Motor competence and compliance with physical activity recommendations in Chilean schoolchildren.

The development of motor competence is thought to be a crucial precursor to raising the trajectory of PA throughout a person's life. The objectives of this study are to determine motor competence and the daily time of moderate and vigorous physical activity of students in 5th and 6th grade elementary in Chile, and to establish whether there are differences in motor competence according to sex and compliance with physical activity recommendations. 368 schoolchildren (M = 11.10 years; 54.3% girls) participated. To assess motor competence, the MOBAK 5-6 test was used. Physical activity was measured using ActiGraph wGT3X-BT® accelerometers. Boys (M = 3.65, SD = 2.14) showed better performance than girls (M = 2.39, SD = 1.80) in Object Control (p ≤ 0.001, PS = 0.67). For Self-Movement, the girls (M = 2.72, SD = 2.14) performed better than the boys (M = 2.40, SD = 1.86); however, there were no significant differences between the two sexes (p = 0.257). Boys (M = 48.4, SD = 22.8) presented more daily minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activity than girls (M = 35.9, SD = 16.9), with statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.001, PS = 0.67). About MC according to compliance with the physical activity recommendations, only in Object Control there is a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.001; PS = 0.29) between the students who comply with the recommendations (M = 4.28, SD = 2.12) and those who do not achieve the recommended minutes (M = 2.67, SD = 1.29). By contrast, an analysis of Self-Movement found no significant difference (complies: M = 2.73, SD = 1.97; does not comply: M = 2.54, SD = 2.04; p = 0.408) between the two groups. It is necessary to generate instances that develop motor competence in all its dimensions to promote higher levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity.

[Association between weight status and motor competence in schoolchildren from Chilean Patagonia]. / Asociación entre el estado nutricional y la competencia motriz en escolares de la Patagonia chilena.

BACKGROUND: the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the child population is a global public health problem, with measures such as the promotion of physical activity being necessary. One of the recognized factors for this is the development of motor competence, due to its dynamic interaction with physical activity, so it is necessary to understand its relationship with weight status. OBJECTIVE: the aims of this study are to determine whether there are differences in the levels of motor competence of schoolchildren in Chilean Patagonia according to their nutritional status, as well as to determine the association between body mass index (BMI) and the levels of motor competence in these schoolchildren. MATERIAL AND METHODS: we evaluated 295 boys and girls in 5th and 6th grade of primary school, from educational centres in Coyhaique and Punta Arenas. We used the MOBAK 5-6 test to assess their motor competence. RESULTS: schoolchildren with normal weight status presented higher values of motor competence in self-movement (M = 3.1; SD = 1.84) compared to overweight (M = 2.7; SD = 1.68) and obese schoolchildren (M = 1.7; SD = 1.57), presenting significant differences between all groups (p < 0.001). In object control, no differences were found between the groups. In addition, there was an inverse association of object control with gender (ß: 1.49; p < 0.001) and BMI (ß: -0.05; p = 0.026), while self-movement had an inverse association with BMI (ß: -0.11; 95 % CI: -0.15 -0.07; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: weight status and motor competence are associated. Schoolchildren with higher BMI values tend to perform lower in self-movement. These results underline the importance of addressing motor competence in efforts to combat overweight and obesity in children.

Actual and Perceived Motor Competence in Chilean Schoolchildren before and after COVID-19 Lockdowns: A Cohort Comparison.

(1) Background: the measures applied in Chile to reduce COVID-19 infections have been very strict, mainly for children who have experienced lockdowns and school closures for almost two years. Emerging evidence indicates that lockdowns have had several negative effects on children; therefore, the present study seeks to analyze the secular effects of COVID-19 lockdowns on Chilean students' actual motor competence (AMC) and perceived motor competence (PMC). (2) Methods: using a sequential cohort design, data from 523 fifth-grade students at nine elementary schools (46.8% girls, age M = 11.11, SD = 0.66) were assessed in 2018-19 (pre-lockdown) (n = 265) and 2022 (post-lockdown) (n = 258). (3) Results: in the domain of object control (AMC and PMC), no significant differences were found (AMC p = 0.559; PMC p = 0.682). In the self-movement domain of AMC and PMC, the significant differences found presented a small effect size (AMC p = 0.044, ηp2 = 0.01; PMC p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.03). (4) Conclusions: although the differences encountered were not drastic, self-movement skills tended to be greatly affected by the lockdowns resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings broaden information on the negative consequences of the pandemic on students in aspects related to an active and healthy life.

Differences in Motor Competence of Chilean Schoolchildren According to Biological and Sociocultural Correlates.

(1) Background: In this study, we aimed to determine differences in the levels of motor competence according to biological factors (sex, age and weight status) and sociocultural factors (socioeconomic level and belonging to an indigenous people or not) in students of the La Araucanía Region, Chile. (2) Methods: A total of 552 students in 5th and 6th grade were evaluated (49.6% girls; age M = 11.3; SD = 0.8). To assess motor competence (domains of object control and self-movement), the MOBAK 5-6 test was applied. (3) Results: In the object control dimension, significant differences were found according to sex, with the boys performing higher than the girls. According to age, schoolchildren aged 11.0 to 11.9 performed higher than those aged 10.0 to 10.9, and according to socioeconomic status, schoolchildren from schools with a higher socioeconomic status showed a higher motor performance. No significant interaction effects were found between groups. With regard to the self-movement domain, statistically significant differences were only found according to weight status, where students of normal weight presented the highest performance. No significant effects were found between any of the groups. (4) Conclusions: This study shows the importance of considering the biological and sociocultural characteristics in the development of motor competence when interpreting data or planning interventions in different settings.

