ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In Latin America, interventions aimed at adolescents' health suffer from a shortfall of investment and lack of sustainability. Nurses, as an integral part of health services and systems, can lead the implementation and development of public health policies to improve adolescent health. OBJECTIVE: To identify and analyze the role of nurses in the development and implementation of public policies and in the provision of health care to adolescents in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. METHODS: The research was carried out in three phases: a documentary analysis, an online survey, and semi-structured focus groups. A total of 48 documents were analyzed, 288 nurses participated in the survey, and 29 nurses participated in the focus groups. RESULTS: State policies aim to guarantee rights, with special protection for children and adolescents. It is an incremental process, with greater involvement of civil society and governments. Participants reported a lack of synergy between law and practice, as well as differences in regulatory compliance in rural areas and in populations of different ethnicities and cultures. Their perception was that the protection of adolescents is not specifically enshrined in the legal bases and regulatory structures of the countries, meaning that there are both protective factors and tensions in the regulatory framework. While nurses are highly committed to different actions aimed at adolescents, their participation in policy development and implementation is low, with barriers related to a lack of specialized training and working conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Given nurses' involvement in different actions aimed at adolescents, they could play a fundamental role in the development of policies for adolescents and ensure their effective implementation. Policymakers should consider revising the budget to make compliance viable, incorporating and using monitoring indicators, and increasing the involvement of educational institutions and the community.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Health , Health Policy , Nurse's Role , Public Policy , Humans , Adolescent , Colombia , Peru , Ecuador , Male , Focus Groups , Female , Policy Making , Nurses , Surveys and Questionnaires , Delivery of Health Care , Adult , ChildABSTRACT
Objective: To examine the homicide trends among young people (10-24 years), adolescents (10-19 years), and young adults (20-24 years) in 33 countries in the Americas between 2000 and 2019, with a focus on inequalities between countries in the burden of homicides. Methods: An ecological study was performed using estimated deaths from 33 countries. Age-adjusted rates, percentage change (PC), average annual percentage change (AAPC), and relative risk (RR) were estimated; besides, analysis on social inequalities was performed. Results: In the Americas between 2000 and 2019, homicide has been the leading cause of death with 54 515 deaths on average each year and an age-adjusted rate of 23.6 per 100 000 among young people. The highest rate was found in the Andean subregion (41.1 per 100 000 young people), which also produced the highest decrease (PC = -37.1% and AAPC = -2.4%) in the study period. The risk of homicide in young men is 8.1 times the risk in young women, and the risk in young adults is 2.5 times the risk in adolescents. The three countries with highest risk of homicide for young people are Venezuela (relative risk [RR] = 35.1), El Salvador (RR = 28.1), and Colombia (RR = 26.7). The estimated excess mortality was 26.8 homicides per 100 000 in the poorest 20% of countries compared to the richest 20% of countries in the period 2000-2009, and it decreased to 13.9 in the period 2010-2019. Conclusions: The results of this study add to the knowledge of homicide among young people and can be used to inform policy and programming in countries. Given the great burden of homicide on young people in the region, it is critical that prevention opportunities are maximized, beginning early in life.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Comprehensive local data on adolescent health are often lacking, particularly in lower resource settings. Furthermore, there are knowledge gaps around which interventions are effective to support healthy behaviours. This study generates health information for students from cities in four middle-income countries to plan, implement and subsequently evaluate a package of interventions to improve health outcomes. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will conduct a cluster randomised controlled trial in schools in Fez, Morocco; Jaipur, India; Saint Catherine Parish, Jamaica; and Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana. In each city, approximately 30 schools will be randomly selected and assigned to the control or intervention arm. Baseline data collection includes three components. First, a Global School Health Policies and Practices Survey (G-SHPPS) to be completed by principals of all selected schools. Second, a Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) to be administered to a target sample of n=3153 13-17 years old students of randomly selected classes of these schools, including questions on alcohol, tobacco and drug use, diet, hygiene, mental health, physical activity, protective factors, sexual behaviours, violence and injury. Third, a study validating the GSHS physical activity questions against wrist-worn accelerometry in one randomly selected class in each control school (n approximately 300 students per city). Intervention schools will develop a suite of interventions using a participatory approach driven by students and involving parents/guardians, teachers and community stakeholders. Interventions will aim to change existing structures and policies at schools to positively influence students' behaviour, using the collected data and guided by the framework for Making Every School a Health Promoting School. Outcomes will be assessed for differential change after a 2-year follow-up. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study was approved by WHO's Research Ethics Review Committee; by the Jodhpur School of Public Health's Institutional Review Board for Jaipur, India; by the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research Institutional Review Board for Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana; by the Ministry of Health and Wellness' Advisory Panel on Ethics and Medico-Legal Affairs for St Catherine Parish, Jamaica, and by the Comité d'éthique pour la recherche biomédicale of the Université Mohammed V of Rabat for Fez, Morocco. Findings will be shared through open access publications and conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04963426.
