Effect of Intraoral Aging on Debris Accumulation and Friction of First Molar Tubes.

AIM: The aim of this article was to evaluate the impact of intraoral aging and site specificity on debris accumulation and friction in molar tubes after intraoral use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 80 intraorally used first molar convertible tubes were provided by 20 orthodontic adolescent patients after 6 months of treatment. The specimens were divided into eight groups (n = 10) according to the mouth quadrant and the type of examination [four groups of ten tubes for scanning electron microscope (SEM) and four groups of ten tubes for friction test]. Scanning electron microscope examination was performed after opening the convertible caps and friction test was executed using a 0.019'' × 0.025'' stainless steel wire, which was inserted in the tubes belonging to each group. The Mann-Whitney test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Bonferroni tests were performed for statistical analysis at 0.01 level of significance. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the amount of debris and frictional force after 6 months of intraoral exposure (p < 0.0001). Debris scores were higher (10% increase) on the upper tubes when compared with the lower ones, with no statistical difference. Mean frictional force ranged from 0.22 to 0.26 N according to the mouth quadrant, but the difference between groups was also not significant. CONCLUSION: After 6 months of intraoral exposure, there was a significant increase in the amount of debris in the first molar tube slots, leading to significantly higher frictional forces during sliding mechanics. The influence of site specificity on the amount of debris and on frictional forces of the first molar tubes could not be demonstrated. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Molar tubes should be cleaned, before and during sliding mechanics, in order to minimize friction.

Otimização do braquete lingual 2D / Optimization of 2D lingual bracket

O tratamento ortodôntico estético vem sendo procurado por pacientes adultos e adolescentes, e entre as diferentes opções está a técnica lingual, por ser a mais estética. Porém, é importante ressaltar para os profissionais da área que, na técnica lingual, a montagem pode ser feita de diversas maneiras. Mas, neste trabalho, iremos abordar somente o Sistema Lingual 2D, cuja montagem é simplificada, e a colagem pode ser feita de forma direta, sobre a superfície do esmalte, ou indireta, no modelo de trabalho. Ela é conhecida como técnica lingual simplificada, ou Insubria system lingual technique. Nesta técnica, são utilizados os braquetes 2D, desenvolvidos pela Forestadent (Pforzheim, Germany). Entretanto, como existem vários tipos de braquetes 2D, iremos descrever cada um deles, com o intuito de mostrar as pequenas diferenças existentes entre eles e otimizar a utilização dos mesmos. E, desta forma, aproveitar ao máximo mais uma ferramenta para o tratamento ortodôntico lingual com a técnica simplificada.

The aesthetic orthodontic treatment is being sought for adult and adolescent patients, and between the different options, the lingual technique to be the most aesthetic. However, it is important for professionals in this area, that the lingual technique, the assembly can be done in several ways. But, in this paper, we will discuss only the 2D Lingual System, whose assembly is simplified, and the bonding can be made directly on the enamel surface or indirectly, on the works cast. She is known as lingual simplified system or Insubria lingual technique. In this technique, the brackets used are the 2D developed by Forestadent (Pforzheim, Germany). However, as there are several types of brackets 2D, we will describe each of them, in order to show the small differences between them and optimize their use. And thus take full advantage of another tool to the lingual orthodontic treatment with the simplified technique.

The 2D lingual appliance system.

The two-dimensional (2D) lingual bracket system represents a valuable treatment option for adult patients seeking a completely invisible orthodontic appliance. The ease of direct or simplified indirect bonding of 2D lingual brackets in combination with low friction mechanics makes it possible to achieve a good functional and aesthetic occlusion, even in the presence of a severe malocclusion. The use of a self-ligating bracket significantly reduces chair-side time for the orthodontist, and the low-profile bracket design greatly improves patient comfort.

Cirurgia ortognática com aparelho ortodôntico lingual 2D / Orthognathic surgery with 2D lingual orthodontic appliance

A Ortodontia evoluiu muito nos últimos anos, assim como, também, a técnica lingual, que surgiu no final dos anos 70. Essa técnica é uma alternativa estética bastante procurada por pacientes adultos e adultos jovens que necessitam da correção ortodôntica, mas desejam um tratamento estético e com o máximo de invisibilidade — o que é possível com a técnica lingual. Porém, muitos dos casos de tratamento ou retratamento envolvem a correção por meio da cirurgia ortognática, que hoje também está mais simplificada e sedimentada como grande auxiliar na correção das más oclusões. Dessa forma, o presente estudo visa mostrar a correção de uma má oclusão com a técnica ortodôntica lingual e a cirurgia ortognática. Concluiu-se que é possível realizar um tratamento com aparelho lingual e cirurgia ortognática, permitindo ao paciente manter a estética desejada.

