Religiosity in adolescence and body satisfaction and disordered eating in adolescence and young adulthood: cross-sectional and longitudinal findings from project EAT.

PURPOSE: This research identified whether adolescent religiosity was associated with body satisfaction and disordered eating in adolescence and early adulthood and explored gender/sex differences in these associations. METHODS: Project EAT (Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults) is a longitudinal cohort study following participants from adolescence into young adulthood. For this analysis (N = 1620), religiosity (importance of religion and frequency of religious service participation) during adolescence was examined as a correlate of body satisfaction and disordered eating (binge eating, maladaptive behaviors intended to lose or maintain weight, eating to cope, and dieting) at the same life stage (EAT-II, 2003-2004, Mage = 19.4 years) and during young adulthood (EAT-IV, 2015-2016, Mage = 31.5 years). Analyses used linear and logistic regression models adjusted for demographics and adolescent body mass index. RESULTS: During adolescence, females who placed greater importance on religion had higher body satisfaction, 22% higher odds of binge eating, and 19% greater odds of dieting in the past year, while more frequent attendance of religious services was associated with higher body satisfaction and 37% greater odds of dieting past year. Among males, only frequent attendance of religious services was associated with higher adolescent body satisfaction. Longitudinally, among females, only frequent attendance of religious services in adolescence predicted higher levels of body satisfaction in young adulthood. No significant longitudinal associations were observed among males. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings contribute to understanding the complex interplay between religiosity, gender, and body satisfaction. Further research should explore cultural factors influencing these associations and qualitative aspects of religious experiences to inform nuanced interventions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, cohort study.

A mixed-methods longitudinal examination of weight-related self-monitoring and disordered eating among a population-based sample of emerging adults.

BACKGROUND: Weight-related self-monitoring (WRSM) apps are used by millions, but the effects of their use remain unclear. This study examined longitudinal relationships between WRSM and disordered eating among a population-based sample of emerging adults. METHODS: Participants (n = 138) were recruited from EAT 2010-2018 (Eating and Activity over Time study) to participate in a mixed-methods (quantitative and qualitative) longitudinal study to understand the impacts of WRSM. In 2018, participants (Mage=21.7 ± 1.9 years) reported motivations for use and types of WRSM apps used. Dependent variables collected in 2022 (Mage=25.7 ± 1.9 years) included past year total number of disordered weight control behaviors, disordered muscle building behaviors, compulsive exercise, and binge eating. Linear and logistic regressions were used adjusting for sociodemographics, body mass index, and baseline disordered eating. Semi-structured interviews (n = 25) were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Participants using WRSM apps for weight management demonstrated an increase in disordered weight control behaviors over time (ß = 0.894, p = .012). Using WRSM apps for "healthy" eating was marginally associated with an increase in disordered weight control behaviors. (ß = 0.673, p = .052). Qualitatively, participants reported varied temporality between WRSM and disordered eating, but believed that app use encouraged restriction/binge cycles and normalized disordered eating. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest there may be individual variation in the relationships between WRSM and disordered eating, but that using WRSM apps with the motivation of managing eating or weight may increase disordered eating in some. Additionally, WRSM apps may normalize or encourage disordered eating. Therefore, safeguards, including screening and monitoring, are needed to ensure WRSM does not cause or escalate harm among WRSM users.

For some, weight-related self-monitoring apps, like MyFitnessPal and Fitbit, may cause or worsen disordered eating over time among emerging adults. However, it seems as though the motivation for self-monitoring (e.g., for managing eating or weight) may be more important than what they are monitoring when it comes to disordered eating risk.

Discordant conceptualisations of eating disorder recovery and their influence on the construct of terminality.

