health professionals in identifying children with low reference values, as well as in establishing objectives that will help to improve their health.

Perfil antropométrico e imagen corporal de escolares rugbistas de sexo femenino de la Región de la Araucanía, Chile / Perfil antropométrico e imagem corporal de escolares do sexo feminino jogadoras de rugby da região de araucanía, chile / Anthropometric profile and body image of female junior rugby players from the region of araucanía, chile

Resumen Lagos-Hernández, R.I. et al. (2018). Perfil antropométrico e imagen corporal de escolares rugbistas de sexo femenino de la región de la Araucanía, Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(2), 1-15. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar perfil antropométrico y su relación con el IMC e imagen corporal (IC) del total de escolares de sexo femenino de la Región de la Araucanía, Chile, que practican regular y competitivamente rugby 7. En relación a las participantes, se evaluaron 25 niñas que reunían los criterios de inclusión cuyas edades fluctuaron entre los 10 y 19 años (Media = 16.39 ± 2.81). Para efectos metodológicos se llevó a cabo una evaluación Antropométrica bajo los protocolos de la International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry protocols (ISAK , 2017) y se hizo una apreciación de la percepción de la IC a través de la observación de una serie de imágenes corporales siguiendo el protocolo de Montero, Morales, & Carbajal (2004). Los resultados mostraron que las escolares evaluadas presentan una composición corporal (CC) alta en tejido adiposo con un 33.9% y un porcentaje muscular de 39%. En relación a la clasificación antropomética, se puede señalar que manifiestan características endo-mesomorficas, además se pudo constatar que las escolares presentaron una percepción de la IC según IMC percibido, diferente de los niveles reales de IMC presentados, no apreciándose relacion estadísticamente significativa entre la CC, el somatotipo y la imagen percibida.

Abstract Lagos-Hernández, R.I. et al. (2018). Anthropometric profile and body image of female junior Rugby players from the Region of Araucanía, Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(2), 1-15. The objective of this paper was to determine the anthropometric profile of female students of the Region of Araucanía, Chile, and its relationship with BMI (IMCA) and body image (IC). Participants included 25 girls ages 10 to 19 (mean = 16.39 ± 2.81) that practice rugby sevens on a regular and competitive basis. For methodological purposes, an anthropometric assessment was conducted using the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry protocols (ISAK, 2017), and an appreciation of CI perception was made by observing a series of body images following the Montero, Morales, & Carbajal protocol (2004). Results showed that the students' body composition (CC) was high in adipose tissue (33.9%) and their muscle percentage was 39%. Regarding the anthropometric classification, it can be noted that participants show endo-mesomorph characteristics and that their perceived body image differed from the actual BMI levels, not showing a statistically significant relationship between the body composition, the somatotype and the perceived image.

Resumo Lagos-Hernández, R.I. et al. (2018). Perfil antropométrico e imagem corporal de escolares do sexo feminino jogadoras de rugby da região de Araucanía, Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(2), 1-15. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar o perfil antropométrico e sua relação com o IMC e a imagem corporal (IC) de todas as escolares da região de Araucania, Chile, que praticam regularmente o rugby 7 em carácter competitivo. Em relação aos participantes, foram avaliadas 25 meninas que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão cujas idades variaram entre 10 e 19 anos (média = 16,39 ± 2,81). Para fins metodológicos, foi levada a cabo uma avaliação antropométrica sob os protocolos da Society for Avancement in Kineanthropometric (ISAK, 2017) e feita uma apreciação da percepção do IC através da observação de uma série de imagens corporais seguindo o protocolo de Montero, Morales e Carbajal (2004). Os resultados mostraram que as estudantes avaliadas apresentam uma composição corporal (CC) elevada no tecido adiposo com 33,9% e um percentual muscular de 39%. Quanto à classificação antropométrica, pode-se destacar que se manifestam características endo-mesomórficas e, além disso, verificou-se que as escolares apresentaram uma percepção de IC de acordo com o IMC percebido, diferente dos níveis reais de IMC apresentados, não sendo apreciada uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre a CC, o somatótipo e a imagem percebida.

