ABSTRACT
Terminologia Anatomica (TA) is a unique collection of technical terms that allow communication in anatomy and medicine around the world. Considering this, we reviewed articles published by Latin American authors on Terminologia Anatomica and synthesized the main results found in this article. This study is a systematic review about Terminologia Anatomica that focuses on non-English-speaking countries in Latin America. The database used was Scopus via Elsevier. 207, and candidate articles were identified after applying the search strategy and with no restriction of year of publication. After the exclusion of articles whose authorship was not Latin American, 68 articles were filtered based on their titles and abstracts without the exclusion of any of them. These articles were fully evaluated resulting in 66 articles that met all the inclusion criteria of this review. We collected the following data: title of the article, year of publication, journal of publication, keywords of the study, country of origin, and aim of the article. Among the analyzed articles, 22 proposed changes to terms present in Terminologia Anatomica, 15 of them proposed the inclusion of terms for Terminologia Anatomica, and several articles sought to explain the existence of the existing terms. It is necessary to analyze the terms that are and their origins in the Latin America languages to evaluate their coherence and anatomical correspondence. A standard descriptor for Terminologia Anatomica was not obtained and it is a limitation since eventual articles may not have been obtained. As the study evaluates only articles that were published in journals indexed in Scopus, some articles published in non-indexed journals were not included.
ABSTRACT
The scenario of Medical Education in Brazil is complex and diverse, like the very culture of our country. In this commentary, we reflect on the challenges and opportunities of progress while describing a panorama of the history, and the current scenario of Medical Education in Brazil. Moving our focus toward Anatomy, we review pedagogical strategies and methods, the role of the Brazilian Society of Anatomy, and share our experience on using of creativity and technology to make the teaching of Anatomy more modern, updated and significant for the future doctors.
Subject(s)
Anatomy/education , Education, Medical , Brazil , HumansABSTRACT
Alfonso Roque Albanese (1906-2005) es considerado un pionero de la cirugía cardíaca Latinoamericana por sus importantes aportes. Fue miembro fundador de la Asociación Panamericana de Anatomía. Investigador y docente tanto de la anatomía como de la cirugía, uniendo ambas disciplinas.
Alfonso Roque Albanese (1906-2005) is considered a pioneer of Latin American heart surgery because of his important contributions. He was founding member of the Pan American Association of Anatomy. Researcher and teacher of anatomy and surgery, joining both disciplines.
Subject(s)
History, 20th Century , Anatomy/history , Societies, Medical/history , Thoracic Surgery/history , Latin AmericaABSTRACT
El estudio de la terminología morfológica internacional y su implementación en una normativa es complejo. La tarea que realiza el grupo de expertos morfólogos no es suficiente. Se explican algunos aspectos que nos acercarán al entendimiento de esta problemática y se muestra el camino para superar este desafío.
The study of the International Morphological Terminology and its implementation in a system of rules is complex. The work done by the group of experts in morphology is not enough. Some aspects that will get us closer to the understanding of this problem will be explained and a way of solving it will be shown.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anatomy , Histology , Terminology as Topic , EmbryologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND CONTEXT: New spinal interventions or implants have been tested on ex vivo or in vivo porcine spines, as they are readily available and have been accepted as a comparable model to human cadaver spines. Imaging-guided interventional procedures of the spine are mostly based on fluoroscopy or, still, on multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are also available methods to guide interventional procedures. Although some MDCT data from porcine spines are available in the literature, validation of the measurements on CBCT and MRI is lacking. PURPOSE: To describe and compare the anatomical measurements accomplished with MDCT, CBCT, and MRI of lumbar porcine spines to determine if CBCT and MRI are also useful methods for experimental studies. STUDY DESIGN: An experimental descriptive-comparative study. METHODS: Sixteen anatomical measurements of an individual vertebra from six lumbar porcine spines (n=36 vertebrae) were compared with their MDCT, CBCT, and MRI equivalents. Comparisons were made for the absolute values of the parameters. RESULTS: Similarities were found in all imaging methods. Significant correlation (p<.05) was observed with all variables except those that included cartilaginous tissue from the end plates when the anatomical study was compared with the imaging methods. CONCLUSIONS: The CBCT and MRI provided imaging measurements of the lumbar porcine spines that were similar to the anatomical and MDCT data, and they can be useful for specific experimental research studies.
