Role of Lymphovascular Invasion in Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma Regional Metastasis and Prognosis.

OBJECTIVE: The overall 5-year survival for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not changed in the last 20 years despite advances in treatment. Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) has been shown to be a negative prognostic factor in other cancers, however its role in the prognosis of OSCC remains unclear. This study aims to determine if LVI is a predictor of cervical lymph node metastasis and/or recurrence in OSCC. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort review of patients from our institutional cancer registry who were treated for OSCC between 2004 and 2018. Patient demographics, surgical pathology results, and clinical outcome data were collected. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine if LVI was an independent predictor of cervical lymph node metastasis and/or recurrence. RESULTS: 442 patients were included, 32.8% were female and median age at time of diagnosis was 61.2 years. LVI was present in 32.8% of patients. When controlled for age, sex, t-classification, perineural invasion, depth of invasion (DOI), and margin status, LVI was a significant predictor of the presence of cervical node metastasis (OR: 3.42, CI: 2.17-5.39, P < .001). There was no significant association found between LVI and local recurrence (OR: 1.03, CI: 0.57-1.84, P = .92), regional recurrence (OR: 1.10, CI: 0.57-2.11, P = .78), or distant recurrence (OR: 1.59, CI: 0.87-2.94, P = .13). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that LVI is a significant predictor of the presence of cervical lymph node metastasis at presentation independent of other known prognostic factors. LVI, however, was not found to be a significant independent predictor of locoregional or distant recurrence.Level of Evidence: Level III.

Free Flap Outcomes for Head and Neck Surgery in Patients with COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects the vascular system, subjecting patients to a hypercoagulable state. This is of particular concern for the success of microvascular free flap reconstruction. This study aims to report head and neck free flap complications in patients with COVID-19 during the perioperative period. We believe these patients are more likely to experience flap complications given the hypercoagulable state. METHODS: This is a multi-institutional retrospective case series of patients infected with COVID-19 during the perioperative period for head and neck free flap reconstruction from March 2020 to January 2022. RESULTS: Data was collected on 40 patients from 14 institutions. Twenty-one patients (52.5%) had a positive COVID-19 test within 10 days before surgery and 7 days after surgery. The remaining patients had a positive test earlier than 10 days before surgery. A positive test caused a delay in surgery for 16 patients (40.0%) with an average delay of 44.7 days (9-198 days). Two free flap complications (5.0%) occurred with no free flap deaths. Four patients (10.0%) had surgical complications and 10 patients had medical complications (25.0%). Five patients (12.5%) suffered from postoperative COVID-19 pneumonia. Three deaths were COVID-19-related and one from cancer recurrence during the study period. CONCLUSION: Despite the heightened risk of coagulopathy in COVID-19 patients, head and neck free flap reconstructions in patients with COVID-19 are not at higher risk for free flap complications. However, these patients are at increased risk of medical complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 2023.

CaCO 3 Nanoparticles Delivering MicroRNA-200c Suppress Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

MicroRNA (miR)-200c suppresses the initiation and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most prevalent head and neck cancer with high recurrence, metastasis, and mortality rates. However, miR-200c -based gene therapy to inhibit OSCC growth and metastasis has yet to be reported. To develop an miR-based gene therapy to improve the outcomes of OSCC treatment, this study investigates the feasibility of plasmid DNA encoding miR-200c delivered via non-viral CaCO 3 -based nanoparticles to inhibit OSCC tumor growth. CaCO 3 -based nanoparticles with various ratios of CaCO 3 and protamine sulfate (PS) were utilized to transfect pDNA encoding miR-200c into OSCC cells and the efficiency of these nanoparticles was evaluated. The proliferation, migration, and associated oncogene production, as well as in vivo tumor growth for OSCC cells overexpressing miR-200c were also quantified. It was observed that, while CaCO 3 -based nanoparticles improve transfection efficiencies of pDNA miR-200c , the ratio of CaCO 3 to PS significantly influences the transfection efficiency. Overexpression of miR-200c significantly reduced proliferation, migration, and oncogene expression of OSCC cells, as well as the tumor size of cell line-derived xenografts (CDX) in mice. In addition, a local administration of pDNA miR-200c using CaCO 3 delivery significantly enhanced miR-200c transfection and suppressed tumor growth of CDX in mice. These results strongly indicate that the nanocomplexes of CaCO 3 /pDNA miR-200c may potentially be used to reduce oral cancer recurrence and metastasis and improve clinical outcomes in OSCC treatment. (227 words).

