ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Vaccine hesitancy is a considerable issue in European countries and leads to low coverage rates. After a long debate, Italy has made vaccination mandatory for admission to its schools. METHODS: In the NAVIDAD study (a cross-sectional multicentre study), a 63-item questionnaire was administered to 1820 pregnant women from 15 Italian cities. The questionnaire assessed the interviewee's opinion on mandatory vaccines, as well as their socioeconomic status, sources of information about vaccines, confidence in the Italian National Healthcare Service (NHS), and intention to vaccinate their newborn. RESULTS: Information sources play a key role in determining the opinion on restoration of mandatory vaccines; in particular, women who obtained information from anti-vaccination movements are less likely to accept the vaccines (OR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.21-0.58, pâ¯<â¯0.001). Women who had confidence in healthcare professional information agreed more on mandatory vaccination than did the other women (OR: 2.66, 95% CI: 1.62-4.36, pâ¯<â¯0.001); those who perceived that healthcare professionals have economic interest in child immunization and who declared that healthcare providers inform only on vaccinations benefits not on risks were less likely to agree on compulsory vaccination (OR: 0.66, CI 95%: 0.46-0.96, pâ¯=â¯0.03; OR: 0.66, CI 95%: 0.46-0.95, pâ¯=â¯0.03, respectively). CONCLUSION: Information sources and confidence towards health professionals are the main determinants of acceptance of mandatory vaccine restoration. To increase the acceptability of the restoration and reduce vaccine hesitancy, these aspects need to be strengthened.
Subject(s)
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Immunization Programs , Mandatory Programs , Pregnant Women/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Health Personnel , Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins , Humans , Italy , Mandatory Programs/organization & administration , Multivariate Analysis , Pregnancy , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Mentation reports collected from sleep onset, Stage 2 and REM Stage awakenings, in the first part and in the second part of the night were analyzed both with systematic psycholinguistic and global measures. Results confirm the relationship between activation and the length of sleep mentation report shown by Antrobus. Length of the report increases with sleep time, but time does not modulate qualitative inter-stage differences. By partialling out the length of the report, many inter-stage differences disappeared; however significant differences remain in the global measure of bizarreness and in the psycholinguistic measure of visual imagery. These results cannot be explained entirely by differences in attention and memory and point to more basic differences in mental activity.