Environmental response of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under soybean cultivation at a regional scale.

Climate change, the shortage of fertilizers and reduced land for cultivation have drawn attention to the potential aid provided by soil-borne organisms. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) offer a wide range of ecosystem benefits and hence, understanding the mechanisms that control AMF occurrence and maintenance is essential for resilient crop production. We conducted a survey of 123 soybean fields located across a 75,000-km2 area of Argentina to explore AMF community composition and to quantify the impact of soil, climate, and geographical distance on these key soil organisms. First, based upon morphological identification of spores, we compiled a list of the AMF species found in the studied area and identified Acaulospora scrobiculata and Glomus fuegianum as the most frequent species. G. fuegianum abundance was negatively correlated with precipitation seasonality and positively correlated with mean annual precipitation as well as mycorrhizal colonisation of soybean roots. Second, we observed that species richness was negatively correlated with soil P availability (Bray I), clay content and mean annual precipitation. Finally, based on partitioning variation analysis, we found that AMF exhibited spatial patterning at a broad scale. Therefore, we infer that geographical distance was positively associated with spore community composition heterogeneity across the region. Nevertheless, we highlight the importance of precipitation sensitivity of frequent species, overall AMF richness and community composition, revealing a crucial challenge to forthcoming agriculture considering an expected change in global climate patterns.

Communities of anamorphic fungi on green leaves and leaf litter of native forests of Scutia buxifolia and Celtis tala: Composition, diversity, seasonality and substrate specificity / Comunidades de hongos anamórficos en hojas verdes y hojarasca de bosques nativos deScutia buxifolia y Celtis tala: composición, diversidad, estacionalidad y especificidad del sustrato

Background: Xeric forests dominated by two tree species, Scutia buxifolia (Rhamnaceae) and Celtis tala (Ulmacea), are temperate, semi-deciduous wooded communities that represent the most abundant woodlands on the eastern plains of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The district of Magdalena has one of the most well-preserved native-forest areas, with an environmental heterogeneity that gives rise to the wide variability in the vegetation present. Aims: The aim of this study was to analyze the species composition, diversity, seasonal variations, and substrate specificity of anamorphic fungi (Ascomycota) on the green leaves and in the leaf litter of native forests dominated by Scutia buxifolia and Celtis tala from Magdalena, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Methods: In order to obtain the mycobiota of decomposition, seasonal samples of green leaves and leaf litter from both types of trees were collected over a two-year period. In the laboratory, the leaves were placed in a moist chamber and incubated at room temperature. Results: A total of 100 species of anamorphic Ascomycota were identified in both forests. No significant variations were observed in the richness, diversity, or evenness of the fungal communities of the green leaves and leaf litter of both forests between seasons. Conclusions: The species that characterized the fungal communities in the leaves of each of the trees were found to be different. The type of substrate had a stronger influence in determining the composition of the fungal community in both types of forests (AU)

Antecedentes: Los bosques xerófilos dominados por las especies arbóreas Scutia buxifolia (Rhamnaceae) y Celtis tala (Ulmaceae) conforman comunidades boscosas semicaducas y templadas que constituyen los bosques nativos más abundantes de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. En el distrito de Magdalena constituyen una de las comunidades naturales de este tipo mejor conservada, con una heterogeneidad ambiental que da lugar a la gran variabilidad en la composición de la vegetación presente. Objetivos: El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar las distribución de especies, la diversidad, las variaciones estacionales y la especificidad por el sustrato de hongos anamórficos (Ascomycota) presentes en las hojas verdes y en la hojarasca de los bosques nativos xerófilos dominados por las especies arbóreas Scutia buxifolia y Celtis tala en el partido de Magdalena, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Métodos: Para obtener la micobiota descomponedora se tomaron muestras estacionales de hojas verdes y hojarasca de los 2 tipos de árboles durante un período de 2 años. En el laboratorio, las hojas se colocaron en cámara húmeda y se incubaron a temperatura ambiente. Resultados: Se identificaron 100 especies de anamorfos de la división Ascomycota en las hojas de ambos tipos de árboles. No se observaron diferencias en cuanto a la diversidad, equidad y riqueza de especies entre ambos tipos de hojas. Conclusiones: Las especies que componen la comunidad fúngica de las hojas de Scutia buxifolia y Celtis tala es diferente. El tipo de sustrato que representan las hojas de cada especie arbórea condiciona la composición de la comunidad de anamorfos de Ascomycota presentes en ambos tipos de hoja (AU)