Association of Core Biopsy With Extranodal Extension in Surgically Treated Human Papillomavirus-Associated Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Importance: Extranodal extension (ENE) is an adverse feature in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and is an indication for adjuvant treatment escalation. Preoperative core needle biopsy (CNB) may cause lymph node capsule disruption related to ENE development; however, evidence regarding this association in OPSCC is lacking. Objective: To assess whether preoperative nodal CNB is associated with presence of ENE in final pathology findings among patients with HPV-associated OPSCC targeted for primary surgical resection. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a single academic tertiary care center from 2012 to 2022. All patients with OPSCC treated with transoral robotic surgery were assessed for eligibility, and primary surgical patients with HPV-associated OPSCC and node-positive disease confirmed on neck dissection were included in analyses. Data were analyzed from November 28, 2022, to May 21, 2023. Exposure: Preoperative nodal CNB. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was presence of ENE in final pathology findings. Secondary outcomes included adjuvant chemotherapy and recurrence rates. Outcomes of interest were investigated against patient demographic, clinical, and pathologic features. Results: Of 106 patients (mean [SD] age, 60.2 [10.9] years; 99 [93.4%] men) included in analyses, 23 patients (21.7%) underwent CNB. Mean (range) preoperative node size was 3.0 (0.9-6.0) cm. Pathologic node class was pN1 in 97 patients (91.5%) and pN2 in 9 patients (8.5%). A total of 49 patients (46.2%) had ENE identified in final pathology analysis. Of 94 patients who received adjuvant therapy, 58 (61.7%) underwent radiation therapy and 36 (38.3%) underwent chemoradiation therapy. There were 9 recurrences (8.5%). In univariate analysis, CNB was associated with ENE (odds ratio [OR], 2.70; 95% CI, 1.03-7.08), but there was no association in a multivariable model including pN class and preoperative node size (OR, 2.56; 95% CI, 0.97-7.27). Compared with pN1 class, pN2 class was associated with ENE (OR, 10.93; 95% CI, 1.32-90.80). There were no associations of ENE with preoperative node size, presence of cystic or necrotic nodes, fine needle aspiration, tobacco or alcohol exposure, pathologic T class, prior radiation, or age. Furthermore, use of CNB was not associated with macroscopic ENE, adjuvant chemotherapy, or recurrence. Conclusions and Relevance: This cohort study of patients with HPV-associated OPSCC found that preoperative nodal CNB was strongly associated with ENE in final pathology, supporting the possibility of an artifactual ENE component in this population.

Adjuvant radiotherapy mitigates impact of perineural invasion on oncologic outcomes in early-stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. A multi-institutional analysis of 557 patients.

OBJECTIVES: Understand the prognostic impact of perineural invasion (PNI) in early-stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC). Assess the influence of adjuvant radiotherapy on outcomes of patients with PNI-positive early-stage OCSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective seven-institution cohort study including patients with pathologic T1-2 N0-1 OCSCC who underwent primary surgery with negative margins. Outcomes included disease-free survival (DFS) and locoregional control (LRC). Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate oncologic outcomes. Interaction terms were introduced to assess relationships between PNI and adjuvant radiotherapy. RESULTS: Among 557 patients (mean (SD) age 61.0 (13.9), 47.2% female, 66.6% pathologic T1, 93.5% pathologic N0), 93 had PNI-positive tumors, among which 87.1% underwent neck dissection and 39.6% received radiotherapy. On multivariable analysis, PNI was associated with lower DFS and LRC. Adjuvant radiotherapy was not associated with improved outcomes on multivariable analysis of the entire cohort. However, among patients with PNI-positive tumors, adjuvant radiotherapy significantly decreased hazard for DFS. CONCLUSION: Among patients with low-risk, early-stage OCSCC, PNI was associated with worse DFS and LRC. In patients with PNI-positive tumors, adjuvant radiotherapy lowered hazard for DFS on multivariable analysis. These data support using adjuvant radiotherapy for patients with early-stage OCSCC with PNI.