Subject(s)
School Health Services , Schools , Humans , Adolescent , Cities , Exercise , Power, Psychological , Randomized Controlled Trials as TopicABSTRACT
[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To examine the homicide trends among young people (10–24 years), adolescents (10–19 years), and young adults (20–24 years) in 33 countries in the Americas between 2000 and 2019, with a focus on inequalities between countries in the burden of homicides. Methods. An ecological study was performed using estimated deaths from 33 countries. Age-adjusted rates, percentage change (PC), average annual percentage change (AAPC), and relative risk (RR) were estimated; besides, analysis on social inequalities was performed. Results. In the Americas between 2000 and 2019, homicide has been the leading cause of death with 54 515 deaths on average each year and an age-adjusted rate of 23.6 per 100 000 among young people. The highest rate was found in the Andean subregion (41.1 per 100 000 young people), which also produced the highest decrease (PC = –37.1% and AAPC = –2.4%) in the study period. The risk of homicide in young men is 8.1 times the risk in young women, and the risk in young adults is 2.5 times the risk in adolescents. The three countries with highest risk of homicide for young people are Venezuela (relative risk [RR] = 35.1), El Salvador (RR = 28.1), and Colombia (RR = 26.7). The estimated excess mortality was 26.8 homicides per 100 000 in the poorest 20% of countries compared to the richest 20% of countries in the period 2000–2009, and it decreased to 13.9 in the period 2010–2019. Conclusions. The results of this study add to the knowledge of homicide among young people and can be used to inform policy and programming in countries. Given the great burden of homicide on young people in the region, it is critical that prevention opportunities are maximized, beginning early in life.
[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Examinar las tendencias de los homicidios entre la población joven (10-24 años), los adolescentes (10-19 años) y los adultos jóvenes (20-24 años) en 33 países de las Américas entre el 2000 y el 2019, con particular atención a las desigualdades entre los países en materia de cifras de homicidios. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio ecológico utilizando las muertes estimadas de 33 países. Se estimaron las tasas ajustadas en función de la edad, el cambio porcentual (CP), el cambio porcentual anual promedio (CPAP) y el riesgo relativo (RR). Además, se realizó un análisis sobre las desigualdades sociales. Resultados. Entre el 2000 y el 2019, el homicidio ha sido la principal causa de muerte en las Américas, con un promedio anual de 54 515 muertes y una tasa ajustada en función de la edad de 23,6 por cada 100 000 habitantes en la población joven. La tasa más alta se observó en la subregión andina (41,1 por cada 100 000 habitantes para la población joven), en la cual también se observó la mayor disminución (CP = -37,1% y CPAP = -2,4%) en el período de estudio. El riesgo de homicidio entre los hombres jóvenes es 8,1 veces mayor que entre las mujeres jóvenes, y el riesgo entre los adultos jóvenes es 2,5 veces mayor que el riesgo en adolescentes. Los tres países con mayor riesgo de homicidio para los jóvenes son Venezuela (riesgo relativo [RR] = 35,1), El Salvador (RR = 28,1) y Colombia (RR = 26,7). El exceso de mortalidad estimado fue de 26,8 homicidios por cada 100 000 habitantes en el 20% de los países más pobres, en comparación con el 20% de los países más ricos, durante el período 2000-2009, y disminuyó a 13,9 durante el período 2010-2019. Conclusiones. Los resultados de este estudio se suman a los conocimientos sobre el homicidio entre la población joven, y pueden utilizarse para fundamentar las políticas y los programas de los países. Dada la enorme carga de homicidios que sufre la población joven de la región, es fundamental impulsar al máximo las oportunidades de prevención desde las primeras etapas de la vida.