Eating disorders (EDs) are complex, multifaceted conditions that significantly impact quality-of-life, often co-occur with multiple medical and psychiatric diagnoses, and are associated with a high risk of medical sequelae and mortality. Fortunately, many people recover even after decades of illness, although there are different conceptualisations of recovery and understandings of how recovery is experienced. Differences in these conceptualisations influence categorisations of ED experiences (e.g., longstanding vs. short-duration EDs), prognoses, recommended treatment pathways, and research into treatment outcomes. Within recent years, the proposal of a 'terminal' illness stage for a subset of individuals with anorexia nervosa and arguments for the prescription of end-of-life pathways for such individuals has ignited debate. Semantic choices are influential in ED care, and it is critical to consider how conceptualisations of illness and recovery and power dynamics influence outcomes and the ED 'staging' discourse. Conceptually, 'terminality' interrelates with understandings of recovery, efficacy of available treatments, iatrogenic harm, and complex co-occurring diagnoses, as well as the functions of an individual's eating disorder, and the personal and symbolic meanings an individual may hold regarding suffering, self-starvation, death, health and life. Our authorship represents a wide range of lived and living experiences of EDs, treatment, and recovery, ranging from longstanding and severe EDs that may meet descriptors of a 'terminal' ED to a variety of definitions of 'recovery'. Our experiences have given rise to a shared motivation to analyse how existing discourses of terminality and recovery, as found in existing research literature and policy, may shape the conceptualisations, beliefs, and actions of individuals with EDs and the healthcare systems that seek to serve them.

The Intuitive Eating Scale-3: Development and psychometric evaluation.

Intuitive eating has been found to protect against disordered eating and preserve well-being. Yet, there are methodological (length), conceptual (inconsideration of medical, value-based, and access-related reasons for food consumption), and psychometric (item wording) concerns with its most common measure, the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2). To address these concerns, we developed the IES-3 and investigated its psychometric properties with U.S. community adults. Across three online studies, we evaluated the IES-3's factorial validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA; Study 1; N = 957; Mage = 36.30), as well as confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), bifactor-CFA, and bifactor-ESEM (Study 2; N = 1152; Mage = 40.95), and cross-validated the optimal model (Study 3; N = 884; Mage = 38.54). We examined measurement invariance across samples and time, differential item functioning (age, body mass index [BMI], gender), composite reliability, and validity. Study 1 revealed a 12-item, 4-factor structure (unconditional permission to eat, eating for physical reasons, reliance on hunger and satiety cues, body-food choice congruence). In Study 2, a bifactor-ESEM model with a global intuitive eating factor and four specific factors best fit the data, which was temporally stable across three weeks. This model also had good fit in Study 3 and, across Studies 2 and 3, and was fully invariant and lacked measurement bias in terms of age, gender, and BMI. Associations between latent IES-3 factors and age, gender, and BMI were invariant across Studies 2 and 3. Composite reliability and validity (relationships with disordered eating, embodiment, body image, well-being, and distress; negligible relationship with impression management) of the retained model were also supported. The 12-item IES-3 demonstrates strong psychometric properties in U.S. community adults. Research is now needed using the IES-3 in other cultural contexts and social identity groups.

A case for integrating self-compassion interventions targeting shame and self-criticism into eating disorder treatment: Commentary on Paranjothy and Wade.

Paranjothy and Wade's (2024) meta-analysis revealed that disordered eating was robustly and consistently associated with greater self-criticism and lower self-compassion across samples. It is well known that even evidence-based treatments for eating disorders (EDs) do not produce long-lasting effects for many patients. Additionally, it is unclear whether existing "mainstream" evidence-based ED treatments effectively reduce shame and self-criticism and increase self-compassion, even when they intend to do so. In this commentary, we assert that Paranjothy and Wade's (2024) findings should inform the integration of self-compassion interventions within ED treatment. We argue that shame, a related but distinct construct, should be strongly considered as a primary intervention target in ED interventions that seek to reduce self-criticism and increase self-compassion. We hypothesize that directly addressing shame and bolstering self-compassion at the start of ED treatment may foster higher engagement and more durable effects. We introduce the potential for adjunctive self-compassion interventions to reduce shame and self-criticism, and enhance self-compassion, alongside or within existing ED treatments. Because self-criticism and shame are shared correlates of EDs and commonly co-occurring psychopathology, we contend with the possibility that self-compassion interventions may produce transdiagnostic effects. Shame, self-criticism, and self-compassion are important intervention targets to explore in future research.