[Not Available]. / Evaluación de la composición corporal en niños y adolescentes: directrices y recomendaciones.

El índice de masa corporal (IMC) otorga uno de los índices más usados para determinar el estado nutricional de la población a nivel mundial, donde a pesar de existir recomendaciones claras y definidas para su interpretación como el sexo, edad, raza, entre otros, normalmente se estandariza su clasificación, independiente de las variables, aumentando el error en el resultado y en la clasificación del estado nutricional.El uso de la composición corporal a través de la antropometría entrega mayor información que el IMC, siendo la masa grasa y la masa muscular los principales resultados útiles.Este artículo presenta una revisión de las ecuaciones existentes y propone aquellas más simples y con menor error de estimación para ser usadas como una herramienta que reemplace o complemente al IMC, favoreciendo una mejor comprensión e interpretación del estado nutricional y nivelde actividad física en niños y adolescentes.

Evaluación de la composición corporal en niños y adolescentes: directrices y recomendaciones / Assessment body composition in children and teens: guidelines and recommendations

El índice de masa corporal (IMC) otorga uno de los índices más usados para determinar el estado nutricional de la población a nivel mundial, donde a pesar de existir recomendaciones claras y definidas para su interpretación como el sexo, edad, raza, entre otros, normalmente se estandariza su clasificación, independiente de las variables, aumentando el error en el resultado y en la clasificación del estado nutricional. El uso de la composición corporal a través de la antropometría entrega mayor información que el IMC, siendo la masa grasa y la masa muscular los principales resultados útiles. Este artículo presenta una revisión de las ecuaciones existentes y propone aquellas más simples y con menor error de estimación para ser usadas como una herramienta que reemplace o complemente al IMC, favoreciendo una mejor comprensión e interpretación del estado nutricional y nivel de actividad física en niños y adolescentes (AU)

The body mass index (BMI) provides one of the indices used to determine the nutritional status of the population worldwide, where despite the existence of clear recommendations for interpretation and defi ned as gender, age, race, etc. usually their classifi cation, independent of the variables is standardized, increasing the error in the result and classifi cation of nutritional status. The use of body composition through anthropometry, delivers more information than BMI, being fat mass and muscle mass leading useful results. This article presents a review of existing and proposed those equations simpler and less error estimate to be used as a tool to replace or supplement to BMI, promoting a better understanding and interpretation of nutritional status and level of physical activity in children and adolescents (AU)

[SOMATOTYPE JOINT MOBILITY AND RANGES OF HIP AND KNEE OF COLLEGE STUDENTS]. / SOMATOTIPO Y RANGOS DE MOVILIDAD ARTICULAR DE CADERA Y RODILLA EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS.

INTRODUCTION: several studies indicate a consistency between the physical inactivity and low levels of mobility in hip and knee joint. OBJECTIVE: to determine the differences in the motion range of the hip and knee joint between the different classifications of somatotype in students of Pedagogy in Physical Education of the Universidad Autónoma de Chile, campus Temuco. METHODS: the sample included 102 physical education students (31.3% female), somatotype was obtained through the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) and the motion range of the hip and knee joint (ROM) using a universal goniometer. RESULTS: the mean somatotype was endo-mesomorphic (4.8 - 3.4 - 2) for the women and meso-endomorphic (3.5 - 5.7 - 2) for the males, while the ROM evaluation indicated that the 50% of the students presented mobility values of joint lower than the normal ones. Furthermore, the endo-mesomorphic women showed lower ROM values of medial rotation of the right hip (45.5 ° ± 10.2 °; P = 0.0125, t = 2.732) and left hip side rotation (41.7 ° ± 10.3 °; P = 0.0256; p = 2.402) than the women meso-endomorphic. CONCLUSION: the results shows a relationship between the somatotype and hip ROM in the women, showing that in the women the most favorable results of joint mobility are related with a greater muscle mass. In contrasts, no significant differences were observed in men. It is important to encourage the development of joint mobility exercises according to the specific needs of each sex.