Percepción del esfuerzo y niveles objetivos de intensidad en clases de Educación Física de escolares de primaria según sexo y estado nutricional: Estudio piloto / Perception of Effort and Objective Levels of Intensity in Physical Education Classes of Primary Schoolchildren According to Gender and Nutritional Status: A Pilot Study

Resumen El presente estudio aborda el análisis del esfuerzo percibido y tiempo en actividades de intensidad moderada y vigorosa en clases de Educación Física, considerando las diferencias según sexo y el estado nutricional de la persona estudiante. Participaron 95 estudiantes de 5° y 6° año de primaria de escuelas de la ciudad de Coyhaique, Chile. Se utilizó la escala EPInfant para la evaluación del esfuerzo percibido y acelerómetros Actigraph GT3X+ para determinar el tiempo en intensidad moderada y vigorosa. En el esfuerzo percibido no se encontraron diferencias significativas según sexo (p=0,144), pero sí según estado nutricional, siendo los estudiantes con obesidad quienes indican una percepción de esfuerzo mayor que el estudiantado de peso normal (p=0,022). En actividades moderadas y vigorosas dentro de la clase de Educación Física, los niños presentan significativamente más minutos en comparación a las niñas (p=0,017); mientras que los escolares normopeso presentarían levemente mayor tiempo en este nivel de intensidad, sin que esta diferencia sea estadísticamente significativa (p=0,622). El esfuerzo realizado en las clases de Educación Física ha sido percibido como más exigente por los escolares con obesidad, y para esto se deben comprender las dificultades físicas y motrices que este grupo presenta. Asimismo, las niñas han participado un menor tiempo en intensidades moderadas y vigorosas, por lo que es pertinente buscar estrategias que permitan aumentar el tiempo de su participación.

Abstract This study focuses on the analysis of perceived effort and time of moderate and vigorous activities in physical education classes, considering differences based on gender and the nutritional status of schoolchildren. A total of 95 children in 5th and 6th grade of primary school in the city of Coyhaique, Chile, participated in the study. The EPInfant scale was used to assess the perceived effort, and Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers were used to determine the time of moderate and vigorous activity. No significant differences were found in the perceived effort by gender (p=0.144); instead, by nutritional status, obese students indicated a higher perceived effort than students with a normal weight (p=0.220). Regarding moderate and vigorous activities in Physical Education class, the boys were significantly more active than the girls (p=0.017). In contrast, normal-weight children were slightly more active at this intensity level, but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.622). The effort in Physical Education classes has been perceived as more demanding by the obese students; for this reason, it is important to understand the physical and motor difficulties that this group presents. Likewise, girls have participated for a shorter time in moderate and vigorous intensities, being pertinent to look for didactic strategies to increase the time of their participation.

Resumo O presente estudo aborda a análise do esforço e do tempo percebido em atividades de intensidade moderada e vigorosa nas aulas de educação física, considerando as diferenças de acordo com o sexo e o estado nutricional de cada estudante. Participaram do estudo noventa e cinco alunos do 5º e 6º ano do ensino fundamental de escolas da cidade de Coyhaique, no Chile. A escala EPInfant foi utilizada para avaliar o esforço percebido e os acelerômetros Actigraph GT3X+ para determinar o tempo em intensidade moderada e vigorosa. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na percepção de esforço segundo o sexo (p=0,144), mas foram encontradas diferenças significativas segundo o estado nutricional, com estudantes obesos indicando uma percepção de maior esforço do que estudantes de peso normal (p=0,022). Nas atividades moderadas e vigorosas nas aulas de Educação Física, os meninos apresentam significativamente mais minutos que as meninas (p=0,017), enquanto os estudantes de peso normal apresentaram um pouco mais de tempo nesse nível de intensidade, embora essa diferença não tenha sido estatisticamente significativa (p=0,622). O esforço feito nas aulas de educação física foi percebido como mais exigente por estudantes obesos, e para isso é necessário compreender as dificuldades físicas e motoras que este grupo apresenta. Da mesma forma, as meninas têm participado por um tempo mais curto em intensidades moderadas e vigorosas, por isso é pertinente procurar estratégias para aumentar o tempo da sua participação.

Redrawing Cities with Children and Adolescents: Development of a Framework and Opportunity Index for Wellbeing-The REDibuja Study Protocol.

Global changes require urgent integration of health and wellbeing into all urban policies. Complex social and environmental factors define wellbeing outcomes and inequities present in cities. Additionally, political decisions are seldom thought and developed considering the needs and participation of children and adolescents. The REDibuja study aims to develop a multidimensional framework of wellbeing for children and adolescents and to validate an index of opportunities for better wellbeing for children and adolescents in the urban context of Temuco, Chile. This child-centered and cross-sectional study will involve mixed methodologies throughout the implementation of five work packages for two years (2022-2023): (1) development of a conceptual framework for child and adolescent wellbeing, (2) integration of available and public data, (3) studies in the local context, (4) data integration using geographic information systems, and (5) validation of the wellbeing opportunity index for children and adolescents. REDibuja will implement methodologies that until now are little used to facilitate political decisions in our regional context. This process and results could be transferred for assessment and decision-making in Latin America and low- and middle-income countries in other regions.

