ABSTRACT
In stage II colorectal carcinoma (CRC), adjuvant chemotherapy is reserved to cases at high risk of adverse outcome. This study aims to investigate the prognostic value of tumor budding (TB) and poorly differentiated clusters (PDC) in this setting. In a cohort of 149 patients with surgically resected stage II CRC not undergoing neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatments, we assessed the prognostic value of several clinical-pathological variables, including PDC and TB, on cancer-specific survival (CSS). Rectal location, lymphovascular invasion, and a number of lymph nodes < 12 confirmed to be significant and independent predictors of shorter CSS. A total of 117 CRCs were graded as PDC-G1 (0-4 PDCs), 19 as PDC-G2 (5-9 PDCs), and 13 as PDC-G3 (> 9 PDCs). Ninety-eight cases had PDC absent. TB foci were found in 91 CRCs; 121 were classified Bd1, 16 were Bd2, and 12 were Bd3. PDC-G2/G3 was significantly prognostic of shorter CSS (P < 0.0001). Among PDC-G1 cases, the presence of PDC was significantly associated with reduced CSS (P < 0.0001). Moreover, in the whole 149 CRCs, it had higher sensitivity and specificity to identify high-risk patients, compared to PDC grade, and it was independently associated with shorter CSS at multivariate analysis. High TB grade (Bd3) was significantly associated with shorter CSS (P = 0.0001), but it lost prognostic value at multivariate analysis. These findings suggest that the presence of PDC in stage II CRCs might be added to the pool of high-risk factors, warranting the use of adjuvant chemotherapy.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma/pathology , Cell Differentiation , Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Carcinoma/mortality , Carcinoma/surgery , Cell Movement , Colectomy , Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality , Colorectal Neoplasms/surgery , Female , Humans , Lymphatic Metastasis , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Grading , Neoplasm Staging , Predictive Value of Tests , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Insulinoma is a rare tumour representing 1-2% of all pancreatic neoplasms and it is malignant in only 10% of cases. Locoregional invasion or metastases define malignancy, whereas the dimension (> 2 cm), CK19 status, the tumor staging and grading (Ki67 > 2%), and the age of onset (> 50 years) can be considered elements of suspect. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the case of a 68-year-old man presenting symptoms compatible with hypoglycemia. The symptoms regressed with food intake. These episodes initially occurred during physical activity, later also during fasting. The fasting test was performed and the laboratory results showed endogenous hyperinsulinemia compatible with insulinoma. The patient appeared responsive to somatostatin analogs and so he was treated with short acting octreotide, obtaining a good control of glycemia. Imaging investigations showed the presence of a lesion of the uncinate pancreatic process of about 4 cm with a high sst2 receptor density. The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy and duodenocephalopancreasectomy after one month. The definitive histological examination revealed an insulinoma (T3N1MO, AGCC VII G1) with a low replicative index (Ki67: 2%). CONCLUSIONS: This report describes a case of malignant insulinoma responsive to octreotide analogs administered pre-operatively in order to try to prevent hypoglycemia. The response to octreotide analogs is not predictable and should be initially assessed under strict clinical surveillance.