[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Examinar as tendências de homicídios entre pessoas jovens (10 a 24 anos), adolescentes (10 a 19 anos) e adultas jovens (20 a 24 anos) em 33 países das Américas entre 2000 e 2019, com foco em desigual- dades da carga de homicídios entre países. Métodos. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico usando estimativas de óbitos de 33 países. Foram estimadas taxas ajustadas por idade, variação percentual (VP), variação percentual anual média (VPAM) e risco relativo (RR); além disso, foi realizada uma análise das desigualdades sociais. Resultados. Entre 2000 e 2019, o homicídio foi a principal causa de morte nas Américas, com uma média de 54.515 óbitos por ano e uma taxa ajustada por idade de 23,6 por 100 mil pessoas entre pessoas jovens. A taxa mais alta foi encontrada na sub-região andina (41,1 por 100 mil jovens), que também registrou a redução mais acentuada (VP = -37,1% e VPAM = -2,4%) no período do estudo. O risco de homicídio entre homens jovens é 8,1 vezes maior que o risco em mulheres jovens, e o risco entre pessoas adultas jovens é 2,5 vezes maior que o risco em adolescentes. Os três países com maior risco de homicídio entre pessoas jovens são Venezuela (RR = 35,1), El Salvador (RR = 28,1) e Colômbia (RR = 26,7). Nos países, o excesso de mortalidade estimado foi de 26,8 homicídios por 100 mil habitantes nos 20% mais pobres comparados aos 20% mais ricos no período de 2000 a 2009. Esse número diminuiu para 13,9 no período de 2010 a 2019. Conclusões. Os resultados deste estudo se somam às informações sobre homicídios entre jovens e podem ser usados para embasar políticas e programas nacionais. Dado o grande ônus que os homicídios represen- tam para as pessoas jovens da região, é fundamental que as oportunidades de prevenção sejam maximizadas desde cedo em suas vidas.
Subject(s)
Homicide , Mortality Registries , Socioeconomic Factors , Social Determinants of Health , Americas , Homicide , Mortality Registries , Socioeconomic Factors , Social Determinants of Health , Americas , Homicide , Mortality Registries , Socioeconomic Factors , Social Determinants of Health , AmericasABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Latin America and the Caribbean present the second highest adolescent fertility rate in the world, only after sub-Saharan Africa, and have reached the third position globally in the incidence of motherhood in adolescence. We aimed to explore trends and inequities in adolescent childbearing in the region. METHODS: We used nationally representative household surveys from Latin American and Caribbean countries to address trends in early childbearing (proportion of women having their first livebirth before age 18 years) over generations and in adolescent fertility rates (AFRs; livebirths per 1000 women aged 15-19 years) over time. For early childbearing, we analysed the most recent survey conducted since 2010 from 21 countries (2010-20); for AFR, we analysed nine countries with two or more surveys, with the most recent being conducted from 2010 onwards. For both indicators, variance-weighted least-square regression was used to estimate the average absolute changes (AACs) at the national level and by wealth (bottom 40% vs top 60%), urban versus rural residence, and ethnicity. FINDINGS: Among 21 countries studied, we noted a decrease in early childbearing along generations in 13 of them, with declines varying from -0·6 percentage points (95% CI -1·1 to -0·1) in Haiti to -2·7 percentage points (-4·0 to -1·4) in Saint Lucia. We observed increases over generations in Colombia (1·2 percentage points [0·8 to 1·5]) and Mexico (1·3 percentage points [0·5 to 2·0]) and no changes in Bolivia and Honduras. The fastest early childbearing decline occurred among rural women, whereas no clear pattern was observed for wealth groups. Decreasing estimates from oldest to youngest generations were found among Afro-descendants and non-Afro-descendant and non-indigenous groups, but results were mixed for indigenous people. All nine countries with data for AFR presented reductions over time (-0·7 to -6·5 births per 1000 women per year), with the steepest declines observed in Ecuador, Guyana, Guatemala, and the Dominican Republic. In general, adolescents in rural areas and the poorest adolescents had the largest reductions in AFR. If current trends persist, by 2030 most countries will present AFR values ranging between 45 and 89 births per 1000 women, with notable wealth-related inequalities. INTERPRETATION: Our results indicate a reduction in AFR in Latin American and Caribbean countries that was not necessarily accompanied by a decrease in early childbearing overall. Large inequalities both between countries and within countries were observed, with no clear reduction over time. Understanding trends in adolescent childbearing and its determinants is essential for planning and designing programmes to ensure the desired reductions in rates and gaps across population subgroups. FUNDING: PAHO, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and Wellcome Trust. TRANSLATIONS: For the Spanish and Portuguese translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
Subject(s)
Ethnicity , Rural Population , Humans , Adolescent , Female , Latin America/epidemiology , Caribbean Region/epidemiology , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