Relación entre el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física y de sueño y el exceso de peso en escolares de la ciudad de Temuco, Chile / Relationship between physical activity and sleep recommendations compliance and excess weight among school children from Temuco, Chile

Introducción. Dada la importancia que la actividad física y el sueño han adquirido para la salud, se han propuesto diversas recomendaciones para la población infantil. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar cómo se asocia el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física y de sueño con el exceso de peso. Población y métodos. Para la medición de la actividad física y el sueño, se utilizaron acelerómetros ActiGraph wGT3X-BT®. Se determinó el índice de masa corporal para las categorizaciones de ausencia (peso normal) o presencia (sobrepeso-obesidad) de exceso de peso. Resultados. Participaron 183 escolares (54,1 % eran niñas, edad M = 10,95 ± 1,07). El 85,4 % no cumple con las recomendaciones de actividad física, mientras que el 75,6 % no cumple con las recomendaciones de sueño. Los niños se diferencian significativamente de las niñas en tiempo de actividades físicas moderadas y vigorosas (p = 0,002), mas no así en cantidad de sueño. Los escolares con exceso de peso presentan menos tiempo de actividades de intensidad moderada y vigorosa (p = 0,004) y una menor cantidad de sueño (p = 0,010) que los escolares de peso normal. El no cumplir las recomendaciones de actividad física se asociaría con el exceso de peso (razón de momios [OR, por su sigla en inglés] = 8,178; intervalo de confianza del 95 % [IC95 %]: 1,465-45,635; p = 0,017), lo que no se observó en las recomendaciones de sueño. Conclusiones. Un alto porcentaje de escolares no cumplen con las recomendaciones de actividad física y cantidad de sueño. Se observaron asociaciones según el sexo y la presencia de exceso de peso. Es necesario desarrollar estrategias para fomentar el cumplimiento de estas recomendaciones en la población infantil.

Introduction. Given the importance of physical activity and sleep for health, different recommendations have been proposed for the pediatric population. The objective of this study was to determine the association between physical activity and sleep recommendations compliance and excess weight in school children from Temuco, Chile. Population and methods. Physical activity and sleep were measured using ActiGraph wGT3X-BT® accelerometers. Excess weight was categorized on two categories: absence (normal weight) or presence (overweight or obesity) based on body mass index. Results. A total of 183 school children participated (54.1 % were females; mean age = 10.95 ± 1.07). Of them, 85.4 % did not meet physical activity recommendations, whereas 75.6 % did not meet sleep recommendations. Significant differences were observed in favor of boys over girls in relation to moderate and vigorous physical activity (p = 0.002), but this was not the case for amount of sleep. School children with excess weight showed less time spent in moderate and vigorous activity (p = 0.004) and a lower amount of sleep (p = 0.010) than normal weight ones. Non-compliance with physical activity recommendations was associated with excess weight (odds ratio [OR] = 8.178; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.465-45.635; p = 0.017), but this was not observed in relation to sleep recommendations.Conclusions. A high percentage of school children do not meet the recommendations for physical activity and sleep. Associations were observed by sex and presence of excess weight. Strategies are required to promote compliance with these recommendations in the pediatric population

Competencia motriz en escolares de primer y segundo año de primaria en la región de Araucanía, Chile / Motor competence in First and Second grade School children in the Araucanía Region, Chile

Resumen Martinez-Lopez, N., Espinoza-Silva, M. y Carcamo-Oyarzun, J. (2021). Competencia motriz en escolares de primer y segundo año de primaria en la región La Araucanía, Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. La competencia motriz es un componente importante para la participación en la cultura del juego, deportes y actividad física, por lo que su desarrollo es fundamental en el inicio de la trayectoria escolar. Este estudio tuvo como propósitos: describir el desempeño en la competencia motriz de Control de Objetos y Control del Cuerpo de estudiantes de primer y segundo grado de primaria de Chile; determinar la relación entre la competencia motriz y la edad; y establecer la existencia de posibles diferencias según el sexo de los estudiantes. Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo, siendo un estudio no experimental de corte transversal y de tipo descriptivo-correlacional. Participaron 289 escolares (51.2% niñas, 48.8% niños) de entre seis y ocho años de cinco establecimientos educacionales de la región de La Araucanía, Chile. Se utilizó el test MOBAK 1-2 para la evaluación de la competencia motriz en dos dimensiones (Control de Objetos y Control del Cuerpo). Para establecer la relación entre competencia motriz y edad se utilizó el coeficiente rho de Spearman, y para determinar la existencia de diferencias según sexo se utilizó la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, determinando el tamaño del efecto a través del cálculo de probabilidad de superioridad (PS). Los resultados indican que la edad se relaciona de forma positiva con el Control de Objetos (p < .001, r = .315) y el Control del Cuerpo (p < .001, r = .261). Al comparar los desempeños motrices según sexo, los niños presentan mejores resultados que las niñas en tareas motrices asociadas al Control de Objetos (U = 13533.000, Z = 4.439, p < .001, PSest = .61), mientras que en Control del Cuerpo no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Tanto la edad como el sexo de los estudiantes son variables asociadas al desarrollo de la competencia motriz. Estos resultados aportan información relevante para diseñar estrategias pedagógicas que busquen fomentar la competencia motriz de manera óptima y equitativa.

