Use of Bladder Epicheck® in the follow-up of high-risk non-muscle-invasive Bladder cancer: A systematic literature review.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, different urinary markers such as the Bladder Epicheck® have been developed in an attempt to reduce the number of cystoscopies in the follow-up of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). AIM: To provide a systematic review of Bladder Epicheck® and its current clinical utility in the follow-up and detection of recurrence of NMIBC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Systematic review based on a literature search of PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases until October 2023, according to PRISMA and Quadas-2 criteria. Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the marker were calculated. Diagnostic performance was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: Fifteen studies were analyzed (n = 3761) including 86.7% prospective studies. Of the patient series, 53.2% had received previous intravesical instillations. The mean Se of the biomarker in the detection of recurrence varied according to tumor grade (87.9%-high grade/HG vs. 44.9%-low grade/LG, respectively). Their weighted mean Se and Sp were 71.6% and 84.5%, respectively. The mean recurrence rate was 29.1%. The weighted mean PPV and NPV were 56.4% and 92.8% (97.7% non-LG), respectively. The mean AUC was 85.63%. CONCLUSION: Bladder Epicheck® is a useful urinary marker in the follow-up of NMIBC, with significantly high Se and NPV in the detection of recurrences, especially in cases of HG disease. Its use can reduce the number of cystoscopies required in the follow-up of NMIBC, improving the quality of life of patients and potentially increasing health economic savings.

Prevalence and management of urinary incontinece after pelvic organ prolapse surgery (sacrocolpopexy). A literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is frequently associated with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and may occur after its surgical treatment. AIM: To determine the incidence, risk factors and management of SUI during and after POP surgery through a review of the available literature. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Narrative literature review on the incidence and management of SUI after POP surgery after search of relevant manuscripts indexed in PubMed, EMBASE and Scielo published in Spanish and English between 2013 and 2023. RESULTS: Occult SUI is defined as visible urine leakage when prolapse is reduced in patients without SUI symptoms. De novo SUI develops after prolapse surgery without having previously existed. In continent patients, the number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one case of de novo SUI is estimated to be 9 patients and about 17 to avoid repeat incontinence surgery. In patients with occult UI, the NNT to avoid repeat incontinence surgery is around 7. Patients with POP and concomitant SUI are the group most likely to benefit from combined surgery with a more favorable NNT (NNT 2). CONCLUSION: Quality studies on combined surgery for treatment SUI and POP repair are lacking. Continent patients with prolapse should be warned of the risk of de novo SUI, although concomitant incontinence treatment is not currently recommended. Incontinence surgery should be considered on an individual basis in patients with prolapse and SUI.

Reconstruction Techniques After Partial Nephrectomy: Classic vs. Sutureless Approach-A Narrative Review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to update the information about the different types of reconstruction after partial nephrectomy, with special emphasis on the new methods of suture-free hemostasis currently available. RECENT FINDINGS: The aim of renal reconstruction is to avoid bleeding and leakage of the collecting system, but now the renorrhaphy technique used is considered one of the modifiable determinants of renal function after surgery. In an attempt to avoid the loss of renal function implicit in classic reconstruction, new techniques have been described to control hemostasis and urinary leakage, which employ fewer suture layers, different suture materials and designs, and a wide range of commercially available hemostatic materials. Multiple suture characteristics have been studied as a potential factor influencing the renal function observed after partial nephrectomy. Single-plane suture techniques, the use of bearded sutures, and running sutures seem to be associated with less deterioration in postoperative renal function, and deep medullary sutures should be avoided to avoid affecting the arcuate arteries. Sutureless hemostasis systems could prevent the deterioration of renal function and complications derived from suturing, also reducing ischemia time and surgical time without increasing the risk of complications.