Presentation and outcomes of patients with clinically T1-2, N0 oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma: The interplay of primary treatment modality and human papillomavirus status.

BACKGROUND: To examine the pattern of utilization and outcomes of definitive radiotherapy (RT) versus primary robotic-assisted surgery in patients with early-stage oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis of patients with clinically T1-2, N0 OPSCC was performed using the National Cancer Database, 2010-2016. RESULTS: A total of 1451 patients were included. Prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive tumors was 58.30%. Primary surgery was performed in 30.25% of the sample. Tongue base and clinically T1 tumors were each associated with a higher likelihood of undergoing surgery (p < 0.05). Histopathology of patients who underwent surgery demonstrated a prevalence of 15.95% with lymphovascular invasion, 16.67% with extranodal extension, 19.36% were T updated, and 30.00% were N upstaged. Improved survival was observed in the surgery + adjuvant RT group compared to RT alone for HPV-positive tumors (HR: 0.27; 95%CI: 0.12, 0.62; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: This study provides epidemiological perspective regarding management pattern and outcomes of patients with early-stage OPSCC.

Assessing Prognostic Value of Quantitative Neck Dissection Quality Measures in Patients With Clinically Node-Negative Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Importance: In clinically localized (T1-2) oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC), regional lymph node metastasis is associated with a poor prognosis. Given the high propensity of subclinical nodal disease in these patients, upfront elective neck dissections (END) for patients with clinically node-negative disease are common and associated with better outcomes. Unfortunately, even with this risk-adverse treatment paradigm, disease recurrence still occurs, and our understanding of the factors that modulate this risk and alter survival have yet to be fully elucidated. Objective: To investigate the prognostic value of lymph node yield (LNY), lymph node ratio (LNR), and weighted LNR (wLNR) in patients with clinically node-negative T1-2 OCSCC. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cohort study, data were collected retrospectively from 7 tertiary care academic medical centers. Overall, 523 patients with cT1-2N0 OCSCC who underwent elective neck dissections after primary surgical extirpation were identified. Exposures: Lymph node yield was defined as the number of lymph nodes recovered from elective neck dissection. Lymph node ratio was defined as the ratio of positive nodes against total LNY. Weighted LNR incorporated information from both LNY and LNR into a single continuous metric. Main Outcomes and Measures: Locoregional control (LRC) and disease-free survival (DFS) were both evaluated using nonparametric Kaplan-Meier estimators and semiparametric Cox regression. Results: On multivariable analysis, LNY less than or equal to 18 lymph nodes was found to be significantly associated with decreased LRC (aHR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.04-2.24) and DFS (aHR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.12-1.92) in patients with pN0 disease, but not those with pN-positive disease. Importantly, patients with pN0 disease with LNY less than or equal to 18 and those with pN1 diseasehad nearly identical 5-year LRC (69.7% vs 71.4%) and DFS (58.2% vs 55.7%). For patients with pN-positive disease, LNR greater than 0.06 was significantly associated with decreased LRC (aHR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.28-5.55) and DFS (aHR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.07-2.53). Overall, wLNR was a robust prognostic variable across all patients with cN0 disease, regardless of pathologic nodal status. Risk stratification via wLNR thresholds demonstrated greater optimism-corrected concordance compared with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition nodal staging for both LRC (0.61 vs 0.57) and DFS (0.61 vs 0.58). Conclusions and Relevance: Movement toward more robust metrics that incorporate quantitative measures of neck dissection quality and regional disease burden, such as wLNR, could greatly augment prognostication in cT1-2N0 OCSCC by providing more reliable and accurate risk estimations.

Plasmid encoding miRNA-200c delivered by CaCO3-based nanoparticles enhances rat alveolar bone formation.

Aim: miRNAs have been shown to improve the restoration of craniofacial bone defects. This work aimed to enhance transfection efficiency and miR-200c-induced bone formation in alveolar bone defects via plasmid DNA encoding miR-200c delivery from CaCO3 nanoparticles. Materials & methods: The CaCO3/miR-200c delivery system was evaluated in vitro (microscopy, transfection efficiency, biocompatibility) and miR-200c-induced in vivo alveolar bone formation was assessed via micro-computed tomography and histology. Results: CaCO3 nanoparticles significantly enhanced the transfection of plasmid DNA encoding miR-200c without inflammatory effects and sustained miR-200c expression. CaCO3/miR-200c treatment in vivo significantly increased bone formation in rat alveolar bone defects. Conclusion: CaCO3 nanoparticles enhance miR-200c delivery to accelerate alveolar bone formation, thereby demonstrating the application of CaCO3/miR-200c to craniofacial bone defects.