Abstract Martinez-Lopez, N., Espinoza-Silva, M. & Carcamo-Oyarzun, J. (2021). Motor competence in first- and second-grade schoolchildren in The Araucanía, Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. Motor competence is a significant component for participation in the culture of play, sports, and physical activity. Its development is therefore key at the early stages of a child's journey through the educational system. The purposes of this study were to describe performance in the motor competence of Object Control and Body Control in first- and second-grade elementary school students in Chile, to determine the relationship between this motor competence and age, and to establish the existence of potential sex-related differences among the students. A quantitative approach was used, as this was a non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study. Participants included 289 schoolchildren (51.2% girls, 48.8% boys) between six and eight years of age in five schools of the region of La Araucanía, Chile. The MOBAK 1-2 test was used for assessing the motor competence in two dimensions (Object Control and Body Control). In order to establish the relationship between motor competence and age, Spearman's rho coefficiient was used; and Mann-Whitney's U test was used to determine the existence of sex-related differences, determining the extent of the effect through superiority probability (SP) calculation. The results indicate that age is positively related to Object Control (p < .001, r = .315) and Body Control (p < .001, r = .261). When comparing motor performances according to sex, boys showed better results than girls in motor tasks associated to Object Control (U = 13533.000, Z = 4.439, p < .001, PSest = .61), whereas no statistically significant differences were found in Body Control. Both age and sex in students are variables associated to the development of this motor competence. These results provide relevant information for designing pedagogical strategies that seek to foster motor competence in an optimal, equitable manner.

Resumo Martinez-Lopez, N., Espinoza-Silva, M. e Carcamo-Oyarzun, J. (2021). Competência motora em escolares do primeiro e segundo ano do ensino fundamental na região de La Araucanía, Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. A competência motora é um componente importante para a participação na cultura do jogo, do esporte e da atividade física, por isso seu desenvolvimento é fundamental no início da trajetória escolar. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o desempenho na competência motora do Controle de Objetos e Controle Corporal de escolares do primeiro e do segundo ano do Ensino Fundamental no Chile; determinar a relação entre competência motora e idade; e estabelecer a existência de possíveis diferenças de acordo com o sexo dos estudantes. Utilizou-se uma abordagem quantitativa, sendo um estudo transversal e descritivo-correlacional não experimental. Participaram 289 estudantes (51,2% meninas, 48,8% meninos) entre seis e oito anos de cinco instituições de ensino da região de La Araucania, no Chile. O teste MOBAK 1-2 foi utilizado para a avaliação da competência motora em duas dimensões (Controle de Objetos e Controle Corporal). Para estabelecer a relação entre competência motora e idade, foi utilizado o coeficiente rô de Spearman, e para determinar a existência de diferenças de acordo com o sexo, foi utilizado o teste U de Mann-Whitney, determinando o tamanho do efeito por meio do cálculo da probabilidade de superioridade (PS). Os resultados indicam que a idade está positivamente relacionada ao Controle de Objetos (p< 0,001, r= 0,315) e Controle corporal (p< 0,001; r = 0,261). Ao comparar o desempenho motor por sexo, os meninos apresentam melhores resultados do que as meninas em tarefas motoras associadas ao Controle de Objetos (U= 13533,000; Z = 4,439; p < 0,001; PSest = 0,61), enquanto no Controle Corporal não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Tanto a idade quanto o sexo dos estudantes são variáveis associadas ao desenvolvimento da competência motora. Esses resultados fornecem informações relevantes para a concepção de estratégias pedagógicas que buscam promover a competência motora de forma ideal e equitativa.

Relationship between physical activity and sleep recommendations compliance and excess weight among school children from Temuco, Chile. / Relación entre el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física y de sueño y el exceso de peso en escolares de la ciudad de Temuco, Chile.

Introduction: Given the importance of physical activity and sleep for health, different recommendations have been proposed for the pediatric population. The objective of this study was to determine the association between physical activity and sleep recommendations compliance and excess weight in school children from Temuco, Chile. Population and methods: Physical activity and sleep were measured using ActiGraph wGT3X-BT® accelerometers. Excess weight was categorized on two categories: absence (normal weight) or presence (overweight or obesity) based on body mass index. Results: A total of 183 school children participated (54.1 % were females; mean age = 10.95 ± 1.07). Of them, 85.4 % did not meet physical activity recommendations, whereas 75.6% did not meet sleep recommendations. Significant differences were observed in favor of boys over girls in relation to moderate and vigorous physical activity (p = 0.002), but this was not the case for amount of sleep. School children with excess weight showed less time spent in moderate and vigorous activity (p = 0.004) and a lower amount of sleep (p = 0.010) than normal weight ones. Non-compliance with physical activity recommendations was associated with excess weight (odds ratio [OR] = 8.178; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.465-45.635; p = 0.017), but this was not observed in relation to sleep recommendations. Conclusions: A high percentage of school children do not meet the recommendations for physical activity and sleep. Associations were observed by sex and presence of excess weight. Strategies are required to promote compliance with these recommendations in the pediatric population.