Extracción renal en donante cadáver: revisión sistemática de la técnica quirúrgica / Deceased donor kidney procurement: systematic review of the surgical technique

Introducción El proceso de extracción renal debe ser una técnica estandarizada con el fin de optimizar las unidades renales para su posterior implante. Objetivos Revisión de la literatura disponible sobre el proceso de extracción renal. Material y métodos Revisión narrativa de la evidencia disponible sobre la técnica de extracción renal en paciente cadáver tras una búsqueda de los manuscritos relevantes indexados en PubMed, EMBASE y SciELO escritos en español e inglés. Resultados La extracción renal en paciente cadáver se divide en dos grupos, tras muerte encefálica (donation after brain death [DBD]) y tras muerte cardiaca (donation after circulatory death [DCD]). La extracción renal en DBD suele acompañarse de la extracción de otros órganos abdominales y/o torácicos, lo que requiere coordinación quirúrgica multidisciplinar. Durante el proceso de extracción debe asegurarse que los pedículos vasculares renales se mantienen íntegros para su posterior implante y disminuir el tiempo de isquemia. Conclusiones La ejecución adecuada y el perfecto conocimiento de la técnica quirúrgica de extracción y de la anatomía, permite disminuir el índice de pérdidas de injertos relacionados con una incorrecta extracción (AU)

Introduction Kidney procurement procedure must be carried out following a standardized technique in order to optimize kidney grafts for their subsequent implantation. Objectives Review of the available literatura on kidney procurement procedure. Material and methods Narrative review of the available evidence on deceased donor kidney procurement technique after a search of relevant manuscripts indexed in PubMed, EMBASE and Scielo written in English and Spanish. Result Deceased donor kidney procurement can be divided into two groups, donation after brain death (DBD) and donation after circulatory death (DCD). Kidney procurement in DBD frequently includes other chest and/or abdominal organs, requiring multidisciplinary surgical coordination. During the harvesting procedure, the renal vascular pedicle must remain intact for subsequent implantation and reduced ischemia time. Conclusions Adequate execution and perfect knowledge of the technique for surgical removal and anatomy reduces the rate of graft losses associated to inadequate harvesting techniques (AU)

Deceased donor kidney procurement: Systematic review of the surgical technique.

INTRODUCTION: Kidney procurement procedure must be carried out following a standardized technique in order to optimize kidney grafts for their subsequent implantation. OBJECTIVES: Review of the available literature on kidney procurement procedure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Narrative review of the available evidence on deceased donor kidney procurement technique after a search of relevant manuscripts indexed in PubMed, EMBASE and Scielo written in English and Spanish. RESULTS: Deceased donor kidney procurement can be divided into two groups, donation after brain death (DBD) and donation after circulatory death (DCD). Kidney procurement in DBD frequently includes other chest and/or abdominal organs, requiring multidisciplinary surgical coordination. During the harvesting procedure, the renal vascular pedicle must remain intact for subsequent implantation and reduced ischemia time. CONCLUSIONS: Adequate execution and perfect knowledge of the technique for surgical removal and anatomy reduces the rate of graft losses associated to inadequate harvesting techniques.

Técnica PISA: nueva técnica mínimamente invasiva de acceso único para la linfadenectomía pélvica e inguinal en el cáncer de pene / Pelvic and inguinal single-site approach: PISA technique. New minimally invasive technique for lymph node dissection in penile cancer

Objetivos Describir nuestra experiencia inicial con un novedoso abordaje laparoscópico inguinal y pélvico de acceso único mínimamente invasivo para realizar la disección de los ganglios linfáticos (DGL) en el cáncer de pene: la técnica de acceso único pélvico e inguinal (PISA, por las siglas en inglés de Pelvic and Inguinal Single Access).Material y métodos 10 pacientes en diversos estadios de carcinoma de células escamosas de pene (cN0 y ≥ pT1G3 o cN1/cN2) fueron operados mediante la técnica PISA entre 2015-2018. Se realizaron secciones congeladas intraoperatorias de forma rutinaria y se llevó a cabo secuencialmente la DGL pélvica ipsilateral como procedimiento en un solo acto y utilizando las mismas incisiones quirúrgicas ante la detección de ≥ 2 ganglios inguinales(pN2) o extensión ganglionar extracapsular (pN3). Variables: complicaciones posquirúrgicas a 30 días, pérdida de sangre estimada (PSE), tasa de transfusión, tiempo quirúrgico, tiempo hasta la retirada del drenaje y duración de la estancia hospitalaria (DEH). Las medianas y los rangos de los valores de las variables seleccionadas se presentaron como estadísticas descriptivas.Resultados La DGL inguinal fue bilateral en todos los casos y la DGL pélvica fue necesaria en el 40%. El tiempo quirúrgico total fue de 120-170 minutos y la mediana de PSE fue de 66 (30-100) cc. En ningún caso se requirió transfusión sanguínea. No se observaron complicaciones intraoperatorias y la tasa de complicaciones postoperatorias fue del 40% (10% de complicaciones mayores: linfocele inguinal sintomático). La mediana de la estancia hospitalaria fue de 5,8 (3-10) días. La mediana de tiempo hasta la retirada del drenaje inguinal fue de 4,7 días. Número medio de ganglios linfáticos extirpados mediante DGL inguinal: 10,25(8-14). Experiencia retrospectiva de volumen limitado de un centro de referencia con un seguimiento corto.