Tratamento de má oclusão com aparelho lingual autoligado / Treatment of malocclusion with lingual self ligating brackets

Muitos pacientes, adultos e jovens, têm vindo aos consultórios odontológicos em busca de um tratamento ortodôntico, e essa procura está crescendo a cada ano. As razões são diversas, porém, na maioria das vezes, a queixa é o pinhamento dentário na região anterior, principalmente entre os caninos superiores e inferiores. Sabemos que existem muitas formas de corrigir uma má oclusão dentária, e atualmente podemos contar com alguns recursos, como mini-implantes, que tem auxiliado muito durante a mecânica; além disso, o mercado está repleto de bons bráquetes, entre eles os convencionais, metálicos, autoligados ou cerâmicos. Entre todas as várias opções de bráquetes, escolhemos neste artigo, demonstrar tratamentos realizados com uma técnica bastante estética, e porque não dizer a mais estética, uma vez que todos os bráquetes são colados na parte lingual dos dentes, como é a técnica ortodôntica lingual. Neste caso, foi utilizado o bráquete lingual 2D® por se tratar de um bráquete cuja montagem se faz de maneira bastante simplificada e com as características de um bráquete autoligado.

The number of adults and young patients that goes to a dental office seeking for orthodontic treatment increases every year. Crowding in the anterior region, especially in between the upper and lower canines is the most frequent complaint. It is known that there are many ways to correct a malocclusion. The use of mini implants has being very helpful during mechanics. Furthermore there is a variety of good brackets available in the market including conventional ones, metal, self-ligating and ceramic. The present study aimed to report a case of lingual orthodontics treatment. In this technique the brackets are bonded on the lingual side of the tooth and therefore do not compromise aesthetics. In the reported case the 2D® lingual bracket was used because it is easy to assemble and has features similar to self-ligating bracket

Montagem de aparelho ortodôntico lingual na arcada dentária superior pela Insubria System Lingual Technique / Direct bonding on the maxillary arch with Insubria System Lingual Technique

No final dos anos 70, a Ortodontia Lingual surgiu como um grande avanço no tratamento ortodôntico em pacientes adultos, e o número de casos iniciados vem aumentando exponencialmente. Com o passar do tempo, e com o desenvolvimento de soluções adequadas, a Ortodontia Lingual se expandiu pelo mundo todo, especialmente nos países da Ásia e da Europa. Hoje, pode-se fazer uma Ortodontia Lingual mais simplificada, baseando-se nos conhecimentos e procedimentos clínicos adotados exclusivamente para o uso e montagem dos braquetes linguais 2D. A técnica lingual é uma alternativa muito valiosa no tratamento de pacientes adultos, que necessitam de aparelhos ortodônticos totalmente invisíveis. A facilidade de montagem por meio da colagem direta dos braquetes 2D permite que se obtenha uma oclusão bastante funcional, mesmo em casos de má oclusão severa, pois adota as opções biomecânicas oferecidas pelos aparelhos linguais, além de garantir a boa estética durante a fase ativa do tratamento. Assim, esse artigo objetiva demonstrar a montagem dos braquetes 2D por meio de colagem direta na arcada dentária superior.

Ortodontia lingual com sistema 2D / 2D Lingual Orthodontics

A Ortodontia lingual é uma alternativa no tratamento de pacientes adultos que desejam aparelhos ortodônticos totalmente invisíveis. A técnica lingual 2D emprega conhecimentos e procedimentos clínicos exclusivamente com os braquetes linguais 2D e permite que se obtenha uma oclusão bastante funcional e estética, mesmo em casos de má-oclusão severa, pois utiliza os princípios de biomecânica lingual. Esta é uma técnica simplificada que possibilita a colagem direta dos braquetes, sem a necessidade de se fazer o set up convencional.