Subject(s)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Multidetector Computed Tomography , Spine/diagnostic imaging , Animals , Spine/anatomy & histology , SwineABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging of abdominal wall has increasingly been used for hernia diagnosis when clinical examination is uncertain. Anatomical study of abdominal wall along with the ultrasound of transversus abdominis muscle aponeurosis can help identify a Spigelian hernia in this region, a disease of difficult diagnosis. AIM: To compare the ultrasound findings of anterolateral wall of the abdomen, focusing on Spigelian aponeurosis, to the anatomy of abdominal wall studied in cadavers. METHODS: The evaluation of the transversus abdominis aponeurosis was performed during routine ultrasound exams of the anterolateral wall of the abdomen in 90 individuals of both genders, over 25 years, and data were correlated with 60 dissections of the abdominal wall, held on cadavers. RESULTS: Ultrasound showed no significant defects in the aponeurosis of transversus abdominis muscle in the 90 subjects studied and the width of the Spigelian aponeurosis ranged from 0.83 to 2.93 cm (mean 1.72 cm). During dissections of the transversus abdominis, some defects were found in 14 out of 60 muscles and aponeurosis studied (23.3%) and the width of the Spigelian aponeurosis ranged from 1.5 to 3.5 cm (mean 2.26 cm). Comparisons between age groups and genders evaluated by ultrasound with cadaver dissections performed were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Sonographic examinations found no defects in the aponeurosis of transversus abdominis muscle compatible with hernias, and anatomical variations and defects found during dissections were not as well accompanied by Spigelian hernias in the studied corpse.
Subject(s)
Abdominal Muscles/anatomy & histology , Abdominal Muscles/diagnostic imaging , Adult , Cadaver , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
RACIONAL: A avaliação da parede abdominal pela ultrassonografia, tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética tem sido cada vez mais indicada para auxiliar no diagnóstico das hérnias quando o exame clínico deixa dúvidas. A correlação de estudos da anatomia da parede abdominal com o exame ultrassonográfico da aponeurose do músculo transverso do abdome pode auxiliar no diagnóstico de uma hérnia desta localização, a hérnia de Spiegel, que se apresenta como doença de diagnóstico clínico difícil. OBJETIVO: Comparar os achados ultrassonográficos da parede anterolateral do abdome, com foco na aponeurose de Spiegel, e a anatomia da parede abdominal estudada em cadáveres não fixados. MÉTODO: A avaliação da aponeurose do músculo transverso do abdome foi realizada durante exames ultrassonográficos de rotina da parede anterolateral do abdome em 90 indivíduos de ambos os gêneros, maiores de 25 anos e estes dados foram relacionados com 60 dissecções da parede abdominal realizadas em cadáveres não fixados. RESULTADOS: Os exames ultrassonográficos não evidenciaram falhas significativas na aponeurose do músculo transverso do abdome nos 90 indivíduos estudados e a largura das aponeuroses de Spiegel variou de 0,83 a 2,93 cm (média de 1,72 cm). Durante as dissecções do transverso do abdome foram encontradas alterações anatômicas em 14 de 60 músculos e aponeuroses estudadas (23,3%) e a largura da aponeurose de Spiegel variou de 1,5 a 3,5 cm (média de 2,26 cm). A comparação entre os grupos etários e gêneros avaliados pelo estudo ultrassonográfico com as dissecções efetuadas em cadáveres não apresentou significância estatística. CONCLUSÃO: Os exames ultrassonográficos não encontraram defeitos na aponeurose do músculo transverso do abdome compatíveis com hérnias, assim como as variações anatômicas e os defeitos encontrados durante as dissecções também não foram acompanhados de hérnias de Spiegel nos cadáveres estudados.
BACKGROUND: Ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging of abdominal wall has increasingly been used for hernia diagnosis when clinical examination is uncertain. Anatomical study of abdominal wall along with the ultrasound of transversus abdominis muscle aponeurosis can help identify a Spigelian hernia in this region, a disease of difficult diagnosis. AIM: To compare the ultrasound findings of anterolateral wall of the abdomen, focusing on Spigelian aponeurosis, to the anatomy of abdominal wall studied in cadavers. METHODS: The evaluation of the transversus abdominis aponeurosis was performed during routine ultrasound exams of the anterolateral wall of the abdomen in 90 individuals of both genders, over 25 years, and data were correlated with 60 dissections of the abdominal wall, held on cadavers. RESULTS: Ultrasound showed no significant defects in the aponeurosis of transversus abdominis muscle in the 90 subjects studied and the width of the Spigelian aponeurosis ranged from 0.83 to 2.93 cm (mean 1.72 cm). During dissections of the transversus abdominis, some defects were found in 14 out of 60 muscles and aponeurosis studied (23.3%) and the width of the Spigelian aponeurosis ranged from 1.5 to 3.5 cm (mean 2.26 cm). Comparisons between age groups and genders evaluated by ultrasound with cadaver dissections performed were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Sonographic examinations found no defects in the aponeurosis of transversus abdominis muscle compatible with hernias, and anatomical variations and defects found during dissections were not as well accompanied by Spigelian hernias in the studied corpse.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Abdominal Muscles/anatomy & histology , Abdominal Muscles , CadaverABSTRACT
Clinical and surgical importance of the levator scapulae muscle (LSM) requires a better knowledge of its anatomic variation mainly because of the possibility of new findings related to the embryologic development. This article reports a case of a left-sided LSM with atypical attachments in a 58-year-old preserved Caucasian female body. The muscle presented a bifurcation at its midpoint downward path. Its medial band attached to the anterior aspect of the left rhomboideus major muscle while its left band was fixed in the superior angle of the scapula after releasing a muscle expansion to the serratus anterior muscle. The morphometric analysis revealed LSM maximal width of 3.6 cm, bifurcation point located 6.6 cm apart from the C1 vertebral attachment; medial band legth of 5.7 cm and lateral band width of 2.1cm. Regarding anatomic variations of the LSM, they may remain unnoticed or perhaps contribute for pathologic conditions of the neck and the back...