Objectives To describe our initial experience with a new minimally invasive inguinal and pelvic single-access laparoscopic approach, for performing lymph node dissection (LND) in penile cancer: the Pelvic and Inguinal Single Access (PISA) technique.Material and Methods 10 patients with different penile squamous cell carcinoma stages (cN0 and ≥pT1G3 or cN1/cN2) were operated by means of the PISA technique, between 2015-2018. Intraoperative frozen section analysis was carried out routinely and if ≥2 inguinal nodes (pN2) or extracapsular nodal extension (pN3) are detected, ipsilateral pelvic LND was performed sequentially as a single-stage procedure and using the same surgical incisions. Variables: 30-day postoperative complicactions, estimated blood loss (EBL), transfusion rate, operative time, time to drainage removal, and length of hospital stay (LOS). Medians and ranges of values for selected variables were reported as descriptive statistics.ResultsInguinal LND was bilateral in all cases, and pelvic LND was required in 40%. Total operative time was 120-170minutes and median EBL was 66 (30-100) cc. No blood transfusion was required. No intraoperative complications were noted, and postoperative complications rate was 40% (10% major complications- symptomatic inguinal lymphocele). Median LOS was 5.8 (3-10) days. Median time to inguinal drain removal was 4.7 days. Mean number of lymph nodes removed by inguinal LND: 10.25(8-14). Limited volume retrospective experience from a referral center with short follow-up. Outcomes reported may not be reproducible by surgeons with less experience and skills.Conclusions PISA is a novel, minimally invasive single-site surgical approach to one stage bilateral inguinal/pelvic LNDs for penile cancer showing a low rate of major complications

Pelvic and inguinal single-site approach: PISA technique. New minimally invasive technique for lymph node dissection in penile cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To describe our initial experience with a new minimally invasive inguinal and pelvic single-access laparoscopic approach, for performing lymph node dissection (LND) in penile cancer: the Pelvic and Inguinal Single Access (PISA) technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 10 patients with different penile squamous cell carcinoma stages (cN0 and ≥pT1G3 or cN1/cN2) were operated by means of the PISA technique, between 2015-2018. Intraoperative frozen section analysis was carried out routinely and if ≥2 inguinal nodes (pN2) or extracapsular nodal extension (pN3) are detected, ipsilateral pelvic LND was performed sequentially as a single-stage procedure and using the same surgical incisions. VARIABLES: 30-day PCs, estimated blood loss (EBL), transfusion rate, operative time, time to drainage removal, and length of hospital stay (LOS). Medians and ranges of values for selected variables were reported as descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Inguinal LND was bilateral in all cases, and pelvic LND was required in 40%. Total operative time was 120-170 min and median EBL was 66 (30-100) cc. No blood transfusion was required. No intraoperative complications were noted, and postoperative complications rate was 40% (10% major complications-symptomatic inguinal lymphocele). Median LOS was 5.8 (3-10) days. Median time to inguinal drain removal was 4.7 days. Mean number of lymph nodes removed by inguinal LND: 10.25 (8-14). Limited volume retrospective experience from a referral center with short follow-up. Outcomes reported may not be reproducible by surgeons with less experience and skills. CONCLUSIONS: PISA is a novel, minimally invasive single-site surgical approach to one stage bilateral inguinal/pelvic LNDs for penile cancer showing a low rate of major complications.