Introducción. Dada la importancia que la actividad física y el sueño han adquirido para la salud, se han propuesto diversas recomendaciones para la población infantil. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar cómo se asocia el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física y de sueño con el exceso de peso. Población y métodos. Para la medición de la actividad física y el sueño, se utilizaron acelerómetros ActiGraph wGT3X-BT®. Se determinó el índice de masa corporal para las categorizaciones de ausencia (peso normal) o presencia (sobrepeso-obesidad) de exceso de peso. Resultados. Participaron 183 escolares (54,1 % eran niñas, edad M = 10,95 ± 1,07). El 85,4 % no cumple con las recomendaciones de actividad física, mientras que el 75,6 % no cumple con las recomendaciones de sueño. Los niños se diferencian significativamente de las niñas en tiempo de actividades físicas moderadas y vigorosas (p = 0,002), mas no así en cantidad de sueño. Los escolares con exceso de peso presentan menos tiempo de actividades de intensidad moderada y vigorosa (p = 0,004) y una menor cantidad de sueño (p = 0,010) que los escolares de peso normal. El no cumplir las recomendaciones de actividad física se asociaría con el exceso de peso (razón de momios [OR, por su sigla en inglés] = 8,178; intervalo de confianza del 95 % [IC95 %]: 1,465-45,635; p = 0,017), lo que no se observó en las recomendaciones de sueño. Conclusiones. Un alto porcentaje de escolares no cumplen con las recomendaciones de actividad física y cantidad de sueño. Se observaron asociaciones según el sexo y la presencia de exceso de peso. Es necesario desarrollar estrategias para fomentar el cumplimiento de estas recomendaciones en la población infantil.

Motives of Students for or against the Practice of Physical Exercise and How They Are Related with the Climate in Physical Education Classes.

The main aim of the study was to investigate the reasons that motivate secondary school pupils to practise physical exercise, and how these motives are related to their perception of the climate in physical education classes. Participants: The sample consisted of 448 subjects, 36.8% girls and 63.2% boys, aged between 16 and 19 years (M = 17.61; SD = 0.96). The methodology was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Two instruments were applied: self-reporting by the pupils of their motives for practising physical exercise, and a questionnaire on their attitudes towards teachers' behaviour and the physical education programme. The results showed that the strongest motive for the practice of physical exercise was "Prevention and positive health" (M = 5.29; SD = 1.45). In conclusion, there is a weak correlation among the pupils' motives for practising physical exercise and their perception of the climate in class.

Visión del profesorado de educación física hacia su asignatura en Chile / Physical education teacher's vision towards its subject in Chile

RESUMENEN: El propósito de este estudio es determinar cómo los profesores de Educación Física perciben su asignatura, en cuánto a los factores que afectan la calidad de la clase, las condiciones del establecimiento educacional, y el apoyo que se recibe de la autoridad educativa, según sexo y establecimiento educacional en donde los docentes se desempeñan. Se encuestó a 93 profesores de Educación Física, de 6 Regiones de Chile, pertenecientes a establecimientos Municipales, Particulares Subvencionados y Particulares Privados. Los resultados más significativos revelan que el profesorado de Educación Física considera que el factor predominante sobre la calidad de la clase tiene relación con la falta de motivación por parte de los estudiantes, y el que menos afecta es el poco conocimiento de algunas áreas por parte de los docentes. Profesores y Profesoras consideran que sus establecimientos cuentan con las condiciones para desarrollar una buena clase y también tienen el apoyo de las autoridades educativas. Como conclusión, se logró identificar que no existen grandes diferencias en cuanto a la visión del profesor de Educación Física en Chile según sexo, sin embargo, se detectaron mayores diferencias según tipo de establecimiento donde los docentes se desempeñan.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to determine how Physical Education teahers perceive their subject, in terms of the factors that affects the quality of the class, the conditions of educational establishment, and the support received from the educational authority, according to the sex and the educational establishment where teachers work. 93 Physical Education teachers from 6 different regions of Chile, belonging to Municipal establishments, particular subsidized and private individuals, were surveyed. The most significant results reveal that physical education teachers believe that the factor that most affects the quality of the class, is related to the lack of motivation from the students, and the factor which least affects is the little knowledge about some areas on the part of teachers. Teachers consider that their establishments have the conditions to develop a good lesson and also have the support from educational authorities. As conclusion, it was possible to identify that does not exist great differences in terms of the vision of Physical education teacher in Chile according to the sex, however, huge differences were detected according to the type of establishments where the teachers work

A Narrative Review of Motor Competence in Children and Adolescents: What We Know and What We Need to Find Out.

Lack of physical activity is a global public health problem causing not only morbidity and premature mortality, but it is also a major economic burden worldwide. One of the cornerstones of a physically active lifestyle is Motor Competence (MC). MC is a complex biocultural attribute and therefore, its study requires a multi-sectoral, multi-, inter- and transdisciplinary approach. MC is a growing area of research, especially in children and adolescents due to its positive association with a plethora of health and developmental outcomes. Many questions, however, remain to be answered in this field of research, with regard to: (i) Health and Developmental-related Associations of MC; (ii) Assessment of MC; (iii) Prevalence and Trends of MC; (iv) Correlates and Determinants of MC; (v) MC Interventions, and (vi) Translating MC Research into Practice and Policy. This paper presents a narrative review of the literature, summarizing current knowledge, identifying key research gaps and presenting questions for future investigation on MC in children and adolescents. This is a collaborative effort from the International Motor Competence Network (IMCNetwork) a network of academics and researchers aiming to promote international collaborative research and knowledge translation in the expansive field of MC. The knowledge and deliverables generated by addressing and answering the aforementioned research questions on MC presented in this review have the potential to shape the ways in which researchers and practitioners promote MC and physical activity in children and adolescents across the world.