The need for more inclusive measurement to advance equity in eating disorders prevention.

Eating disorder (ED) research and practice have been shaped by prevailing stereotypes about who EDs are most likely to affect. Subsequently, the field has prioritized the needs and concerns of affluent, cisgender, heterosexual, white girls and women to the exclusion of others, especially people marginalized based on their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and/or gender identity. However, EDs exist across diverse groups and actually occur with elevated prevalence in several marginalized groups. Growing research points to differences in the drivers of EDs in such groups (e.g. desire to attain the curvy rather than thin ideal; dietary restraint due to food insecurity rather than weight/shape concerns), yet tools typically used for screening and intervention evaluation do not capture eating pathology driven by such factors. In this commentary, we describe gaps in existing ED assessment tools and argue these gaps likely underestimate EDs among marginalized groups, bias who is invited, participates in, and benefits from ED prevention programs, and obscure potential group differences in the efficacy of such programs. We also discuss the potential of these ramifications to exacerbate inequities in EDs. Finally, we outline recommendations to overcome existing gaps in measurement and, consequently, advance equity in the realm of ED prevention.

The ignored role of disadvantage in eating disorders.

The misconception that eating disorders are conditions of affluence has shaped research and public understanding for decades. Here, we highlight links between socioeconomic disadvantage and eating disorder risk. With prevailing stereotypes discredited, we argue that considering disadvantage as a key eating disorder risk factor will advance science and reduce disparities.

Cultural adaptation of an integrated eating disorders prevention and healthy weight management program.

BACKGROUND: Both eating disorder (ED) prevention and weight management interventions often focus on the thin ideal. Yet, many Black and Latina women do not view thinness as their body ideal. This study used focus groups to investigate the influence of race, ethnicity, and culture on appearance ideals and inform the cultural adaptation and integration of two established programs addressing EDs and weight management: the Body Project, and Healthy Weight Interventions. METHODS: White (n = 10), Black (n = 14), and Latina (n = 6) women participated in racially and ethnically homogenous focus groups. RESULTS: Thematic analysis identified several themes, including: (1) diverse beauty standards across groups, (2) lack of acknowledgement of racialized beauty standards in prevention and cultural appropriation, (3) culturally-specific impacts of standards, (4) harm of appearance-related comments, (5) limitations of available resources, (6) stigma/minimization of mental health, (7) barriers to inclusive programming, and (8) facilitators of inclusive programming. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggested that current programs' emphasis on thinness limit their relevance for women of color, and perpetuate the misconception that EDs primarily affect White women. Findings highlight the need for culturally responsive prevention.

Both eating disorder (ED) prevention and weight management interventions often focus on thinness as the ideal. Yet, many Black and Latina women do not view thinness as their ideal body shape. This study interviewed women in focus groups to investigate the influence of race, ethnicity, and culture on appearance ideals and inform the cultural adaptation and integration of two established programs addressing EDs and weight management: the Body Project, and Healthy Weight Interventions. White (n = 10), Black (n = 14), and Latina (n = 6) women participated in racially and ethnically homogenous focus groups. Several themes emerged, including: (1) diverse beauty standards across groups, (2) lack of acknowledgement of racialized beauty standards in prevention and cultural appropriation, (3) culturally-specific impacts of standards, (4) harm of appearance-related comments, (5) limitations of available resources, (6) stigma/minimization of mental health, (7) barriers to inclusive programming, and (8) facilitators of inclusive programming. Results suggested that current interventions over-emphasize thinness, limiting their relevance for women of color, and perpetuate the misconception that EDs primarily affect White women. Findings highlight the need for more culturally responsive approaches to prevention.

Challenges and opportunities for conceptualizing intuitive eating in autistic people.