Utilidad de la embolización vascular prequirúrgica de tumores renales con trombo tumoral en la vena renal izquierda / Utility of preoperative vascular embolization of renal tumors with left renal vein tumor thrombus

Introducción y objetivos: La embolización prequirúrgica de la arteria renal (EPAR) puede emplearse en grandes masas renales antes de la nefrectomía para simplificar el procedimiento y disminuir el sangrado intraoperatorio. Nuestro objetivo es determinar el papel de la EPAR sobre el sangrado intraoperatorio y las complicaciones postoperatorias en los tumores renales izquierdos con trombo tumoral limitado a la vena renal izquierda (nivel-0).Material y métodosAnálisis retrospectivo de 46 pacientes intervenidos de nefrectomía radical izquierda y trombectomía como tratamiento de un carcinoma de células renales asociado a trombo tumoral de nivel 0 durante el periodo 1990-2020. La EPAR se limitó a aquellos casos en los que el acceso quirúrgico a la arteria renal principal se encontraba a priori dificultado en el estudio de imagen prequirúrgico (n=9; 19,6%). El sangrado intraoperatorio se estimó en base a la tasa de transfusión perioperatoria, y las complicaciones postoperatorias se categorizaron según la clasificación de Clavien-Dindo. Para el contraste de variables se utilizó el test Chi-cuadrado. Se realizó un análisis multivariable para identificar los predictores de transfusión y complicaciones.ResultadosNo existieron diferencias significativas en la tasa de complicaciones global (11,1 vs. 32,4%; p=0,19), complicaciones graves (0 vs. 8,1%; p=0,51), o tasa de transfusión (11,1 vs. 19%; p=0,49) entre ambos grupos (EPAR vs. no-EPAR). En el análisis multivariable la EPAR no se comportó como un predictor de complicaciones (OR: 0,11; IC95% 0,01-2,86; p=0,18) ni de transfusión (OR: 0.46; IC95% 0,02-7,38; p=0,58). (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Preoperative renal artery embolization (PRAE) for large renal masses may be performed prior to nephrectomy in order to simplify the procedure and reduce intraoperative bleeding. The objective of this work is to determine the role of PRAE on intraoperative bleeding and postoperative complications in left renal tumors with tumor thrombus limited to the left renal vein (level 0).Material and methodsRetrospective analysis to evaluate 46 patients who underwent left radical nephrectomy and thrombectomy for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma with level 0 tumor thrombus during the period 1990-2020. PRAE was limited to those cases in which surgical access to the main renal artery was presumed a priori difficult in the preoperative imaging study (n=9; 19.6%). Intraoperative bleeding was estimated based on the perioperative transfusion rate, and postoperative complications were categorized according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. The Chi-squared test was used for comparisons. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of transfusion and complications.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the overall complication rate (11.1% vs. 32.4%, P=.19), major complication rate (0% vs.8.1%, P=.51), or transfusion rate (11.1% vs. 19%, P=.49) between both groups (PRAE vs. non-PRAE). In the multivariate analysis, PRAE did not behave as a predictor of complications (OR:0.11, 95%CI 0.01-2.86; P=.18) nor transfusion (OR:0.46, 95%CI 0.02-7.38;P=.58). (AU)

Utility of preoperative vascular embolization of renal tumors with left renal vein tumor thrombus.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Preoperative renal artery embolization (PRAE) for large renal masses may be performed prior to nephrectomy in order to simplify the procedure and reduce intraoperative bleeding. The objective of this work is to determine the role of PRAE on intraoperative bleeding and postoperative complications in left renal tumors with tumor thrombus limited to the left renal vein (level 0). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis to evaluate 46 patients who underwent left radical nephrectomy and thrombectomy for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma with level 0 tumor thrombus during the period 1990-2020. PRAE was limited to those cases in which surgical access to the main renal artery was presumed a priori difficult in the preoperative imaging study (n = 9; 19.6%). Intraoperative bleeding was estimated based on the perioperative transfusion rate, and postoperative complications were categorized according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. The Chi-squared test was used for comparisons. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of transfusion and complications. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the overall complication rate (11.1% vs. 32.4%, p = 0.19), major complication rate (0% vs. 8.1%, p = 0.51), or transfusion rate (11.1% vs. 19%, p = 0.49) between both groups (PRAE vs. non-PRAE). In the multivariate analysis, PRAE did not behave as a predictor of complications (OR: 0.11, 95%CI 0.01-2.86; p = 0.18) nor transfusion (OR: 0.46, 95%CI 0.02-7.38; p = 0.58). CONCLUSIONS: In our study on left RCC with level 0 tumor thrombus and difficult access to the main renal artery, PRAE was not associated with increased bleeding or postoperative complications, and it did not behave as an independent predictor of these variables. Therefore, it could be used as a preoperative maneuver to facilitate vascular management in selected cases.