2D Lingual Orthodontics is the array of knowledge and clinical procedures adopted and finalized exclusively for the use and application of 2D Lingual braquetes. It represents a valuable alternative to treat adult patients, who demand a completely invisible orthodontic appliance. The ease of direct application of 2D lingual braquetes makes it possible to achieve a good functional and esthetic occlusion also in the presence of severe malocclusions, adopting the biomechanical options offered by lingual appliances, in addition to the improved esthetics during the active phase of treatment.

[Orthodontic treatment in adults with compromised periodontium: biomechanical principles and clinical applications]. / Traitement orthodontique des adultes avec un parodonte réduit : principes biomécaniques et applications cliniques.

In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of adults receiving comprehensive orthodontic treatment. In clinical practice, management of adults may be somewhat different than for most adolescents. Adults are more likely than adolescents to have dentitions that have undergone some degree of mutilation over time, which may necessitate alterations in the treatment strategy. Excessive wear, missing and compromised teeth are some of the differences observed. For adult patients who have experienced bone and attachment loss as a consequence of periodontal disease, a new set of biomechanical requirements exists for producing the tooth movements desired during the orthodontic therapy. Proper planning and appliance design for adults presenting with multiple missing teeth may require some degree of creativity to adapt to unique malocclusions and deliver the proper biomechanical force system. In this article, current clinical application of biomechanical principles will be presented with emphasis on clinical orthodontic management of severely mutilated dentitions.

Formas de inserção, fixação e remoção do arco na técnica lingual / Lingual orthodontics: ways of attachment, insertion and removal of the lingual arch technique: a literature review

A busca crescente por parte dos pacientes por um tratamento ortodôntico estéticofaz com que a técnica ortodôntica lingual continue sua evolução e seu desenvolvimento.Sabendo-se que existem algumas diferenças entre a Ortodontia Lingual e a Convencional é desuma importância ressaltá-Ias, com o fim de auxiliar o profissional que já a utiliza e, também,para o conhecimento de novos ortodontistas que desejam iniciar-se na técnica lingual. Umadestas diferenças está relacionada ao desenho e ao formato do bráquete lingual. Este artigopropôs-se a discutir apenas quais são os tipos de fixação do arco lingual no slot do bráquetee como é a forma de inserção e remoção deste fio em alguns dos bráquetes linguais.

The growing search by patients for an esthetic orthodontics makes lingualorthodontics technique continues its evolution and development. Knowing that there are somedifferences between the Buccal and Lingual orthodontics It is very important to emphasizethem, to assist the professional who already uses the technique, and those who also wantto start in the technicallingual. One difference is related to the design and format of thelingual bracket. In this paper we proposed to discuss only the kinds of affachment of thelingual arch wire slot in the lingual bracket and how is the form of insertion and removal ofthis wire in some of lingual brackets.

Shear bond strength of deciduous and permanent bovine enamel.

PURPOSE: The use of bovine teeth as a substitute for human enamel has been proposed for dental studies. The aim of this study was to determine the shear bond strength and Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) of deciduous and permanent bovine teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty deciduous and 20 permanent extracted bovine teeth were embedded in resin blocks. Stainless steel conventional orthodontic brackets were bonded to the teeth using an orthodontic adhesive. All samples were tested in shear mode on a testing machine. ARI scores were then recorded. Statistical analysis was performed to determine significant differences in bond strength and ARI scores. RESULTS: The bond strength of permanent bovine teeth was significantly higher (p = 0.0010) than that of the deciduous teeth. ARI scores showed no significant differences (p = 0.74). CONCLUSION: Deciduous teeth show lower shear bond strength than permanent teeth.

Ortodontia lingual: evolução da técnica e os braquetes autoligados / Lingual orthodontics: evolution of technique and self-ligating brackets

A Ortodontia Lingual iniciou-se por meio do Dr. Craven Kurz utilizando braquetes da técnica Edgewise colados nas superfícies linguais dos dentes, com a intenção de se obter um tratamento estético e praticamente invisível. Como a estética é sempre um tema atual e a procura por ela é grande, a Ortodontia Lingual continuou evoluindo. Muitas empresas avançaram em pesquisas e desenvolveram diversos tipos de braquetes para serem utilizados na nova técnica. Este trabalho propõe discorrer sobre a história da Ortodontia Lingual e sua evolução nesses anos, como também sobre a introdução dos primeiros braquetes autoligados linguais, o seu desenvolvimento, surgimento e utilização, uma vez que esta é uma tendência na Ortodontia convencional por vestibular.