Valoración del estado nutricional y la condición física de estudiantes de educación básica de Chile / Assessment of the nutritional status and physical condition of basic education students in Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: actualmente, el ejercicio físico practicado de manera regular es la mejor herramienta disponible para fomentar el bienestar de las personas y una mejor salud. OBJETIVO: el objetivo del estudio fue determinar el nivel de condición física y el estado nutricional, así como la relación entre estos, en estudiantes de enseñanza básica de la ciudad de Chillán. MÉTODOS: el estudio es de tipo descriptivo, de corte transversal y relacional. Participaron 2500 estudiantes. Para evaluar la condición física se utilizaron los siguientes test: Wells y Dillons (flexibilidad), Sargent Test (potencia miembros inferiores), Test de 1 Milla de la AAPHARD (capacidad aeróbica) y Abdominales en 30 segundos (capacidad muscular localizada). RESULTADOS: al comparar por sexos, los hombres presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en las variables físicas de capacidad aeróbica (p = 0,00), abdominales (p = 0,00) y salto (p = 0,00); solo en el caso de la flexibilidad las mujeres presentaron mejores resultados (p = 0,01). Al relacionar el IMC con la capacidad física se observa una relación negativa en ambos sexos, es decir: a mayor IMC, menor es la cantidad de abdominales realizados (r = -0,032; r = -0,084, mujeres y hombres, respectivamente) y la capacidad aeróbica (r = -0,063 y r = -0,023, mujeres y hombres, respectivamente). En flexibilidad y salto se observa una correlación positiva, aunque esta es insignificante. CONCLUSIÓN: los hombres y las mujeres con normopeso presentan una mejor condición física en comparación con quienes presentan sobrepeso u obesidad. En cuanto al sexo, los hombres presentan una mejor condición física salvo en la prueba de flexibilidad, donde las mujeres presentan los mejores resultados. Además, se observa una relación negativa en ambos sexos entre la condición física y la composición corporal, donde un IMC elevado se traduce en un bajo nivel de rendimiento físico

INTRODUCTION: currently, regular physical exercise is the best tool available to promote people's well-being and improve their health. OBJECTIVE: the objective of the study was to determine the level of physical condition and nutritional status, as well as the relationship between them, in elementary school students in the city of Chillán. METHODS: the study is of the descriptive, cross-sectional, relational type. A total of 2500 students participated. To evaluate physical condition, the followingtests were used: Wells and Dillons (flexibility), Sargent Test (lower limb power), AAPHARD's 1-Mile Test (cardiorespiratory resistance), and Sit-ups in 30 seconds (localized muscular resistance). RESULTS: when comparing by sex, men presented significant statistical differences in the physical variables of aerobic capacity (p = 0.00), situps (p = 0.00) and jumping (p = 0.00); only in the case of flexibility did women present better results (p = 0.01). When relating BMI to physical capacity a negative relationship is observed in both sexes-that is, the higher the BMI, the lower the amount of sit-ups (r = -0.032; r = -0.084, women and men, respectively) and aerobic capacity (r = -0.063 and r = -0.023, women and men, respectively). In flexibility and jump a positive though negligible correlation was observed. CONCLUSION: normal-weight men and women have a better physical condition as compared to those with overweight or obesity. As for sex, men have a better physical condition except for the flexibility test, where women obtain the best results. In addition, a negative relationship is observed in both sexes between physical condition and body composition, where a high BMI results in a low level of physical performance

[Assessment of the nutritional status and physical condition of basic education students in Chile]. / Valoración del estado nutricional y la condición física de estudiantes de educación básica de Chile.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: currently, regular physical exercise is the best tool available to promote people's well-being and improve their health. Objective: the objective of the study was to determine the level of physical condition and nutritional status, as well as the relationship between them, in elementary school students in the city of Chillán. Methods: the study is of the descriptive, cross-sectional, relational type. A total of 2500 students participated. To evaluate physical condition, the followingtests were used: Wells and Dillons (flexibility), Sargent Test (lower limb power), AAPHARD's 1-Mile Test (cardiorespiratory resistance), and Sit-ups in 30 seconds (localized muscular resistance). Results: when comparing by sex, men presented significant statistical differences in the physical variables of aerobic capacity (p = 0.00), sit-ups (p = 0.00) and jumping (p = 0.00); only in the case of flexibility did women present better results (p = 0.01). When relating BMI to physical capacity a negative relationship is observed in both sexes-that is, the higher the BMI, the lower the amount of sit-ups (r = -0.032; r = -0.084, women and men, respectively) and aerobic capacity (r = -0.063 and r = -0.023, women and men, respectively). In flexibility and jump a positive though negligible correlation was observed. Conclusion: normal-weight men and women have a better physical condition as compared to those with overweight or obesity. As for sex, men have a better physical condition except for the flexibility test, where women obtain the best results. In addition, a negative relationship is observed in both sexes between physical condition and body composition, where a high BMI results in a low level of physical performance.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: actualmente, el ejercicio físico practicado de manera regular es la mejor herramienta disponible para fomentar el bienestar de las personas y una mejor salud. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue determinar el nivel de condición física y el estado nutricional, así como la relación entre estos, en estudiantes de enseñanza básica de la ciudad de Chillán. Métodos: el estudio es de tipo descriptivo, de corte transversal y relacional. Participaron 2500 estudiantes. Para evaluar la condición física se utilizaron los siguientes test: Wells y Dillons (flexibilidad), Sargent Test (potencia miembros inferiores), Test de 1 Milla de la AAPHARD (capacidad aeróbica) y Abdominales en 30 segundos (capacidad muscular localizada). Resultados: al comparar por sexos, los hombres presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en las variables físicas de capacidad aeróbica (p = 0,00), abdominales (p = 0,00) y salto (p = 0,00); solo en el caso de la flexibilidad las mujeres presentaron mejores resultados (p = 0,01). Al relacionar el IMC con la capacidad física se observa una relación negativa en ambos sexos, es decir: a mayor IMC, menor es la cantidad de abdominales realizados (r = -0,032; r = -0,084, mujeres y hombres, respectivamente) y la capacidad aeróbica (r = -0,063 y r = -0,023, mujeres y hombres, respectivamente). En flexibilidad y salto se observa una correlación positiva, aunque esta es insignificante. Conclusión: los hombres y las mujeres con normopeso presentan una mejor condición física en comparación con quienes presentan sobrepeso u obesidad. En cuanto al sexo, los hombres presentan una mejor condición física salvo en la prueba de flexibilidad, donde las mujeres presentan los mejores resultados. Además, se observa una relación negativa en ambos sexos entre la condición física y la composición corporal, donde un IMC elevado se traduce en un bajo nivel de rendimiento físico.