Renal artery infectious (mycotic) pseudoaneurysms in renal transplantation recipients.

INTRODUCTION: Infection of the artery at or around the anastomotic site is an ominous complication commonly presenting as a leak and/or local dissolution of the arterial wall. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Narrative review based on relevant PubMed, EMBASE, and Scielo indexed English or Spanish-written articles for the period January 2000-December 2019. A pooled analysis regarding etiology was performed. Based on the results obtained with this approach, a diagnostic/therapeutic algorithm is suggested in order to optimize its clinical management. FINDINGS: Arterial pseudoaneurysms are pseudocapsuled contained hematomas generated as the result of an arterial leaking. They are infrequent (<1% of cases), mostly related with infection (contamination of preservation fluid or sepsis) and located at the arterial anastomotic site in renal transplantation recipients. Although they are frequently diagnosed in symptomatic patients days/weeks after transplantation, they may remain unnoticed for long periods being diagnosed incidentally. Color coded-Doppler ultrasound confirms the clinical suspicion. Angio CT-scan and angiography are used for surgical planning or endovascular treatment, respectively. The etiological diagnosis is made on a basis of excised tissue culture. The decision-making process regarding the treatment approach, mostly relies on clinical presentation and anatomical location. Therapeutic options include ultrasound-guided percutaneous thrombin injection, endovascular treatment, and surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Mycotic pseudoaneurysms in renal transplantation recipients may pose a significant challenge in cases of spontaneous rupture, given the risk for massive bleeding and death. Adequate management requires accurate diagnosis. Early endovascular stenting remains the treatment of choice in hemodynamically unstable patients. Percutaneous injection and vascular reconstruction present variable success rates in preserving graft function.

Pseudoaneurismas infecciosos (micóticos) de la arteria renal en receptores de trasplante renal / Renal artery infectious (mycotic) pseudoaneurysms in renal transplantation recipients

Introducción: La infección de la arteria en el lugar de la anastomosis o a su alrededor es una complicación ominosa que se presenta comúnmente como una fuga y/o disolución local de la pared arterial.Material y métodosRevisión narrativa basada en artículos relevantes indexados en PubMed, EMBASE y Scielo, escritos en inglés o español, durante el período de enero del año 2000 a diciembre de 2019. Se realizó un análisis agrupado de acuerdo con la etiología. A partir de los resultados obtenidos con este enfoque, se sugiere un algoritmo diagnóstico/terapéutico para optimizar su manejo clínico.HallazgosLos pseudoaneurismas arteriales son hematomas contenidos pseudoencapsulados generados por una fuga arterial. Son infrecuentes (<1% de los casos), en su mayoría relacionados con una infección (contaminación del líquido de preservación o sepsis), y localizados en el sitio de anastomosis arterial en receptores de trasplante renal. Aunque con frecuencia se diagnostican en pacientes sintomáticos días/semanas después del trasplante, pueden pasar desapercibidos durante largos periodos de tiempo, siendo diagnosticados de forma incidental. La ecografía Doppler color confirma la sospecha clínica. La angioTC y la angiografía se utilizan para la planificación quirúrgica o el tratamiento endovascular, respectivamente. El diagnóstico etiológico se realiza en base al cultivo del tejido extirpado. La elección del enfoque del tratamiento se basa principalmente en la presentación clínica y la localización anatómica. Las opciones terapéuticas incluyen la inyección percutánea de trombina guiada por ecografía, el tratamiento endovascular y la cirugía. (AU)

Introduction: Infection of the artery at or around the anastomotic site is an ominous complication commonly presenting as a leak and/or local dissolution of the arterial wall.Material and methodsNarrative review based on relevant PubMed, EMBASE, and Scielo indexed English or Spanish-written articles for the period January 2000-December 2019. A pooled analysis regarding etiology was performed. Based on the results obtained with this approach, a diagnostic/therapeutic algorithm is suggested in order to optimize its clinical management.FindingsArterial pseudoaneurysms are pseudocapsuled contained hematomas generated as the result of an arterial leaking. They are infrequent(<1% of cases),mostly related with infection(contamination of preservation fluid or sepsis) and located at the arterial anastomotic site in renal transplantation recipients. Although they are frequently diagnosed in symptomatic patients days/weeks after transplantation, they may remain unnoticed for long periods being diagnosed incidentally. Color coded-Doppler ultrasound confirms the clinical suspicion. Angio CT-scan and angiography are used for surgical planning or endovascular treatment, respectively. The etiological diagnosis is made on a basis of excised tissue culture. The decision-making process regarding the treatment approach, mostly relies on clinical presentation and anatomical location. Therapeutic options include ultrasound-guided percutaneous thrombin injection, endovascular treatment, and surgery. (AU)