The restoration of craniofacial bone defects is surgically complex and requires the combined use of bone grafts and regenerative biomaterials. miRNAs are small biomolecules that have been shown to improve bone regeneration in large bone defects. The aim of this work was to develop a nanoparticle-based delivery system to sustain the release of miRNAs to improve the restoration of craniofacial bone defects. The results of this study demonstrated that CaCO₃ nanoparticles extend the delivery of miRNAs to enhance bone formation in a craniofacial bone defect animal model in a therapeutically safe manner that improves upon conventional nanoparticle materials for bone regeneration. The findings attest to the regenerative properties of miRNAs and further indicate the potential application of CaCO₃-based nanoparticles in restoring large bone defects.

Prognostic Role of Combined EGFR and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is well known as a general prognostic biomarker for head and neck tumors, however the specific prognostic value of EGFR in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is controversial. Recently, the presence of tumor-infiltrating T cells has been associated with significant survival advantages in a variety of disease sites. The present study will determine if the inclusion of T cell specific markers (CD3, CD4 and CD8) would enhance the prognostic value of EGFR in OSCCs. Methods: Tissue microarrays containing 146 OSCC cases were analyzed for EGFR, CD3, CD4 and CD8 expression using immunohistochemical staining. EGFR and T cell expression scores were correlated with clinicopathological parameters and survival outcomes. Results: Results showed that EGFR expression had no impact on overall survival (OS), but EGFR-positive (EGFR+) OSCC patients demonstrated significantly worse progression free survival (PFS) compared to EGFR-negative (EGFR-) patients. Patients with CD3, CD4 and CD8-positive tumors had significantly better OS compared to CD3, CD4 and CD8-negative patients respectively, but no impact on PFS. Combined EGFR+/CD3+ expression was associated with cases with no nodal involvement and significantly more favorable OS compared to EGFR+/CD3- expression. CD3 expression had no impact on OS or PFS in EGFR- patients. Combinations of EGFR/CD8 and EGFR/CD4 expression showed no significant differences in OS or PFS among the expression groups. Conclusion: Altogether these results suggest that the expression of CD3+ tumor-infiltrating T cells can enhance the prognostic value of EGFR expression and warrants further investigation as prognostic biomarkers for OSCC.

Presentation and outcomes of patients with clinically T1-2, N0 parotid mucoepidermoid carcinoma: The roles of elective neck dissection and adjuvant radiotherapy.

OBJECTIVES: Examine the role of elective neck dissection (END) and adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) in early-stage clinically N0 parotid mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC). METHODS: The study is a retrospective analysis of the National Cancer Database, 2004-2016. The study population included adult patients with MEC who underwent parotidectomy. RESULTS: A total of 1233 patients were included. Histopathology demonstrated well, moderately, and poorly differentiated MEC 47.12%, 39.98%, and 12.90% of the time, respectively. END was performed in 78.67% of patients, resulting in nodal upstaging in 4.43% and identification of extracapsular extension (ECE) in 0.72%. RT was utilized in 67.33% of patients with advanced pathological features. Neither END nor RT improved overall survival separately (p < 0.05) or combined (adjusted HR: 1.19, 95%CI: 0.52, 2.70, p = 0.68). CONCLUSION: This study provides an epidemiological perspective regarding patients with clinically T1-2, N0 MEC. There was no observed survival advantage with END and RT.