Shear bond strength of fibre-reinforced composite nets using two different adhesive systems.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of two different adhesive systems (Tetric Flow and Transbond XT) in combination with fibre-reinforced composites (FRC) net (Ever Stick) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets. Eighty bovine permanent mandibular incisors were randomly divided into four equal groups. Stainless steel maxillary central incisor brackets with a 0.018 inch slot (DB Leone) were bonded to the teeth using the two different adhesive systems. Fifty per cent of the brackets were bonded without and 50 per cent with a FRC net under the bracket base. After bonding, all samples were stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 hours and subsequently tested for SBS. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the various groups. Brackets bonded with FRC nets under the base showed a significantly lower SBS than those bonded without nets (P < 0.05). Moreover, teeth bonded with Transbond XT showed a significantly higher SBS than the other groups. Additionally, significant differences in debond locations [adhesive remnant index (ARI) score] were found among the various groups. Transbond XT can successfully be used for direct bonding of FRC nets, thus improving their SBS values.

Nickel release from new conventional stainless steel, recycled, and nickel-free orthodontic brackets: An in vitro study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to compare the nickel released from 3 kinds of orthodontic brackets: new conventional stainless steel, recycled stainless steel, and nickel-free brackets. METHODS: This in-vitro study was performed by using a classic batch procedure. Samples were immersed in artificial saliva at various acidities (pH 4.2, 6.5, 7.6) over an extended time interval (0.25, 1, 24, 48, and 120 hours). The amount of nickel released was determined by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer. Statistical analysis included a linear regression model for repeated measures, with calculation of Huber White robust standard errors to account for intrabracket correlation of data. For post-hoc comparisons, the Bonferroni correction was applied. RESULTS: The recycled brackets released the most nickel (74.02 +/- 170.29 microg per gram); the new stainless steel brackets released 7.14 +/- 20.83 microg per gram. The nickel-free brackets released the least nickel (0.03 +/- 0.06 microg per gram). All the differences among the groups were statistically significant (P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Reconditioned brackets released the most nickel. Moreover, the highest nickel release was recorded in the 2 experiments performed at pH 4.2; it was lower at pH 6.5 and 7.6. Conversely, no relevant differences were observed overall between the maxillary and mandibular arches.

In vitro bond strength evaluation of four orthodontic cements.

PURPOSE: To determine the shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index of orthodontic molar bands cemented with four different adhesives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty extracted human third molars were embedded in resin blocks and randomly assigned to one of four groups. Four different band cements were investigated: Ormco OptiBand, Dentaurum GlasTec, GC Fuji Ortho Band Paste Pak, and Unitek Multi-Cure Glass lonomer Orthodontic Band Cement. Bands were cemented on the molar crowns, and tensile loads were applied to measure the retentive strength. One-way ANOVA was performed for the retentive strength, and the Scheff multiple comparison test was applied as a post-hoc test. The Fisher exact test was used to determine significant differences in the ARI scores. RESULTS: The mean tensile bond strength of GC Fuji Ortho Paste Pak was significantly higher than those of all the other groups tested. No statistically significant differences were found among the other three groups. CONCLUSION: Among the adhesives investigated in the present study, Fuji Ortho Paste Pak resin-modified glass-ionomer cement provided the highest tensile bond strength values.

Correction of horizontal and vertical discrepancies with a new interactive self-ligating bracket system: the Quick system.

In the past 10 years, self-ligating brackets have captured the interest of many clinicians and enjoyed increasing popularity. These brackets have been developed to overcome the disadvantages of stainless steel or elastomeric ligatures in terms of ergonomics, efficiency, deformation, discoloration, plaque accumulation, and friction. A self-ligating bracket does not require any type of ligature because it is has a mechanical device that opens and closes the edgewise slot. Secure archwire engagement may be accomplished by a built-in clip. Depending on the interaction between the bracket and archwire, self-ligating brackets can be active and passive. The aim of this article is to describe a new active self-ligating bracket system designed to noticeably reduce the amount of friction that normally originates from archwire-slot interaction, particularly during the correction of horizontal and vertical discrepancies.