Although intuitive eating (IE) has become an increasingly adopted intervention target, current conceptualisations of IE have yet to pivot away from (neuro)normative physiology and phenomenology. Autistic individuals commonly report disordered eating behaviours and/or poorer well-being but appear to benefit from adaptive interventions using an affirmative approach. This article uses autism as a case example to summarise challenges related to IE's prevailing conceptualisation, before proposing how future research and current practice can be extended to the autistic population. Scholars are encouraged to evaluate the full 10-principal IE framework while utilising a participatory-led approach. We argue that research using a mixed methods design is urgently needed to comprehensively explore the (re)conceptualisation of IE in autistic people. While IE shows promise for producing positive outcomes in the autistic population, we discuss the potential challenges for research and practice due to its current emphasis on accurate interoception, emotional awareness and processing, and executive functioning. This suggests the need for research and practice to integrate autistic needs and experiences into future developments with an affirmative approach. Public Significance: IE is an effective intervention for reducing disordered eating behaviours. Autistic individuals commonly present disordered eating behaviours and have unique nutritional needs which often require intervention. However, there is limited understanding of IE among the autistic population. Research-informed definitions involving autistic perspectives will support translating the IE framework to this underrepresented population.

How Parental Feeding Practices Relate to Young People's Intuitive Eating: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations by Gender and Weight Concern.

PURPOSE: To evaluate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between controlling parental feeding practices in adolescence (i.e., restrictive feeding and pressure-to-eat [PE]) and intuitive eating (IE) in adolescence and emerging adulthood; and explore child gender and parental concern about child weight as moderators. METHODS: The sample included participants (N = 1,383) from the population-based EAT 2010-2018 study who provided data in adolescence (14.4 ± 2.0 years) and emerging adulthood (22.0 ± 2.0 years) and had at least one caregiver complete surveys in adolescence. Generalized estimating equations evaluated cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between restrictive feeding and PE in adolescence and IE in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Interactions with gender and parental concern over child weight in adolescence were explored. RESULTS: Restrictive feeding was cross-sectionally associated with lower IE in adolescence (b = -0.04), though evidence of moderation by parental weight concern indicated this association was only observed in the context of low parental weight concern. Greater PE was associated with lower adolescent IE among boys but higher IE among girls. Longitudinally, the association between PE in adolescence and IE in emerging adulthood differed by parental weight concern; greater PE predicted higher emerging adult IE at high parental weight concern, but lower IE at low parental weight concern. DISCUSSION: Controlling feeding practices in adolescence displayed differential associations with child IE in adolescence and emerging adulthood based on child gender and parental concern over child weight. Notably, PE was associated with greater IE among adolescent girls but lower IE among boys. Results suggest that parental feeding is a valuable intervention target.

Is intuitive eating a privileged approach? Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between food insecurity and intuitive eating.

OBJECTIVE: To examine: (1) cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between measures of food insecurity (FI; household status and youth-reported) and intuitive eating (IE) from adolescence to emerging adulthood; and (2) the association between FI persistence and IE in emerging adulthood. DESIGN: Longitudinal population-based study. Young people reported IE and FI (two items from the US Household Food Security Module) in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Parents provided data on household FI via the six-item US Household Food Security Module in adolescence. SETTING: Adolescents (Mage = 14·3 ± 2 years) and their parents, recruited from Minneapolis/St. Paul public schools in 2009-2010 and again in 2017-2018 as emerging adults (Mage = 22·1 ± 2 years). PARTICIPANTS: The analytic sample (n 1372; 53·1 % female, 46·9 % male) was diverse across race/ethnicity (19·8 % Asian, 28·5 % Black, 16·6 % Latinx, 14·7 % Multiracial/Other and 19·9 % White) and socio-economic status (58·6 % low/lower middle, 16·8 % middle and 21·0 % upper middle/high). RESULTS: In cross-sectional analyses, youth-reported FI was associated with lower IE during adolescence (P = 0·02) and emerging adulthood (P < 0·001). Longitudinally, household FI, but not adolescent experience of FI, was associated with lower IE in emerging adulthood (P = 0·01). Those who remained food-insecure (P = 0·05) or became food-insecure (P = 0·02) had lower IE in emerging adulthood than those remaining food-secure. All effect sizes were small. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest FI may exert immediate and potentially lasting impacts on IE. As evidence suggests IE is an adaptive approach conferring benefits beyond eating, it would be valuable for interventions to address social and structural barriers that could impede IE.