Utility of preoperative vascular embolization of renal tumors with left renal vein tumor thrombus. / Utilidad de la embolización vascular prequirúrgica de tumores renales con trombo tumoral en la vena renal izquierda.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Preoperative renal artery embolization (PRAE) for large renal masses may be performed prior to nephrectomy in order to simplify the procedure and reduce intraoperative bleeding. The objective of this work is to determine the role of PRAE on intraoperative bleeding and postoperative complications in left renal tumors with tumor thrombus limited to the left renal vein (level 0). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis to evaluate 46 patients who underwent left radical nephrectomy and thrombectomy for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma with level 0 tumor thrombus during the period 1990-2020. PRAE was limited to those cases in which surgical access to the main renal artery was presumed a priori difficult in the preoperative imaging study (n=9; 19.6%). Intraoperative bleeding was estimated based on the perioperative transfusion rate, and postoperative complications were categorized according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. The Chi-squared test was used for comparisons. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of transfusion and complications. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the overall complication rate (11.1% vs. 32.4%, P=.19), major complication rate (0% vs.8.1%, P=.51), or transfusion rate (11.1% vs. 19%, P=.49) between both groups (PRAE vs. non-PRAE). In the multivariate analysis, PRAE did not behave as a predictor of complications (OR:0.11, 95%CI 0.01-2.86; P=.18) nor transfusion (OR:0.46, 95%CI 0.02-7.38;P=.58). CONCLUSIONS: In our study on left renal cell carcinomas with level 0 tumor thrombus and difficult access to the main renal artery, PRAE was not associated with increased bleeding or postoperative complications, and it did not behave as an independent predictor of these variables. Therefore, it could be used as a preoperative maneuver to facilitate vascular management in selected cases.

Controversias en el diagnóstico del carcinoma de células renales con trombosis venosa asociada / Controversies in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus

El diagnóstico y tratamiento del carcinoma de células renales asociado con trombosis venosa tumoral sigue suponiendo un reto en la actualidad, requiriendo de equipos multidisciplinares, fundamentalmente en niveles del trombo III y IV. Nuestro objetivo es la exposición de las distintas técnicas diagnósticas empleadas y de las controversias asociadas. Para ello se ha llevado a cabo una revisión de los artículos relacionados más relevantes entre enero del 2000 y agosto de 2020 en PubMed, EMBASE y Scielo. El continuo desarrollo tecnológico, ha permitido avanzar en su detección, en la aproximación del subtipo histológico y en la determinación del nivel del trombo tumoral. Independientemente de la técnica de imagen utilizada para su diagnóstico (TC, RMN, ETE, ecografía con contraste), es de vital importancia el tiempo transcurrido hasta su tratamiento con el fin de disminuir el riesgo de complicaciones, algunas de ellas fatales como la tromboembolia pulmonar. (AU)

Diagnosis and treatment of renal cell carcinoma with venous tumor thrombosis remains a challenge today, requiring multidisciplinary teams, mainly in tumor thrombus levels III-IV. Our objective is to present the various diagnostic techniques used and its controversies. A review of the most relevant related articles between January 2000 and August 2020 has been carried out in PubMed, EMBASE and Scielo. Continuous technological development has allowed progress in its detection, in the approximation of the histological subtype, and in the determination of tumor thrombus level. Regardless of the imaging technique used for its diagnosis (CT, MRI, TEE, ultrasound with contrast), the time elapsed until treatment is vitally important to reduce the risk of complications, some of them fatal, such as pulmonary thromboembolism. (AU)

Migración intravesical de dispositivo intrauterino / Intravesical migration of intrauterine device

No disponible

Controversies in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus. / Controversias en el diagnóstico del carcinoma de células renales con trombosis venosa asociada.