Introducción: diversas investigaciones señalan una coherencia entre la falta de actividad física con menores niveles de movilidad articular en cadera y rodilla. Objetivo: determinar las diferencias en los rangos de movilidad articular de cadera y rodilla entre las distintas clasificaciones de somatotipo, en estudiantes de Pedagogía en Educación Física de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile, sede Temuco (EFUA). Material y método: la muestra incluyó 102 estudiantes de educación física (31,3% mujeres), se obtuvo el somatotipo a través del protocolo de la International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK), y los rangos de movilidad articular de cadera y rodilla (ROM) utilizando un goniómetro universal. Resultados: el somatotipo promedio para mujeres EFUA fue endomesomorfo (4,8 - 3,4 - 2) y para varones EFUA mesoendomorfo (3,5 - 5,7 - 2), mientras que la evaluación de ROM señala que el 50% de los estudiantes presentó valores de movilidad articular inferiores a lo normal. Además, las mujeres EFUA clasificadas como endomesomorfas manifiestan valores más bajos de ROM para la rotación medial de cadera derecha (45,5°±10,2°; P=0,0125; t=2,732) y rotación lateral de cadera izquierda (41,7°±10,3°; P=0.0256; t=2.402) al compararlas con las mujeres EFUA mesoendomorfas. Conclusión: existe relación entre el somatotipo y los ROM de cadera en las mujeres EFUA, quienes manifiestan resultados más favorables de movilidad articular a mayor masa muscular, sin encontrarse diferencias significativas en los varones EFUA. Es importante propiciar el desarrollo de ejercicios de movilidad articular en función de las necesidades específicas de cada sexo.

Somatotipo y rangos de movilidad articular de cadera y rodilla en estudiantes universitarios / Somatotype joint mobility and ranges of hip and knee of college students

Introducción: diversas investigaciones señalan una coherencia entre la falta de actividad física con menores niveles de movilidad articular en cadera y rodilla. Objetivo: determinar las diferencias en los rangos de movilidad articular de cadera y rodilla entre las distintas clasificaciones de somatotipo, en estudiantes de Pedagogía en Educación Física de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile, sede Temuco (EFUA). Material y método: la muestra incluyó 102 estudiantes de educación física (31,3% mujeres), se obtuvo el somatotipo a través del protocolo de la International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK), y los rangos de movilidad articular de cadera y rodilla (ROM) utilizando un goniómetro universal. Resultados: el somatotipo promedio para mujeres EFUA fue endomesomorfo (4,8 - 3,4 - 2) y para varones EFUA mesoendomorfo (3,5 - 5,7 - 2), mientras que la evaluación de ROM señala que el 50% de los estudiantes presentó valores de movilidad articular inferiores a lo normal. Además, las mujeres EFUA clasificadas como endomesomorfas manifiestan valores más bajos de ROM para la rotación medial de cadera derecha (45,5°±10,2°; P=0,0125; t=2,732) y rotación lateral de cadera izquierda (41,7°±10,3°; P=0.0256; t=2.402) al compararlas con las mujeres EFUA mesoendomorfas. Conclusión: existe relación entre el somatotipo y los ROM de cadera en las mujeres EFUA, quienes manifiestan resultados más favorables de movilidad articular a mayor masa muscular, sin encontrarse diferencias significativas en los varones EFUA. Es importante propiciar el desarrollo de ejercicios de movilidad articular en función de las necesidades específicas de cada sexo (AU)

Introduction: several studies indicate a consistency between the physical inactivity and low levels of mobility in hip and knee joint. Objective: to determine the differences in the motion range of the hip and knee joint between the different classifications of somatotype in students of Pedagogy in Physical Education of the Universidad Autónoma de Chile, campus Temuco. Methods: the sample included 102 physical education students (31.3% female), somatotype was obtained through the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) and the motion range of the hip and knee joint (ROM) using a universal goniometer. Results: the mean somatotype was endo-mesomorphic (4.8 - 3.4 - 2) for the women and meso-endomorphic (3.5 - 5.7 - 2) for the males, while the ROM evaluation indicated that the 50% of the students presented mobility values of joint lower than the normal ones. Furthermore, the endo-mesomorphic women showed lower ROM values of medial rotation of the right hip (45.5 ° ± 10.2 °; P = 0.0125, t = 2.732) and left hip side rotation (41.7 ° ± 10.3 °; P = 0.0256; p = 2.402) than the women meso-endomorphic. Conclusion: the results shows a relationship between the somatotype and hip ROM in the women, showing that in the women the most favorable results of joint mobility are related with a greater muscle mass. In contrasts, no significant differences were observed in men. It is important to encourage the development of joint mobility exercises according to the specific needs of each sex (AU)