2018 Chilean Physical Activity Report Card for Children and Adolescents: Full Report and International Comparisons.

BACKGROUND: The study summarizes the findings of the 2018 Chilean Report Card (RC) on Physical Activity (PA) for Children and Adolescents and compares the results with the first Chilean RC and with other countries from the Global Matrix 3.0. METHODS: A Research Work Group using a standardized methodology from the Global Matrix 3.0 awarded grades for 13 PA-related indicators based on the percentage of compliance for defined benchmarks. Different public data sets, government reports, and papers informed the indicators. RESULTS: The grades assigned were for (1) "behaviors that contribute to overall PA levels": overall PA, D-; organized sport participation, D-; active play, INC; and active transportation, F; (2) "factors associated with cardiometabolic risk": sedentary behavior, C-; overweight and obesity, F; fitness, D; sleep, INC; and (3) "factors that influence PA": family and peers, F; school, D; inclusion, INC; community and built environment, B; government strategies and investments, B-. CONCLUSIONS: Chile's grades remained low compared with the first RC. On the positive side, Chile is advancing in environmental and policy aspects. Our findings indicate that the implementation of new strategies should be developed through collaboration between different sectors to maximize effective investments for increasing PA and decreasing sedentary time among children and adolescents in Chile.

Association between Actual and Perceived Motor Competence in School Children.

(1) Background: The association between actual and perceived motor competence (MC) is one of the underlying mechanisms that influence the practice of physical activity. This study mainly aimed to analyze the structure and correlations between actual and perceived MC in schoolchildren and to compare actual and perceived MC between girls and boys. (2) Methods: A total of 467 fifth and sixth graders (43.9% girls, M = 11.26, SD = 0.70) participated. Actual and perceived MC were assessed. To examine the proposed four factor models, structural equation models (factor analyses, latent correlations, invariance testing for gender) were conducted. Student t-test for independent samples was used to compare boys and girls. (3) Results: Proposed models achieved acceptable fit values with moderate correlation between the factors according to the type of MC in actual and perceived MC. Invariant factor structure in boys and girls was revealed. Boys performed and perceived themselves higher in object control than girls; whereas girls showed higher actual and perceived self-movement than boys. (4) Conclusions: The association between actual and perceived MC exists both globally and separately by gender, despite the differences between boys and girls. It is important to consider the role of gender and type of MC in the development of motor competencies, as well as in the strengthening of the children's sense of competence.

The utility of physical education according to students from germany and chile / Lutilité de léducation physique, selon des étudiants allemands et chiliens / A utilidade da educação física segundo estudantes da alemanha e do chile / La utilidad de educación física según escolares de alemania y chile

Resumo O presente estudo tem o objetivo de determinar a forma como estudantes de diferentes culturas percebem a utilidade das aulas de Educação Física. Foram entrevistados 2.748 estudantes (1.373 da região da Araucanía, Chile; e 1.375 do Estado de Sarre, Alemanha). Tanto os alunos chilenos como os alemães reconhecem mais uma utilidade "esportivo-recreativa" que uma "socioeducativa", e os chilenos apresentam valores mais altos que seus pares alemães; por outro lado, ambos os grupos manifestam seu desacordo com a opinião de que a Educação Física não lhes serve para nada. Os estudantes consideram que suas aulas de Educação Física foram úteis, o que surge como uma oportunidade para reforçar a geração de experiências positivas nas aulas e consolidar as aprendizagens.

Abstract The aim of this study is to show how the students of different cultures perceive their physical education classes. 2748 students (1373 from the Araucania Region in Chile and 1375 from Saarland in Germany) have been surveyed. The students of both countries agree that the "sportive-recreational" aspect is more important than the "social-educational" one, while the Chilean students present higher values than the German students do. In addition, the students of both countries disagree to the statement that physical education is useless for them. The Chilean and German students think that their physical education class is useful. This knowledge can be used as an opportunity to reinforce the generation of positive experiences in class and to consolidate the learning processes.

