ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to analyse and determine the composition of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins and lipophilic toxins in the Region of Aysén, Chile, in wild endemic mussels (Mytilus chilensis, Venus antiqua, Aulacomya ater, Choromytilus chorus, Tagelus dombeii and Gari solida) and in two endemic carnivorous molluscs species (Concholepas concholepas and Argobuccinum ranelliforme). PSP-toxin contents were determined by using HPLC with fluorescence detection, while lipophilic toxins were determined by using LC-MS/MS. Mean concentrations for the total of PSP toxins were in the range 55-2505 µg saxitoxin-equivalent/100 g. The two most contaminated samples for PSP toxicity were bivalve Gari solida and carnivorous Argobuccinum ranelliforme with 2505 ± 101 and 1850 ± 137 µg saxitoxin-equivalent/100 g, respectively (p < 0.05). The lipophilic toxins identified were okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and yessotoxins (YTX). All analysed molluscs contained lipophilic toxins at levels ranging from 56 ± 4.8 to 156.1 ± 8.2 µg of okadaic acid-equivalent/kg shellfish together with YTX at levels ranging from 1.0 ± 0.1 to 18 ± 0.9 µg of YTX-equivalent/kg shellfish and AZA at levels ranging from 3.6 ± 0.2 to 31 ± 2.1 µg of AZA-equivalent/kg shellfish. Furthermore, different bivalves and gastropods differ in their capacity of retention of lipophilic toxins, as shown by the determination of their respective lipophilic toxins levels. In all the evaluated species, the presence of lipophilic toxins associated with biotransformation in molluscs and carnivorous gastropods was not identified, in contrast to the identification of PSP toxins, where the profiles identified in the different species are directly related to biotransformation processes. Thus, this study provides evidence that the concentration of toxins in the food intake of the evaluated species (Bivalvia and Gastropoda class) determines the degree of bioaccumulation and biotransformation they will thereafter exhibit.
Subject(s)
Bivalvia/chemistry , Dinoflagellida/metabolism , Food Contamination , Food Inspection , Gastropoda/chemistry , Marine Toxins/metabolism , Shellfish/analysis , Animals , Biotransformation , Bivalvia/growth & development , Bivalvia/metabolism , Chile , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Dinoflagellida/growth & development , Dinoflagellida/isolation & purification , Gastropoda/growth & development , Gastropoda/metabolism , Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions , Marine Toxins/chemistry , Marine Toxins/toxicity , Molecular Structure , Pacific Islands , Pacific Ocean , Seawater/parasitology , Shellfish/adverse effects , Shellfish Poisoning/etiology , Spectrometry, Fluorescence , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Tissue DistributionABSTRACT
Las erupciones liquenoides son un grupo de dermatosis con un cuadro semejante y en ocasiones indistinguible desde un punto de vista clínico e histológico al liquen plano. Se reporta el caso de un paciente masculino, de 46 años de edad, de ocupación fotógrafo con diagnóstico de erupción liquenoide por reveladores a color, enfermedad poco frecuente que se manifiesta con lesiones similares al liquen plano localizadas en zonas expuestas al producto industrial y se realiza revisión de la literatura