A new public policy was instituted in Argentina for free distribution of subdermal contraceptive implants to women aged 15-24 years old in the public healthcare system. The objective of this study is to determine the extent to which this population adhered to the implant, as well as predictors of continuation. The retrospective cohort study was based on a telephone survey of a random sample of 1101 Ministry of Health-registered implant users concerning the continuation of use, satisfaction with the method and side-effects, and reasons for removal. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analysis were used to explore the association between adherence and having received contraceptive counselling, satisfaction, and side effects. We found high levels of adherence (87%) and satisfaction (94%). Common reported side effects were amenorrhoea or infrequent bleeding, perceived weight gain, increased menstrual bleeding and headaches. Multivariate regression analysis indicates that, among adolescents, having received contraceptive counselling increased comfort, while frequent bleeding at six months hindered trust. Participants who had a history of a prior delivery or who had themselves primarily chosen the method were less likely to request the removal of the implant. Our results support the public policy of free implant distribution in the public health sector. This is a sustainable public policy that contributes to equity and access to effective contraception. It is appropriate for adolescents and young women and will also reduce unintended pregnancies. Our results suggest that counselling patients is key prior to insertion of the implant, as it improves acceptability and continuation.
Subject(s)
Contraceptive Agents, Female , Levonorgestrel , Pregnancy , Humans , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Levonorgestrel/adverse effects , Retrospective Studies , Argentina , Drug ImplantsABSTRACT
Pregnancy-related complications are a substantial source of morbidity and mortality among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries. While the youngest adolescents (those aged 10-14) are considered to be at particularly high risk of adverse outcomes, there is little empirical data available on their sexual and reproductive health. Using a unique dataset of clinical records drawn from a regional network of sentinel centres providing legal abortion and comprehensive post-abortion care in 12 Latin American and Caribbean countries, we described the population of adolescents aged 10-14 seeking legal abortion and post-abortion care and calculated institutional rates of complications, using older adolescents (aged 15-19) and young adults (aged 20-24) as comparator groups. We also assessed the quality of care provided as compared to WHO recommendations. Nearly 17% (89 out of 533) of young adolescents sought care when they were already at 15 or more weeks' gestation. Young adolescents were at higher risk of pre-procedure and intra-operative complications than older adolescents and young adults, though the trend is less clear for the most severe complications. In general, the quality of care provided by centres in the network was aligned with WHO recommendations for safe abortion and comprehensive post-abortion care. Taken together, these findings provide insight into the challenges facing the global health community in assuring the sexual and reproductive health and rights of the youngest adolescents, and outline avenues for future research, advocacy, and evidence-based policymaking.
Subject(s)
Abortion, Induced , Abortion, Legal , Pregnancy , Female , Young Adult , Adolescent , Humans , Latin America , Cross-Sectional Studies , Retrospective Studies , Abortion, Induced/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Objective: Shed light on the experiences and determinants of young people's and adolescents' participation in formal participation mechanisms during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Chile. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive study with a qualitative approach, within the constructivist research paradigm. Three focus groups were conducted with key informants: young people and adolescents who regularly participate in advisory councils of Chile's Ministry of Health (MINSAL). Content analysis was applied for theoretical and emerging categories in the study. The reports were transcribed and studied with data analysis and hermeneutics. This study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, between the months of March and November 2021. Results: During the pandemic, adolescents' and young people's experiences of health participation were affected; however, formal participation mechanisms such as advisory councils allowed for continuity. In this context and based on their experiences, young people and adolescents highlighted some factors that facilitated or limited their participation at three levels: individual, relational, and structural. They highlighted virtual communication, use of social networks, and digital health as excellent tools for the participation of young people and adolescents during the pandemic in Chile. Conclusion: The pandemic affected the participation mechanisms used by young people and adolescents in Chile; however, among the experiences highlighted by young people, aspects that facilitated participation emerged, such as virtual communication, digital health, and other strategies. At the same time, some gaps in health participation widened during this global health crisis, such as access mainly in rural populations.