Do Weight Perception Transitions in Adolescence Predict Concurrent and Long-Term Disordered Eating Behaviors?

PURPOSE: Perceiving one's weight as "overweight" is associated with disordered eating in adolescence. Yet, it is unknown whether weight perceptions change during adolescence, or whether these weight perception transitions predict disordered eating. This study aims to: (1) characterize weight perception transitions from early to late adolescence among a population-based sample and (2) examine whether weight perception transitions in adolescence predict concurrent and future disordered eating into young adulthood. METHODS: Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults (N = 1,414) survey data were used to examine correlates of weight perception transitions from early (Mage = 14.9 ± 1.6 years) to late adolescence (Mage = 19.4 ± 1.6 years). Adjusted generalized estimating equations were used to determine whether weight perception transitions in adolescence predicted concurrent and future disordered eating in emerging adulthood (Mage = 25.2 ± 1.6 years) and young adulthood (Mage = 31.0 ± 1.6 years). RESULTS: Weight perceptions were stable from early to late adolescence for 77.2% of adolescents, whereas 15.5% transitioned to perceiving their weight as "overweight" and 7.3% stopped perceiving "overweight" in late adolescence. Perceived "overweight", especially in late adolescence, was associated with higher concurrent and long-term disordered eating up to 10 years later. For example, the predicted prevalence of binge eating in young adulthood among individuals who perceived their weight as "overweight" throughout adolescence was 20.1% compared to 6.6% for those who never perceived their weight as "overweight" in adolescence. DISCUSSION: Adolescent weight perception was relatively stable in this population-based sample. However, weight perception transitions that involved perceiving "overweight", particularly in late adolescence, were associated with long-term higher risk of disordered eating.

Eating disorder risk in rural US adolescents: What do we know and where do we go?

Adolescence is a vulnerable period for the development of eating disorders, but there are disparities in eating disorder risk among adolescents. One population that may be at increased risk but is vastly understudied, is adolescents residing in rural regions within the United States. Rural communities face many mental and physical health disparities; however, the literature on rural adolescent eating disorder risk is nearly nonexistent. In this paper we summarize the scant literature on disordered eating and eating disorder risk and prevalence among rural US adolescents. We also detail eating disorder risk factors that may have unique influence in this population, including socioeconomic status, food insecurity, healthcare access, body image, and weight stigma. Given the presence of numerous eating disorder risk factors, we speculate that rural adolescents may be a particularly vulnerable population for eating disorders and we propose critical next steps in research for understanding eating disorder risk among the understudied population of rural adolescents. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: Rural adolescents may be at increased risk for eating disorders due to disproportionate burden of known risk factors, though this relationship remains understudied. We present a summary of the literature on prevalence and unique risk factors, proposing that this may be a high-risk population. We detail next steps for research to understand eating disorder risk in this population to inform future prevention, identification, and treatment efforts needed in this community.

Understanding the role of positive body image during digital interventions for eating disorders: Secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial.

Despite growing interest in the possible link between positive body image and eating disorder (ED) symptoms, little is known about what role this adaptive construct plays in ED treatment. This study investigated whether: (1) interventions principally designed to target ED psychopathology also lead to improvements in positive body image indices (i.e., body appreciation, functionality appreciation, and body image flexibility); (2) changes in ED symptoms correlate with changes in positive body image, both concurrently and prospectively; and (3) baseline positive body image levels moderate the degree of symptom improvement. Secondary analyses from a randomized controlled trial on digital interventions for EDs (n=600) were conducted. Intervention participants reported greater increases in the three positive body image constructs than the control group (ds=0.15-0.41). Greater pre-post reductions in ED psychopathology and binge eating were associated with greater pre-post improvements in positive body image indices. However, earlier reductions in ED psychopathology and binge eating did not predict later improvements in positive body image at follow-up. None of the positive body image constructs at baseline moderated degree of symptom change. Standard ED interventions can cultivate a more positive body image, although this is not explained by earlier symptom reduction. Understanding the mechanisms through which ED interventions enhance positive body image is needed.