Diferencias en la composición corporal y somatotipo de escolares de etnia mapuche y no mapuche de la comuna de Temuco - Chile / Ethnic differences in body composition and somatotype in mapuche and non-mapuche school children from Temuco - Chile

Los cambios culturales y demográficos en la etnia Mapuche chilena, han generado modificaciones en estilos de vida y la estructura morfofuncional de su población, incentivando de esta forma el estudio del estado de salud en jóvenes chilenos. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las diferencias en composición corporal y somatotipo entre niños Mapuche y no-Mapuche de la Comuna de Temuco en Chile. Participaron 122 niños Mapuche y 146 niños no-Mapuche entre 10 y 13 años. Se recogieron medidas de peso, talla; pliegues cutáneos y diámetros óseos; siguiendo el protocolo de la Sociedad Internacional para el desarrollo de la cineantropometría (ISAK). Se determinó el índice de masa corporal (IMC), estado nutricional, grasa corporal total y somatotipo (endomorfía, mesomorfía y ectomorfía). Los resultados indican que los niños Mapuche de 10 años presentaron valores menores de IMC (p0,01), grasa corporal total (p 0,001), así como de endomorfia y mesomorfia (p0,01) respecto a los no-Mapuche. Los niños Mapuche de 11-12 años presentaron valores menores de grasa corporal total (p0,01) y de endomorfia y ectomorfia (p0,05), comparados con los no-Mapuche. Los niños Mapuches de 13 años presentaron valores menores de grasa corporal total (p0,001) y de endomorfia y ectomorfía (p0,01) que el no-Mapuche. Los escolares Mapuches tienen menor grasa corporal que los niños no-Mapuche, el somatotipo predominante en la etnia Mapuche es el mesomórfico, observándose un componente endomórfico menor cuanto mayor es la edad. Son necesarias políticas de salud pública en los jóvenes, fundamentalmente educativa, para garantizar niveles adecuados de calidad de vida en ambas poblaciones Mapuches y no-Mapuche.

The cultural and demographic development of modern society has also affected the Mapuche ethnia and has influenced changes in lifestyles and in the morphofunctional structure of the population, particularly in young people. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in body composition and somatotype between Mapuche and non-Mapuche children from Temuco, Chile. A total of 122 Mapuche and 146 non-Mapuche children between 10 and 13 years old participated in the study. The measurements included were weight, height, skinfold thickness of triceps, subscapularis, supraspinatus and calf; perimeters of contracted and relaxed arm, waist and calf circumference; and humeral and femoral diameters, all following the procedures reference manual (ISAK). Several indexes were calculated: Body Mass Index (BMI), weight status (underweight, normoweight, overweight, obesity), total body fat (fat mass, percentage of fat mass and percentage of fat mass >20% of obesity) and finally, somatotype (endomorph, ectomorph, mesomorph). Ten year-old Mapuche children had lower values for BMI (p 0,01), total body fat (p0.001), and endomorphic and mesomorphic values (p0.01), compared to non Mapuche children. Mapuche children of 11-12 years of age had lower values for total body fat (p0.01), and endomorphic and ectomorphic values (p0.05), compared to non-Mapuche children. Thirteen year-old Mapuche children had lower values for total body fat (p0.001), and endomorphic and ectomorphic values (p0.01), compared to non-Mapuche children. Mapuche children had lower fat mass than non-Mapuche children, and the main somatotype among Mapuche children is mesomorphic with a reduction of the endomorphic component with increasing age. Public policy for youth is required, mainly educational, to guarantee appropriate levels of quality of life for both Mapuche and non-Mapuche populations.