Diagnosis and treatment of renal cell carcinoma with venous tumor thrombosis remains a challenge today, requiring multidisciplinary teams, mainly in tumor thrombus levels III-IV. Our objective is to present the various diagnostic techniques used and its controversies. A review of the most relevant related articles between January 2000 and August 2020 has been carried out in PubMed, EMBASE and Scielo. Continuous technological development has allowed progress in its detection, in the approximation of the histological subtype, and in the determination of tumor thrombus level. Regardless of the imaging technique used for its diagnosis (CT, MRI, TEE, ultrasound with contrast), the time elapsed until treatment is vitally important to reduce the risk of complications, some of them fatal, such as pulmonary thromboembolism.

Análisis de supervivencia de los pacientes con cáncer de próstata con factores patológicos desfavorables tratados con prostatectomía radical y radioterapia de rescate tras la recidiva y persistencia bioquímica / Survival analysis of patients with prostate cancer and unfavorable risk factors treated with radical prostatectomy and salvage radiotherapy after biochemical recurrence and persistence

OBJETIVO: Analizar la supervivencia de los pacientes con cáncer de próstata (CP) con factores pronósticos desfavorables (FPD) tratados con PR y radioterapia de rescate (RTR) tras recidiva bioquímica (RB) y persistencia bioquímica (PB). MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Análisis retrospectivo de 446 pacientes con al menos uno de los siguientes FPD: score de Gleason ≥ 8, estadio patológico ≥ pT3 y/o márgenes quirúrgicos positivos (MQ+). El criterio de RB fue la elevación del PSA por encima de 0,4 ng/ml. Evaluación de supervivencia mediante Kaplan-Meier y log-rank. Para identificar factores de riesgo con posible influencia en la respuesta a RTR y la supervivencia causa-específica (SCE) se usó análisis uni y multivariable (regresión de Cox). RESULTADOS: Mediana de seguimiento: 72 (rango 37-122) meses, mediana de tiempo hasta RB: 42 (rango 20-112) meses. El 36,3% presentaron RB. Presentaron respuesta bioquímica a la RTR 121 (74,7%) pacientes. La supervivencia libre de recaída (SLR) después de la RTR a los 3, 5, 8 y 10 años fue del 95,7, del 92,3, del 87,9 y del 85%, la SG a los 5, 10 y 15 años fue del 95,6, del 86,5 y del 73,5%. La SCE a los 5, 10 y 15 años fue del 99,1, del 98,1 y del 96,6%, respectivamente. Solo el tiempo hasta la RB < 24 meses (HR = 2,55, p = 0,01) se comportó como un factor predictor independiente de SLR después de RTR. CONCLUSIONES: La PR solo consigue control de la enfermedad a los 10años en aproximadamente la mitad de los casos. El tratamiento multimodal secuencial (PR + RTR cuando precise) aumenta este control bioquímico hasta > 87%, lográndose una larga SCE. Los pacientes con un tiempo hasta recidiva > 24 meses respondieron mejor al tratamiento de rescate

OBJECTIVE: Survival analysis of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) with adverse prognostic factors (APF) treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) and salvage radiotherapy (SRT) after biochemical recurrence (BR) or biochemical persistence (BP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 446 patients with at least one of the following APF: Gleason score ≥ 8, pathologic stage ≥ pT3 and/or positive surgical margins. BR criteria used was PSA level over 0.4 ng/ml. A survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier was performed to compare the different variable categories with log-rank test. In order to identify risk factors for SRT response and cancer specific survival (CSS) we performed univariate and multivariate analyses using Cox regression. RESULTS: Mean follow up: 72 (IQR 27-122) months, mean time to BR: 42 (IQR 20-112) months, mean PSA level at BR: 0.56 (IQR 0.42-0.96). BR was present in 36.3% of the patients. Biochemical response to SRT was observed in 121 (75.7%) patients. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates after SRT at 3, 5, 8 and 10 years were 95.7%, 92.3%, 87.9%, and 85%; overall survival (OS) rates after 5, 10 and 15 years was 95.6%, 86.5% and 73.5%, respectively. CSS rates at 5, 10 and 15 years were 99.1%, 98.1% and 96.6%. Only time to BR < 24 months (HR = 2.55, P = .01) was identified as an independent risk factor for RFS after SRT. CONCLUSIONS: In these patients, RP only controls the disease in approximately half of the cases. Multimodal sequential treatment (RP+SRT when needed) increases this control, achieving high CSS rates and biochemical control in over 87% of the patients. Patients with time to recurrence > 24 months responded better to rescue treatment