Lifestyle health behavior correlates of intuitive eating in a population-based sample of men and women.

The aim of this observational study was to examine how lifestyle health behaviors hypothesized to influence attunement to internal cues (breakfast consumption frequency, physical activity, yoga practice, sleep, and recreational screen time) are cross-sectionally related to intuitive eating (IE). Data from 765 men and 1009 women (Mage = 31.1 ± 1.7 years) who participated in Project EAT-IV (Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults) were analyzed with sex-stratified linear regression models adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic background, and parent status. Sociodemographic-adjusted mean levels of each health behavior by sex were generated at low (one standard deviation below the mean), average (at the mean), and high (one standard deviation above the mean) levels of IE to facilitate interpretation of regression results. Among women only, more frequent breakfast consumption (p = .02), more time spent practicing yoga (p = .03), more sleep (p = .004), and less recreational screen time (p = .01) were each significantly associated with higher IE after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Compared to women with low IE, women with high IE reported, on average, eating breakfast 0.3 more days a week, practicing 12 more minutes of yoga per week, getting 12 more minutes of sleep per night, and engaging in 18 fewer minutes of recreational screen time per day. Results suggest that these modifiable health behaviors may be valuable targets for interventions to increase IE among women, though longitudinal research is needed to elucidate the temporality of these associations.

Like parent, like child? Intuitive eating among emerging adults and their parents.

Intuitive eating (IE) emphasizes relying on hunger and satiety cues to guide eating, and is associated with positive mental health and health-promoting behaviors. Although parents' own eating patterns often shape those of their children, no known research has explored familial associations of IE. The purpose of this cross-sectional, population-based study was to examine IE concordance between emerging adults and their parents, and whether concordance differed across sociodemographic characteristics and weight perceptions. The analytic sample included 891 emerging adults (M age = 22.0) and their primary parent (M age = 50.4) who participated in the population-based, longitudinal EAT and F-EAT 2010-2018 studies. Parents and emerging adults were grouped into dyads based on IE concordance: (1) neither are intuitive eaters; (2) only the emerging adult is an intuitive eater; (3) only the parent is an intuitive eater; (4) both are intuitive eaters. Dyads differed across socioeconomic status (SES), race/ethnicity, and weight perceptions. Concordant dyads who ate intuitively were more likely to be at higher SES and perceive their weight as "about right" than concordant dyads who did not eat intuitively. Asian emerging adults were most likely to belong to concordant non-intuitive eater dyads. Emerging adults who shared their parent's perception their weight was "overweight" were less likely to be intuitive eaters (even if their parents were). In this sample, sociodemographic characteristics and weight perceptions were related to IE concordance among emerging adults and their parents. Lower SES might be an intergenerational barrier to IE disproportionately impacting communities of color, though longitudinal data are needed. Results also suggest rather than motivating healthful eating, perceiving one's weight as "overweight" could hinder IE. Differences across sociodemographic variables likely intersect in meaningful ways, which is an important future research direction.