Communities of anamorphic fungi on green leaves and leaf litter of native forests of Scutia buxifolia and Celtis tala: Composition, diversity, seasonality and substrate specificity.

BACKGROUND: Xeric forests dominated by two tree species, Scutia buxifolia (Rhamnaceae) and Celtis tala (Ulmacea), are temperate, semi-deciduous wooded communities that represent the most abundant woodlands on the eastern plains of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The district of Magdalena has one of the most well-preserved native-forest areas, with an environmental heterogeneity that gives rise to the wide variability in the vegetation present. AIMS: The aim of this study was to analyze the species composition, diversity, seasonal variations, and substrate specificity of anamorphic fungi (Ascomycota) on the green leaves and in the leaf litter of native forests dominated by Scutia buxifolia and Celtis tala from Magdalena, Buenos Aires, Argentina. METHODS: In order to obtain the mycobiota of decomposition, seasonal samples of green leaves and leaf litter from both types of trees were collected over a two-year period. In the laboratory, the leaves were placed in a moist chamber and incubated at room temperature. RESULTS: A total of 100 species of anamorphic Ascomycota were identified in both forests. No significant variations were observed in the richness, diversity, or evenness of the fungal communities of the green leaves and leaf litter of both forests between seasons. CONCLUSIONS: The species that characterized the fungal communities in the leaves of each of the trees were found to be different. The type of substrate had a stronger influence in determining the composition of the fungal community in both types of forests.

α-L-rhamnosidase and ß-D-glucosidase activities in fungal strains isolated from alkaline soils and their potential in naringin hydrolysis.

α-L-Rhamnosidases (EC 3.2.1.40) and ß-D-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.21) obtained from several microbial sources are potential catalysts in food, beverage, and pharmaceutical industries. However, the enzyme preparations currently used have limitations related to the stability and activity of the enzyme as well to their reuse. A microtiter screening was carried out in 55 fungal strains isolated from alkaline soils, to obtain active α-L-rhamnosidases and ß-D-glucosidases at pH 9.0. While α-L-rhamnosidase activity was detected in 45% of the strains tested, ß-D-glucosidase activity was found only in 27%. Based on the fungal ability to produce α -L-rhamnosidase activity, cultures were supplemented with naringin to study the activities of the enzymes and the potential of the fungal strains on naringin hydrolysis. About 70% of the fungal strains tested increased the activities of both enzymes in the naringin-supplemented cultures as compared to non-supplemented ones. This effect was higher in Acrostalagmus luteo-albus LPSC 427 (15.3 fold) for α-L-rhamnosidase activity and Metarrhizium anisopliae LPSC 996 (51.1 fold) for ß-D-glucosidase activity. All the enzyme preparations tested hydrolyzed naringin at pH 9.0, being that obtained from Acremonium murorun LPSC 927 cultures the one which showed highest hydrolysis. Here, different fungal species are reported for the first time for their ability to produce α-L-rhamnosidase and ß-D-glucosidase activity at alkaline pH.

Screening for ligninolytic enzymes in autochthonous fungal strains from Argentina isolated from different substrata.

The production of different extracellular ligninolytic enzymes was studied in autochthonous fungal strains from Argentina isolated from litter derived from hydrocarbon-polluted sites and from basidiocarps frowing on wood in forests. The strains tested were cultivated in a carbon-limited medium with shaking. Laccase activity reached higher levels than aryl-alcohol oxidase and manganese-dependent peroxidase activities in liquid cultures from different fungi. No lignin peroxidase activity was found in any strain assayed. Some species are reported for the first time as producers of different ligninolytic enzymes.