Résumé L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer la façon dont des étudiants issus de cultures différentes perçoivent l'utilité des classes d'Éducation Physique. 2748 élèves (1373 de la région d'Araucania, au Chili; et 1375 de l'État de Sarre, en Allemagne) ont été interrogés. Les étudiants chiliens et allemands reconnaissent une utilité plus "sportive-récréative" que "socio-éducative", les valeurs présentées par les Chiliens sont cependant plus élevées que chez les allemands. En outre, les deux groupes expriment leur désaccord quant à l'opinion que l'éducation physique ne leur apporte rien. Dans l'ensemble, les élèves considèrent que les cours d'Éducation Physique ont été utiles, ce qui représente une opportunité pour renforcer les expériences positives en classe et pour consolider les apprentissages.

Resumen El presente estudio tiene como propósito determinar cómo escolares de diferentes culturas perciben la utilidad de las clases de Educación Física. Fueron encuestados 2748 escolares (1373 de la Región de La Araucanía, Chile; y 1375 del Estado de Sarre, Alemania). Tanto los escolares chilenos como los alemanes reconocen una utilidad "deportivo-recreativa" por sobre una utilidad "socioeducativa", siendo los chilenos quienes presentan valores más altos que sus pares alemanes; además, ambos grupos manifiestan su desacuerdo en que la Educación Física no les ha servido para nada. Los escolares consideran que sus clases de Educación Física les han sido útiles, lo que se presenta como una oportunidad para reforzar la generación de experiencias positivas en las clases y consolidar los aprendizajes.

Relación entre indicadores antropométricos regionales de masa muscular y potencia de extremidades inferiores en deportistas juveniles de proyección

El propósito del estudio fue determinar el nivel de relación entre indicadores antropométricos segmentarios de muscularidad con los niveles de potencia expresados en la fuerza explosiva y elástico-explosiva. Para ello se evaluó a 31 deportistas varones (edad = 15,5 ± 1,7 años; peso = 61,4 ± 11,5 kg) de diversas disciplinas del Programa de Proyección Deportiva Nacional de la Región de Aysén, Chile, a través de los protocolos de la ISAK para las evaluaciones antropométricas y test de Bosco para la valoración de potencia de salto, tras lo cual se observó una alta intensidad de asociación entre potencia absoluta de los saltos SJ y CMJ, y todos los parámetros antropométricos de muslo (r >0,8). Con ello se logró establecer un modelo predictivo del rendimiento en salto mediante 3 mediciones antropométricas.

Abstract The purpose of this study was determined the level of relation between anthropometric segmental indicators of muscularity with the power levels expressed in the explosive and elastic strength, to carry it out 31 male athletes were (Age = 15.5 ±1.7 years; Weight = 61.4 ±11.5 kg) of diverse disciplines from the Program of National Sportive Projection of the Region of Aysén-Chile, were evaluated. The protocols of the ISAK for the anthropometric evaluations and Test of Bosco for the assessment of power of jump were followed. Results: An association between absolute power of the jumps SJ and CMJ and all the anthropometric variables of thigh (r > 0,8) it was able to establish a predictive model of the performance in jump by means of 3 anthropometric measurements has been established.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o nível de relação entre indicadores antropométricos segmentários de muscularidade com os níveis de potência expressados na força explosiva e elástico explosiva. Para tal, avaliaram-se a 31 esportistas varões (idade = 15,5 ± 1,7 anos; peso = 61,4 ±11,5 kg) de diversas disciplinas do Programa de Projeção Esportiva Nacional da Região de Aysén, Chile. Seguiram-se os protocolos da ISAK para as avaliações antropométricas e teste de Bosco para a valoração de potência de salto. Observa-se uma alta intensidade de associação entre potência absoluta dos saltos SJ e CMJ e todas as variáveis antropométricas da coxa (r > 0,8). Estabeleceu-se um modelo preditivo do rendimento em salto mediante três medidas antropométricas.

A regional vision of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and physical education in adolescents from Latin America and the Caribbean: results from 26 countries.

BACKGROUND: Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) countries, have been historically under-represented due to the lack of surveillance of physical behaviours in young populations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe and compare overall physical activity (PA), active transportation to and from school (i.e. walking or cycling), physical education (PE) participation, and sedentary behaviour (SB) in adolescents from 26 countries in LAC. METHODS: Data were collected in the Global School-based Student Health Survey (2007-13). Prevalences for each physical behaviour were compared by sex across the region. RESULTS: In total, 64 034 adolescents provided complete data (age range: 11 to 18 years; 47.7% male). Only about 15% of adolescents in LAC countries were physically active (at least 60 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous PA) with most countries showing sex disparities. Overall, 41.9% reported being active for transportation to and from school at least 3 days per week. In 12 countries, at least 50% of the adolescents reported sitting ≥3 h per day outside school, and a third of adolescents reported participation in PE classes on 3 days or more per week. CONCLUSIONS: The study sets a challenge for the LAC region, as physical inactivity and SB are highly prevalent across all countries. Gender inequity was shown in most countries, with boys reporting more active behaviours. Regional and national actions for implementing policies to revert this situation are urgent.