Objetivo: Divulgar as experiências e determinantes da participação dos jovens e adolescentes em mecanismos formais de participação durante a pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 no Chile. Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, ligado ao paradigma construtivista de pesquisa. Foram realizados 3 grupos focais com informantes-chave: jovens e adolescentes que participam regularmente dos conselhos consultivos do Ministério da Saúde do Chile. Foi aplicada a técnica de análise de conteúdo para as categorias teóricas e emergentes do estudo. Os relatos foram transcritos e estudados com técnicas de análise de dados e hermenêutica. Este estudo foi realizado durante a pandemia de COVID-19, entre os meses de março e novembro de 2021. Resultados: Durante a pandemia, as experiências de participação de adolescentes e jovens na saúde foram afetadas, porém os mecanismos formais de participação, como os conselhos consultivos, permitiram sua continuidade. Nesse contexto, os jovens e adolescentes, em suas experiências, destacaram alguns fatores que facilitaram ou limitaram a participação, conforme três níveis de gestão: individual, relacional e estrutural. A comunicação virtual, o uso das redes sociais e a saúde digital destacaram-se como excelentes ferramentas para a participação de jovens e adolescentes em tempos de pandemia no Chile. Conclusão: A pandemia afetou os mecanismos de participação de jovens e adolescentes no Chile. No entanto, dentro das experiências destacadas pelos jovens, surgiram aspectos como comunicação virtual, saúde digital e outras estratégias que facilitaram a participação. Por outro lado, nessa crise de saúde mundial, aumentaram algumas lacunas na participação em saúde, como o acesso, principalmente em populações rurais.
ABSTRACT
[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Develar las experiencias y determinantes de la participación de adolescentes y jóvenes en meca- nismos formales de participación durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en Chile. Métodos. Estudio transversal, descriptivo de enfoque cualitativo, adscrito al paradigma constructivista de investigación. Se realizaron 3 grupos focales con informantes claves, adolescentes y jóvenes, quienes parti- cipan regularmente en consejos consultivos del Ministerio de Salud (MINSAL) en Chile. Se aplicó la técnica de análisis de contenido para categorías teóricas y emergentes del estudio. Los relatos fueron transcritos y estudiados con técnica de análisis de datos y hermenéutica. Este estudio fue realizado durante la pandemia de COVID-19, entre los meses de marzo y noviembre del 2021. Resultados. Durante la pandemia, las experiencias de participación en salud de adolescentes y jóvenes se vieron afectadas; no obstante, los mecanismos de participación formales, como los consejos consultivos, permitieron dar continuidad. En este contexto, adolescentes y jóvenes dentro de sus experiencias destacaron algunos factores que facilitaron o limitaron la participación, de acuerdo con tres niveles de gestión: individual, relacional y estructural, destacándo la comunicación virtual, el uso de redes sociales y la salud digital como excelentes herramientas para la participación de jóvenes y adolescentes en tiempos de pandemia en Chile. Conclusión. La pandemia ha afectado a los mecanismos de participación de adolescentes y jóvenes en Chile. No obstante, dentro de las experiencias destacadas por los jóvenes han surgido aspectos como la comunicación virtual, la salud digital y otras estrategias que han facilitado la participación. Por otro lado, en esta crisis sanitaria mundial se han acrecentado algunas brechas en la participación en salud, como el acceso principalmente en poblaciones rurales.
[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Shed light on the experiences and determinants of young people’s and adolescents’ participation in formal participation mechanisms during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Chile. Methods. Cross-sectional, descriptive study with a qualitative approach, within the constructivist research paradigm. Three focus groups were conducted with key informants: young people and adolescents who regu- larly participate in advisory councils of Chile’s Ministry of Health (MINSAL). Content analysis was applied for theoretical and emerging categories in the study. The reports were transcribed and studied with data analysis and hermeneutics. This study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, between the months of March and November 2021. Results. During the pandemic, adolescents’ and young people’s experiences of health participation were affected; however, formal participation mechanisms such as advisory councils allowed for continuity. In this context and based on their experiences, young people and adolescents highlighted some factors that facili- tated or limited their participation at three levels: individual, relational, and structural. They highlighted virtual communication, use of social networks, and digital health as excellent tools for the participation of young people and adolescents during the pandemic in Chile. Conclusion. The pandemic affected the participation mechanisms used by young people and adolescents in Chile; however, among the experiences highlighted by young people, aspects that facilitated participation emerged, such as virtual communication, digital health, and other strategies. At the same time, some gaps in health participation widened during this global health crisis, such as access mainly in rural populations.