A systematic review of sociodemographic reporting and representation in eating disorder psychotherapy treatment trials in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: Eating disorders (EDs) were once conceptualized as primarily affecting affluent, White women, a misconception that informed research and practice for many years. Abundant evidence now discredits this stereotype, but it is unclear if prevailing "evidence-based" treatments have been evaluated in samples representative of the diversity of individuals affected by EDs. Our goal was to evaluate the reporting, inclusion, and analysis of sociodemographic variables in ED psychotherapeutic treatment randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the US through 2020. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of ED psychotherapeutic treatment RCTs in the US and examined the reporting and inclusion of gender identity, age, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status (SES) of enrolled participants, as well as recruitment methods, power analyses, and discussion of limitations and generalizability. RESULTS: Our search yielded 58 studies meeting inclusion criteria dating back to 1985. Reporting was at times incomplete, absent, or centered on the racial/gender majority group. No studies reported gender diverse participants, and men and people of color were underrepresented generally, with differences noted across diagnoses. A minority of papers considered sociodemographic variables in analyses or acknowledged limitations related to sample characteristics. Some progress was made across the decades, with studies increasingly providing full racial and ethnic data, and more men included over time. Although racial and ethnic diversity improved somewhat, progress appeared to stall in the last decade. DISCUSSION: We summarize findings, consider context and challenges for RCT researchers, and offer suggestions for researchers, journal editors, and reviewers on improving representation, reporting, and analytic practices. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: Randomized controlled trials of eating disorder psychotherapeutic treatment in the US are increasingly reporting full race/ethnicity data, but information on SES is inconsistent and sexual orientation absent. White women still comprise the overwhelming majority of participants, with few men and people of color, and no gender-diverse individuals. Findings underscore the need to improve reporting and increase representation to ensure evidence-based treatments are effective across and within diverse groups.

OBJETIVO: Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) alguna vez se conceptualizaron como enfermedades que afectaban principalmente a las mujeres blancas, adineradas, un concepto erróneo que informó la investigación y la práctica clínica durante muchos años. Abundante evidencia ahora desacredita este estereotipo, pero no está claro si los tratamientos prevalecientes "basados en la evidencia" se han evaluado en muestras representativas de la diversidad de individuos afectados por los TCA. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el informe, la inclusión y el análisis de las variables sociodemográficas en los ensayos controlados aleatorios (ECA) del tratamiento psicoterapéutico para TCA en los Estados Unidos hasta 2020. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de los ECA de tratamiento psicoterapéutico de los TCA en los Estados Unidos y se examinó el informe y la inclusión de la identidad de género, la edad, la raza/etnia, la orientación sexual y el estado socioeconómico (ESE) de los participantes inscritos, así como los métodos de reclutamiento, los análisis de poder y la discusión de las limitaciones y la generalización. RESULTADOS: La búsqueda arrojó 58 estudios que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión que datan de 1985. Los informes a veces eran incompletos, ausentes o centrados en el grupo mayoritario racial / de género. Ningún estudio informó participantes con diversidad de género, y los hombres y las personas de color estuvieron subrepresentados en general, con diferencias observadas entre los diagnósticos. Una minoría de los artículos consideró variables sociodemográficas en los análisis o reconoció limitaciones relacionadas con las características de la muestra. Se lograron algunos avances a lo largo de las décadas, con estudios que proporcionan cada vez más datos raciales y étnicos completos, y más hombres incluidos con el tiempo. Aunque la diversidad racial y étnica mejoró un poco, el progreso pareció estancarse en la última década. DISCUSIÓN: Resumimos los hallazgos, consideramos el contexto y los desafíos para los investigadores de ECA, y ofrecemos sugerencias para investigadores, editores de revistas y revisores sobre cómo mejorar la representación, el informe y las prácticas analíticas.

The tension between ethics and rigor when using Amazon MTurk for eating disorder research: Response to commentaries on Burnette et al. (2021).

We respond to commentaries on our 2021 paper "Concerns and recommendations for using Amazon MTurk for eating disorder research." The commentators raised many thoughtful and nuanced points regarding data validity and ethical means of online data collection. We echo concerns about the ethics of recruiting via platforms such as MTurk, and highlight tensions between recommendations for ethical data collection and ensuring data integrity. Especially, we highlight the consistent finding that MTurk workers display elevated (often remarkably so) rates of psychopathology, and argue such findings merit further scrutiny to ensure both data are valid and workers not exploited.