Development and Validation of Machine Learning Models for Predicting Occult Nodal Metastasis in Early-Stage Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Importance: Given that early-stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) has a high propensity for subclinical nodal metastasis, elective neck dissection has become standard practice for many patients with clinically negative nodes. Unfortunately, for most patients without regional metastasis, this risk-averse treatment paradigm results in unnecessary morbidity. Objectives: To develop and validate predictive models of occult nodal metastasis from clinicopathological variables that were available after surgical extirpation of the primary tumor and to compare predictive performance against depth of invasion (DOI), the currently accepted standard. Design, Setting, and Participants: This diagnostic modeling study collected clinicopathological variables retrospectively from 7 tertiary care academic medical centers across the US. Participants included adult patients with early-stage OCSCC without nodal involvement who underwent primary surgical extirpation with or without upfront elective neck dissection. These patients were initially evaluated between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2019. Exposures: Largest tumor dimension, tumor thickness, DOI, margin status, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, muscle invasion, submucosal invasion, dysplasia, histological grade, anatomical subsite, age, sex, smoking history, race and ethnicity, and body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared). Main Outcomes and Measures: Occult nodal metastasis identified either at the time of elective neck dissection or regional recurrence within 2 years of initial surgery. Results: Of the 634 included patients (mean [SD] age, 61.2 [13.6] years; 344 men [54.3%]), 114 (18.0%) had occult nodal metastasis. Patients with occult nodal metastasis had a higher frequency of lymphovascular invasion (26.3% vs 8.1%; P < .001), perineural invasion (40.4% vs 18.5%; P < .001), and margin involvement by invasive tumor (12.3% vs 6.3%; P = .046) compared with those without pathological lymph node metastasis. In addition, patients with vs those without occult nodal metastasis had a higher frequency of poorly differentiated primary tumor (20.2% vs 6.2%; P < .001) and greater DOI (7.0 vs 5.4 mm; P < .001). A predictive model that was built with XGBoost architecture outperformed the commonly used DOI threshold of 4 mm, achieving an area under the curve of 0.84 (95% CI, 0.80-0.88) vs 0.62 (95% CI, 0.57-0.67) with DOI. This model had a sensitivity of 91.7%, specificity of 72.6%, positive predictive value of 39.3%, and negative predictive value of 97.8%. Conclusions and Relevance: Results of this study showed that machine learning models that were developed from multi-institutional clinicopathological data have the potential to not only reduce the number of pathologically node-negative neck dissections but also accurately identify patients with early OCSCC who are at highest risk for nodal metastases.

Can Red Blood Cell Distribution Width Predict Laryngectomy Complications or Survival Outcomes?

OBJECTIVE: Red blood cell distribution width (RDW), a reported biomarker for morbidity and mortality in chronic disease and following certain surgeries, has not been well-studied in head and neck cancer patients. The aim of the study was to examine the association of RDW with postoperative complications and survival among patients who underwent primary or salvage laryngectomy. METHODS: We analyzed a retrospective case series study of patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx treated with total laryngectomy. Survival outcomes were examined using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-seven patients were included in the final analysis. The most common tumor subsite was the supraglottis (60%). On bivariate analysis, patients with RDW ≥14.5 had higher prevalence of non-surgical, systemic complications, including deep venous thrombosis, pneumonia, cardiovascular events, and difficulty weaning from mechanical ventilation. However, there was no significant difference in laryngectomy-specific post-operative complications, including pharyngocutaneous fistula, wound infection, stoma complications, and chyle leak. RDW was not found to be associated with survival outcomes following laryngectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Among laryngectomy patients, RDW ≥14.5 is associated with higher prevalence of systemic morbidity, but not with specific local surgical complications or decreased survival.

Presentation and outcomes of patients with clinically T1-2, N0 supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma: The role of definitive radiotherapy compared to primary partial laryngectomy.

BACKGROUND: Early-stage supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is usually treated with a single modality. The aim of this study is to examine the role of radiotherapy (RT) versus partial laryngectomy (open, robotic-assisted, or endoscopic) with elective neck dissection (PL + END). METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the National Cancer Database, 2010-2016. The study population included adult patients with clinically T1-2, N0 supraglottic SCC. RESULTS: 3301 patients were included. RT was performed in 93.52%, open PL + END in 2.64%, robotic-assisted PL + END in 1.33%, and endoscopic surgical resection in 2.51%. In the surgery group, T was upstaged in 23.36% and N was upstage in 16.36%. Five-year survival in the primary surgery group compared to RT group was 61.89% versus 77.46% (HR: 0.56, 95%CI: 0.43, 0.72). CONCLUSIONS: T was upstaged in 23% of surgical patients. This accurate staging is likely missed in patients who undergo RT and possibly contributes to lower overall survival of this treatment group.

Independent Predictors of Prognosis Based on Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma Surgical Margins.