[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Divulgar as experiências e determinantes da participação dos jovens e adolescentes em mecanis- mos formais de participação durante a pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 no Chile. Métodos. Estudo transversal, descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, ligado ao paradigma construtivista de pesquisa. Foram realizados 3 grupos focais com informantes-chave: jovens e adolescentes que participam regularmente dos conselhos consultivos do Ministério da Saúde do Chile. Foi aplicada a técnica de análise de conteúdo para as categorias teóricas e emergentes do estudo. Os relatos foram transcritos e estudados com técnicas de análise de dados e hermenêutica. Este estudo foi realizado durante a pandemia de COVID-19, entre os meses de março e novembro de 2021. Resultados. Durante a pandemia, as experiências de participação de adolescentes e jovens na saúde foram afetadas, porém os mecanismos formais de participação, como os conselhos consultivos, permitiram sua continuidade. Nesse contexto, os jovens e adolescentes, em suas experiências, destacaram alguns fatores que facilitaram ou limitaram a participação, conforme três níveis de gestão: individual, relacional e estrutural. A comunicação virtual, o uso das redes sociais e a saúde digital destacaram-se como excelentes ferramentas para a participação de jovens e adolescentes em tempos de pandemia no Chile. Conclusão. A pandemia afetou os mecanismos de participação de jovens e adolescentes no Chile. No entanto, dentro das experiências destacadas pelos jovens, surgiram aspectos como comunicação virtual, saúde digital e outras estratégias que facilitaram a participação. Por outro lado, nessa crise de saúde mun- dial, aumentaram algumas lacunas na participação em saúde, como o acesso, principalmente em populações rurais.
Subject(s)
Social Participation , Adolescent , Young Adult , eHealth Strategies , COVID-19 , Social Participation , Adolescent , Young Adult , eHealth Strategies , Social Participation , eHealth StrategiesABSTRACT
RESUMEN Objetivo. Develar las experiencias y determinantes de la participación de adolescentes y jóvenes en mecanismos formales de participación durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en Chile. Métodos. Estudio transversal, descriptivo de enfoque cualitativo, adscrito al paradigma constructivista de investigación. Se realizaron 3 grupos focales con informantes claves, adolescentes y jóvenes, quienes participan regularmente en consejos consultivos del Ministerio de Salud (MINSAL) en Chile. Se aplicó la técnica de análisis de contenido para categorías teóricas y emergentes del estudio. Los relatos fueron transcritos y estudiados con técnica de análisis de datos y hermenéutica. Este estudio fue realizado durante la pandemia de COVID-19, entre los meses de marzo y noviembre del 2021. Resultados. Durante la pandemia, las experiencias de participación en salud de adolescentes y jóvenes se vieron afectadas; no obstante, los mecanismos de participación formales, como los consejos consultivos, permitieron dar continuidad. En este contexto, adolescentes y jóvenes dentro de sus experiencias destacaron algunos factores que facilitaron o limitaron la participación, de acuerdo con tres niveles de gestión: individual, relacional y estructural, destacándo la comunicación virtual, el uso de redes sociales y la salud digital como excelentes herramientas para la participación de jóvenes y adolescentes en tiempos de pandemia en Chile. Conclusión. La pandemia ha afectado a los mecanismos de participación de adolescentes y jóvenes en Chile. No obstante, dentro de las experiencias destacadas por los jóvenes han surgido aspectos como la comunicación virtual, la salud digital y otras estrategias que han facilitado la participación. Por otro lado, en esta crisis sanitaria mundial se han acrecentado algunas brechas en la participación en salud, como el acceso principalmente en poblaciones rurales.
ABSTRACT Objective. Shed light on the experiences and determinants of young people's and adolescents' participation in formal participation mechanisms during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Chile. Methods. Cross-sectional, descriptive study with a qualitative approach, within the constructivist research paradigm. Three focus groups were conducted with key informants: young people and adolescents who regularly participate in advisory councils of Chile's Ministry of Health (MINSAL). Content analysis was applied for theoretical and emerging categories in the study. The reports were transcribed and studied with data analysis and hermeneutics. This study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, between the months of March and November 2021. Results. During the pandemic, adolescents' and young people's experiences of health participation were affected; however, formal participation mechanisms such as advisory councils allowed for continuity. In this context and based on their experiences, young people and adolescents highlighted some factors that facilitated or limited their participation at three levels: individual, relational, and structural. They highlighted virtual communication, use of social networks, and digital health as excellent tools for the participation of young people and adolescents during the pandemic in Chile. Conclusion. The pandemic affected the participation mechanisms used by young people and adolescents in Chile; however, among the experiences highlighted by young people, aspects that facilitated participation emerged, such as virtual communication, digital health, and other strategies. At the same time, some gaps in health participation widened during this global health crisis, such as access mainly in rural populations.