Evaluación de los patrones de recurrencia por grupos de riesgo tras nefrectomía por cáncer renal / Analysis of recurrence trends according to risk groups after renal cancer nephrectomy

INTRODUCCIÓN: No están claramente definidos los patrones de recurrencia tras nefrectomía por cáncer renal. OBJETIVO: Evaluar patrones de recidiva en función del grupo de riesgo de recurrencia (GRR). MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Análisis retrospectivo de 696 pacientes con carcinoma de células renales tratados con nefrectomía entre 1990-2010. Se definieron tres GRR según la presencia de variables anatomopatológicas (estadio pTpN, grado nuclear, necrosis tumoral [NT], diferenciación sarcomatoide [DS], margen de resección positivo [MR]): -GR bajo (GRB): pT1pNx-0 G1-4, pT2pNx-0 G1-2; no NT, DS y/o MR (+). -GR intermedio (GRI): pT2pNx-0 G3-4;pT3-4pNx-0 G1-2; GRB con NT. -GR alto (GRA): pT3-4pNx-0 G3-4; pT1-4pN+; GRI con NT y/o DS; GRB con DS y/o MR (+). Para el contraste de variables cualitativas se utilizó el test de la Chi cuadrado. El método de Kaplan-Meier se ha utilizado para evaluar la supervivencia libre de recidiva en función de los GRR. Para evaluar diferencias entre las curvas de supervivencia se ha utilizado el test de log-rank. RESULTADOS: La mediana de seguimiento fue de 105 (IQR 63-148) meses. Del total de la serie recidivaron 177 (25,4%) pacientes: 15,9% a distancia, 4,9% local y 4,6% a distancia y local. La tasa de recurrencia varió según el grupo de riesgo con tasas del 72,9% en GRA, 16,9% en GRI y 10,2% en GRB (p = 0,0001). La recurrencia en órgano único fue mayoritaria en el GRB (72,2%) (p = 0,006). El GRB presentó recidiva en forma de metástasis única en el 50% de los casos, frente al 30% y 18,6% en GRI y GRA, respectivamente (p = 0,009). Las localizaciones de recurrencia más habituales fueron pulmón y abdomen. La localización pulmonar predominó en el GRA (72,9%) (p = 0,0001) y la abdominal en el GRB (83,3%) con una tendencia a la significación (p = 0,15). CONCLUSIONES: A medida que aumenta el grupo de riesgo aumentan las recurrencias, sobre todo óseas y pulmonares. En el GRB son más frecuentes las metástasis únicas y en órgano único

INTRODUCTION: Recurrence trends after renal cell cancer nephrectomy are not clearly defined. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate recurrence trends according to recurrence risk groups (RRG). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective analysis of 696 patients with renal cell cancer treated with nephrectomy between 1990-2010. Three RRG were defined according to the presence of anatomopathological variables (pTpN stage, nuclear grade, tumor necrosis [TN], sarcomatoid differentiation [SD], positive resection margin [RM]): -Low RG (LRG): pT1pNx-0 G1-4, pT2pNx-0 G1-2; no TN, SD and/or RM (+). -Intermediate RG (IRG): pT2pNx-0 G3-4; pT3-4pNx-0 G1-2; LRG with TN. -High RG (HRG): pT3-4pNx-0 G3-4; pT1-4pN+; IRG with TN and/or SD; LRG with SD and/or RM (+). The Kaplan-Meier method has been used to evaluate recurrence-free survival as a function of RRG. The log-rank test was used to evaluate differences between survival curves. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 105 (IQR 63-148) months. Of the total series, 177 (25.4%) patients presented recurrence: distant 15.9%, local 4.9% and 4.6% distant and local. The recurrence rate varied according to the RRG with values of 72.9% for HRG, 16.9% for IRG and 10.2% for LRG (p=.0001). Most cases in LRG presented single organ recurrence (72.2%) (p=.006). The LRG experienced recurrence as single metastasis in 50% of cases, compared to 30% and 18.6% in IRG and HRG, respectively (p=.009). The most common sites of recurrence were lung and abdomen. Lung recurrence predominated in the HRG (72.9%) (p=.0001) and abdominal, in the LRG (83.3%) with a tendency to significance (p=.15). CONCLUSIONS: Recurrence rates (especially bone and lung) increase with higher RG. Single organ recurrences and single metastases are more frequent in LRG