Debido a la importancia clínica y quirúrgica del músculo elevador de la escápula, se hace necesario conocer mejor sus variaciones, principalmente la posibilidad de encontrar hallazgos relacionados con su desarrollo embriológico. Se presenta el caso de un músculo elevador de la escápula del lado izquierdo encontrado en un cadáver de sexo femenino de 58 años. El músculo elevador de la escáula presentaba una bifurcación en el punto medio en su trayectoria más baja. La banda medial se fijaba en la parte anterior del músculo romboides mayor izquierdo; mientras que su banda lateral se fijaba en el ángulo superior de la escápula después de enviar una expansión hasta el músculo serrato anterior. El análisis morfométrico reveló un ancho máximo de 3,6 cm, punto de bifurcación situado 6,6 cm bajo la inserción vertebral C1; longitudes de la banda medial 5,7 cm y lateral de 2,1cm. Las variaciones anatómicas del músculo elevador de la escápula pueden pasar inadvertidas, pero también pueden contribuir con algunas condiciones patológicas del cuello y espalda...
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Neck Muscles/anatomy & histology , Scapula , Cadaver , Neck Muscles/abnormalitiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate that the tendon of palmar long can be estimated in relation to its length and width before using it as a graft in surgical procedure. METHODS: There were examined 60 forearms of 30 corpses of black ethnicity; measure the length and width of the tendon of the palmaris longus muscle and compared the length of the forearm. RESULTS: There are notes their absence unilateral right in two female corpses. The medium length and width were more or less respectively 11.9, 15.2 mm and 4.1 + 1.5 mm. The total average forearm length of 275.4 was more or less 17.9 mm. CONCLUSION: There is a significant relationship between the length of the tendon and the length of the forearm; so we can evaluate the size of the tendon of the palmaris longus muscle when it is necessary to use it for grafts. Levels of Evidence IV, Case series.
ABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Demonstrar que o tendão do músculo palmar longo pode ser estimado em relação ao seu comprimento e largura antes de usá-lo como enxerto em procedimento cirúrgico. MÉTODOS: Foram examinados 60 antebraços de 30 cadáveres de etnia negra; mensurou-se o comprimento e a largura do tendão do músculo palmar longo e comparou-se com o comprimento do antebraço. RESULTADOS: Foi constatada a ausência unilateral direita em dois cadáveres do sexo feminino. As médias do comprimento e da largura foram respectivamente 11,9 mais ou menos 15,2mm e 4,1 + 1,5mm. A média total do comprimento do antebraço foi de 275.4mm mais ou menos 17,9mm. CONCLUSÃO: Há uma relação significativa entre o comprimento do tendão e o comprimento do antebraço; assim poder-se-á avaliar o tamanho do tendão do músculo palmar longo quando for necessário usá-lo para enxertos. Nível de Evidências IV, Série de casos.
OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate that the tendon of palmar long can be estimated in relation to its length and width before using it as a graft in surgical procedure. METHODS: There were examined 60 forearms of 30 corpses of black ethnicity; measure the length and width of the tendon of the palmaris longus muscle and compared the length of the forearm. RESULTS: There are notes their absence unilateral right in two female corpses. The medium length and width were more or less respectively 11.9, 15.2 mm and 4.1 + 1.5 mm. The total average forearm length of 275.4 was more or less 17.9 mm. CONCLUSION: There is a significant relationship between the length of the tendon and the length of the forearm; so we can evaluate the size of the tendon of the palmaris longus muscle when it is necessary to use it for grafts. Levels of Evidence IV, Case series.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Forearm/anatomy & histology , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Tendons/anatomy & histology , Body Weights and Measures , Cadaver , Dissection , TransplantsABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Demonstrar que o tendão do músculo palmar longo pode ser estimado em relação ao seu comprimento e largura antes de usá-lo como enxerto em procedimento cirúrgico. MÉTODOS: Foram examinados 60 antebraços de 30 cadáveres de etnia negra; mensurou-se o comprimento e a largura do tendão do músculo palmar longo e comparou-se com o comprimento do antebraço. RESULTADOS: Foi constatada a ausência unilateral direita em dois cadáveres do sexo feminino. As médias do comprimento e da largura foram respectivamente 11,9 mais ou menos 15,2mm e 4,1 + 1,5mm. A média total do comprimento do antebraço foi de 275.4mm mais ou menos 17,9mm. CONCLUSÃO: Há uma relação significativa entre o comprimento do tendão e o comprimento do antebraço; assim poder-se-á avaliar o tamanho do tendão do músculo palmar longo quando for necessário usá-lo para enxertos. Nível de Evidências IV, Série de casos.(AU)
OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate that the tendon of palmar long can be estimated in relation to its length and width before using it as a graft in surgical procedure. METHODS: There were examined 60 forearms of 30 corpses of black ethnicity; measure the length and width of the tendon of the palmaris longus muscle and compared the length of the forearm. RESULTS: There are notes their absence unilateral right in two female corpses. The medium length and width were more or less respectively 11.9, 15.2 mm and 4.1 + 1.5 mm. The total average forearm length of 275.4 was more or less 17.9 mm. CONCLUSION: There is a significant relationship between the length of the tendon and the length of the forearm; so we can evaluate the size of the tendon of the palmaris longus muscle when it is necessary to use it for grafts. Levels of Evidence IV, Case series.(AU)
Subject(s)
Muscles/surgery , Muscles/transplantationABSTRACT
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O nervo ciático está frequentemente envolvido em situações de dor. É um nervo longo, propenso a lesões que podem ser consequência de trauma, inflamação e aprisionamento. Um causa possível de dor ciática deriva do músculo piriforme, que mantém estreita relação anatômica com o nervo ciático. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as características do nervo ciático e de sua relação com o músculo piriforme em um grupo de cadáveres brasileiros.MÉTODO: Dissecção anatômica de 40 membros inferiores com estudo detalhado do nervo ciático e do músculo piriforme.RESULTADOS: As variações de relação anatômica entre o nervo ciático e o músculo piriforme foram raras.Dados de comprimento e largura do nervo ciático foram semelhantes àqueles descritos na literatura.CONCLUSÃO: A síndrome do piriforme é uma condição dolorosa, considerada por muitos como sendo relacionada às variações anatômicas entre o nervo ciático e o músculo piriforme. A raridade de tais variações, tanto no presente estudo como em publicações por outros grupos,sugere que a síndrome dolorosa possa ocorrer frequentementes sem que existam variações anatômicas.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The sciatic nerveis often involved in conditions of pain. It is a long nerve, prone to injuries that are the consequence of trauma,inflammation and entrapment. One possible cause of sciatic pain derives from the piriformis muscle, which maintains a very close anatomical relationship with the sciatic nerve. The objective of the present study was to evaluatethe characteristics of the sciatic nerve and its relationship to the piriformis muscle in a group of Brazilian cadavers. METHOD: Anatomical dissection of 40 human limbs with detailed studies of the sciatic nerve and the piriformis muscle.RESULTS: Anatomical variations of the relationship between the sciatic nerve and the piriformis muscle were rare. Data on the sciatic nerve length and width showed similar results to those from the literature.CONCLUSION: The piriformis syndrome is a painful condition considered by many to be associated to anatomical variations of the relationship between the sciatic nerve and the piriformis muscle. The rarity of such variations,in the present series and in the studies published by other groups, suggests that the painful syndrome may often occur without the anatomical variations.
Subject(s)
Lower Extremity , Pain , Sciatic NerveABSTRACT
Twenty legs from adult male cadavers were examined to analyze the anatomical relationships between the component parts of the plantaris muscle. This muscle was present in all of the cadavers and it was found that the length of the muscle in relation to its belly was approximately three times greater than in relation to the tendon.