RESUMO Objetivo. Divulgar as experiências e determinantes da participação dos jovens e adolescentes em mecanismos formais de participação durante a pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 no Chile. Métodos. Estudo transversal, descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, ligado ao paradigma construtivista de pesquisa. Foram realizados 3 grupos focais com informantes-chave: jovens e adolescentes que participam regularmente dos conselhos consultivos do Ministério da Saúde do Chile. Foi aplicada a técnica de análise de conteúdo para as categorias teóricas e emergentes do estudo. Os relatos foram transcritos e estudados com técnicas de análise de dados e hermenêutica. Este estudo foi realizado durante a pandemia de COVID-19, entre os meses de março e novembro de 2021. Resultados. Durante a pandemia, as experiências de participação de adolescentes e jovens na saúde foram afetadas, porém os mecanismos formais de participação, como os conselhos consultivos, permitiram sua continuidade. Nesse contexto, os jovens e adolescentes, em suas experiências, destacaram alguns fatores que facilitaram ou limitaram a participação, conforme três níveis de gestão: individual, relacional e estrutural. A comunicação virtual, o uso das redes sociais e a saúde digital destacaram-se como excelentes ferramentas para a participação de jovens e adolescentes em tempos de pandemia no Chile. Conclusão. A pandemia afetou os mecanismos de participação de jovens e adolescentes no Chile. No entanto, dentro das experiências destacadas pelos jovens, surgiram aspectos como comunicação virtual, saúde digital e outras estratégias que facilitaram a participação. Por outro lado, nessa crise de saúde mundial, aumentaram algumas lacunas na participação em saúde, como o acesso, principalmente em populações rurais.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Social Participation , COVID-19 , Chile , Cross-Sectional Studies , Focus Groups , eHealth StrategiesABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective. To examine the homicide trends among young people (10-24 years), adolescents (10-19 years), and young adults (20-24 years) in 33 countries in the Americas between 2000 and 2019, with a focus on inequalities between countries in the burden of homicides. Methods. An ecological study was performed using estimated deaths from 33 countries. Age-adjusted rates, percentage change (PC), average annual percentage change (AAPC), and relative risk (RR) were estimated; besides, analysis on social inequalities was performed. Results. In the Americas between 2000 and 2019, homicide has been the leading cause of death with 54 515 deaths on average each year and an age-adjusted rate of 23.6 per 100 000 among young people. The highest rate was found in the Andean subregion (41.1 per 100 000 young people), which also produced the highest decrease (PC = -37.1% and AAPC = -2.4%) in the study period. The risk of homicide in young men is 8.1 times the risk in young women, and the risk in young adults is 2.5 times the risk in adolescents. The three countries with highest risk of homicide for young people are Venezuela (relative risk [RR] = 35.1), El Salvador (RR = 28.1), and Colombia (RR = 26.7). The estimated excess mortality was 26.8 homicides per 100 000 in the poorest 20% of countries compared to the richest 20% of countries in the period 2000-2009, and it decreased to 13.9 in the period 2010-2019. Conclusions. The results of this study add to the knowledge of homicide among young people and can be used to inform policy and programming in countries. Given the great burden of homicide on young people in the region, it is critical that prevention opportunities are maximized, beginning early in life.