Objective To conduct a multivariate analysis of a large cohort of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) cases for independent predictors of local recurrence (LR) and overall survival (OS), with emphasis on the relationship between (1) prognosis and (2) main specimen permanent margins and intraoperative tumor bed frozen margins. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary academic head and neck cancer program. Subjects and Methods This study included 426 patients treated with OCSCC resection between 2005 and 2014 at University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Patients underwent excision of OCSCC with intraoperative tumor bed frozen margin sampling and main specimen permanent margin assessment. Multivariate analysis of the data set to predict LR and OS was performed. Results Independent predictors of LR included nodal involvement, histologic grade, and main specimen permanent margin status. Specifically, the presence of a positive margin (odds ratio, 6.21; 95% CI, 3.3-11.9) or <1-mm/carcinoma in situ margin (odds ratio, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.19-4.87) on the main specimen was an independent predictor of LR, whereas intraoperative tumor bed margins were not predictive of LR on multivariate analysis. Similarly, independent predictors of OS on multivariate analysis included nodal involvement, extracapsular extension, and a positive main specimen margin. Tumor bed margins did not independently predict OS. Conclusion The main specimen margin is a strong independent predictor of LR and OS on multivariate analysis. Intraoperative tumor bed frozen margins do not independently predict prognosis. We conclude that emphasis should be placed on evaluating the main specimen margins when estimating prognosis after OCSCC resection.

Longitudinal Perioperative Pain Assessment in Head and Neck Cancer Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate perioperative pain in patients undergoing major head and neck cancer surgery and identify associations between preoperative and postoperative pain characteristics. METHODS: Patients undergoing head and neck surgery with regional/free tissue transfer were enrolled. Preoperative pain and validated screens for symptoms (neuropathic pain, anxiety, depression, fibromyalgia) were assessed. Postoperatively, patients completed a pain diary for 4 weeks. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients were enrolled. Seventy-eight percent had pain prior to surgery, and for 38%, the pain had neuropathic characteristics. Thirteen patients (48%) completed at least 2 weeks of the postoperative pain diary. Patients with moderate/severe preoperative pain report significantly greater pain scores postoperatively, though daily pain decreased at a similar linear rate for all patients. Patients with more severe preoperative pain consumed greater amounts of opioids postoperatively, and this correlated with daily postoperative pain scores. Patients who screened positive for neuropathic pain also reported worse postoperative pain. CONCLUSION: Longitudinal perioperative pain assessment in head and neck patients undergoing surgery suggests that patients with worse preoperative pain continue to endorse worse pain postoperatively and require more narcotics. Patients with preoperative neuropathic pain also report poor pain control postoperatively, suggesting an opportunity to identify these patients and intervene with empiric neuropathic pain treatment.

A Trp53fl/flPtenfl/fl mouse model of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma mediated by adeno-Cre injection and in vivo bioluminescence imaging.

Genetic mouse models of soft tissue sarcoma provide critical insights into disease pathophysiology, which are oftentimes unable to be extracted from human tumor samples or xenograft models. In this study we describe a mouse model of soft tissue sarcoma mediated by adenoviral-Cre recombinase injection into Trp53fl/fl/Ptenfl/fl lox-stop-lox luciferase mice. Injection of adenovirus expressing Cre recombinase, either subcutaneously or intramuscularly in two experimental groups, results in viral infection and gene recombination with 100% penetrance within the first 24 hours following injection. Luciferase expression measured by real-time bioluminescence imaging increases over time, with an initial robust increase following viral injection, followed by a steady rise over the next several weeks as primary tumors develop and grow. Intramuscular injections were more commonly associated with evidence of systemic viral distribution than subcutaneous injections. All mice developed soft tissue sarcomas at the primary injection site, with histological examination identifying 93% of tumors as invasive pleomorphic sarcomas based on microscopic morphology and immunohistochemical expression of sarcoma markers. A lymphocytic infiltrate was present in 64% of the sarcomas in this immunocompetent model and 71% of tumors expressed PD-L1. This is the first report of a viral-Cre mediated Trp53/Pten mouse model of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. The bioluminescence imaging feature, along with high penetrance of the model and its immunological characteristics, makes it suited for pre-clinical studies of soft tissue sarcoma.