Se estudiaron 20 miembros inferiores de cadáveres de adultos do sexo masculino con el fin de analizar la relación anatómica de los músculos plantares y sus partes constitutivas. En todos las piezas estudiadas este músculo estaba presente y fue observado que la longitud del músculo en relación a su vientre era aproximadamente tres veces superior a la del tendón.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , CadaverSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Cadaver , Peroneal Nerve/anatomy & histology , Anatomic VariationABSTRACT
A insuficiência renal aguda induzida por contraste (IRAIC) é considerada, atualmente, uma importante causa de disfunção renal em pacientes hospitalizados submetidos à cinecorioangiografia (CAG). Este achado adquire maior importância quando se verifica que a IRAIC é responsável por um aumento significativo dos índices de morbidade e mortalidade hospitalar / Radiocontrast-induced nephropathy (RIN) is considered an importante cause of renal failure in patients undergoing coronary. This data becomes more relevant when it presents a positive correlation with higher morbidity and mortality rates...
Subject(s)
Humans , Acute Kidney Injury , Cineangiography/adverse effects , Contrast Media/adverse effects , Acute Kidney Injury , Cineangiography/mortality , Diabetic Nephropathies/chemically inducedABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors for mortality related to myocardial revascularization when performed in association with coronary endarterectomy. METHODS: We assessed retrospectively 353 patients who underwent 373 coronary endarterectomies between January '89 and November '98, representing 3.73 percent of the myocardial revascularizations in this period of time. The arteries involved were as follows: right coronary artery in 218 patients (58.45 percent); left anterior descending in 102 patients (27.35 percent); circumflex artery in 39 patients (10.46 percent); and diagonal artery in 14 patients (3.74 percent). We used 320 (85.79 percent) venous grafts and 53 (14.21 percent) arterial grafts. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality among our patients was 9.3 percent as compared with 5.7 percent in patients with myocardial revascularizations without endarterectomy (p=0.003). Cause of death was related to acute myocardial infarction in 18 (54.55 percent) patients. The most significant risk factors for mortality identified were as follows: diabetes mellitus (p=0.001; odds ratio =7.168), left main disease (<0.001; 9.283), female sex (0.01; 3.111), acute myocardial infarction (0.02; 3.546), ejection fraction <35 percent (<0.001; 5.89), and previous myocardial revascularization (<0.001; 4.295). CONCLUSION: Coronary endarterectomy is related to higher mortality, and the risk factors involved are important elements of a poor outcome
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Endarterectomy/mortality , Myocardial Revascularization/mortality , Aged, 80 and over , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/mortality , Cause of Death , Endarterectomy/methods , Multivariate Analysis , Myocardial Infarction/mortality , Myocardial Revascularization/methods , Postoperative Period , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Shock, Cardiogenic/mortalityABSTRACT
O estudo da anatomia macroscopica das artérias coronarias e de grande importância para a cirurgia cardiaca uma vez que as variaçöes anatomicas säo abundantes e algumas repercussoes dessas variaçöes ainda säo desconhecidas. Nosso objetivo é comparar o padräo de distribuiçäo coronariana quanto a dominância entre coraçöes de indivíduos normais (grupos de pecas anatomicas) e indivíduos com doença coronariana (paciente com indicaçäo de revascularizacao do miocardio). Foi estudado o padrao de circulaçäo coronariana de dois grupos: o grupo I constituido por 119 pecas anatomicas obtidas de individuos cuja causa mortis nao tinha sido doença cardiovascular e o grupo II constituido de 150 filmes de cateterismo obtidos de pacientes com doença coronariana e com indicaçäo de revascularizaçäo do miocardio. No primeiro grupo as arterias coronarias foram dissecadas apos fixaçäo em formalina a 10 por cento. No segundo, os filmes foram analisados cuidadosamente...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Heart/anatomy & histology , Coronary Circulation , Coronary Disease/surgery , CineangiographyABSTRACT
A insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva e responsavel por elevada mortalidade, apesar do progresso da terapeutica clinica. Nos ultimos anos os transplantes vem se apresentando como alternativa bastante viavel, aumentando a sobrevida dos pacientes. Entretanto, dificuldades para sua realizacao permitiram o desenvolvimento de alternativas cirurgicas como a cardiomioplastia, que consiste em envolver o coracao com o musculo grande dorsal e posteriormente estimula-lo sincronicamente com os batimentos cardiacos, atraves de um marcapasso. Esta tecnica foi inicialmente descrita por Carpentier e Chacques em 1985 e foi introduzida no INCOR em 1988. Trinta e um pacientes portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada classe III (74,2 por cento) e IV (25,8 por cento), e submetidos a cardiomioplastia, foram acompanhados no periodo pos-operatorio imediato, sendo masculino 80,6 por cento, media de idade 43,9 anos e tempo de permanencia na U.T.I. de 8+ ou -2,6 dias...