RESUMEN Objetivo. Examinar las tendencias de los homicidios entre la población joven (10-24 años), los adolescentes (10-19 años) y los adultos jóvenes (20-24 años) en 33 países de las Américas entre el 2000 y el 2019, con particular atención a las desigualdades entre los países en materia de cifras de homicidios. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio ecológico utilizando las muertes estimadas de 33 países. Se estimaron las tasas ajustadas en función de la edad, el cambio porcentual (CP), el cambio porcentual anual promedio (CPAP) y el riesgo relativo (RR). Además, se realizó un análisis sobre las desigualdades sociales. Resultados. Entre el 2000 y el 2019, el homicidio ha sido la principal causa de muerte en las Américas, con un promedio anual de 54 515 muertes y una tasa ajustada en función de la edad de 23,6 por cada 100 000 habitantes en la población joven. La tasa más alta se observó en la subregión andina (41,1 por cada 100 000 habitantes para la población joven), en la cual también se observó la mayor disminución (CP = -37,1% y CPAP = -2,4%) en el período de estudio. El riesgo de homicidio entre los hombres jóvenes es 8,1 veces mayor que entre las mujeres jóvenes, y el riesgo entre los adultos jóvenes es 2,5 veces mayor que el riesgo en adolescentes. Los tres países con mayor riesgo de homicidio para los jóvenes son Venezuela (riesgo relativo [RR] = 35,1), El Salvador (RR = 28,1) y Colombia (RR = 26,7). El exceso de mortalidad estimado fue de 26,8 homicidios por cada 100 000 habitantes en el 20% de los países más pobres, en comparación con el 20% de los países más ricos, durante el período 2000-2009, y disminuyó a 13,9 durante el período 2010-2019. Conclusiones. Los resultados de este estudio se suman a los conocimientos sobre el homicidio entre la población joven, y pueden utilizarse para fundamentar las políticas y los programas de los países. Dada la enorme carga de homicidios que sufre la población joven de la región, es fundamental impulsar al máximo las oportunidades de prevención desde las primeras etapas de la vida.
RESUMO Objetivo. Examinar as tendências de homicídios entre pessoas jovens (10 a 24 anos), adolescentes (10 a 19 anos) e adultas jovens (20 a 24 anos) em 33 países das Américas entre 2000 e 2019, com foco em desigualdades da carga de homicídios entre países. Métodos. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico usando estimativas de óbitos de 33 países. Foram estimadas taxas ajustadas por idade, variação percentual (VP), variação percentual anual média (VPAM) e risco relativo (RR); além disso, foi realizada uma análise das desigualdades sociais. Resultados. Entre 2000 e 2019, o homicídio foi a principal causa de morte nas Américas, com uma média de 54.515 óbitos por ano e uma taxa ajustada por idade de 23,6 por 100 mil pessoas entre pessoas jovens. A taxa mais alta foi encontrada na sub-região andina (41,1 por 100 mil jovens), que também registrou a redução mais acentuada (VP = -37,1% e VPAM = -2,4%) no período do estudo. O risco de homicídio entre homens jovens é 8,1 vezes maior que o risco em mulheres jovens, e o risco entre pessoas adultas jovens é 2,5 vezes maior que o risco em adolescentes. Os três países com maior risco de homicídio entre pessoas jovens são Venezuela (RR = 35,1), El Salvador (RR = 28,1) e Colômbia (RR = 26,7). Nos países, o excesso de mortalidade estimado foi de 26,8 homicídios por 100 mil habitantes nos 20% mais pobres comparados aos 20% mais ricos no período de 2000 a 2009. Esse número diminuiu para 13,9 no período de 2010 a 2019. Conclusões. Os resultados deste estudo se somam às informações sobre homicídios entre jovens e podem ser usados para embasar políticas e programas nacionais. Dado o grande ônus que os homicídios representam para as pessoas jovens da região, é fundamental que as oportunidades de prevenção sejam maximizadas desde cedo em suas vidas.
ABSTRACT
Background: Afrodescendants are systematically affected by discrimination in the Americas and few multi-country studies addressed ethnic inequalities in health and wellbeing in the region. We aimed to investigate gaps in coverage of key health outcomes and socioeconomic inequalities between Afrodescendants and non-Afrodescendants populations in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Methods: Using national household surveys (2011-2019) from ten countries, we analyzed absolute inequalities between Afrodescendants and a comparison group that includes non-Afrodescendants and non-Indigenous individuals (henceforth non-Afrodescendants) across 17 indicators in the continuum of reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health. These include indicators of family planning, antenatal care, delivery assistance, child nutrition, immunization coverage, child protection, access to improved water, sanitation and hygiene, adolescent fertility, and early childhood mortality. Inequalities between country-specific subgroups of Afrodescendants were also explored. The slope index of inequality was used to assess wealth-based inequalities within each ethnic group. Findings: Afrodescendants represented from 2·8% (Honduras) to 59·1% (Brazil) of the national samples. Of the 128 combinations of country and indicators with data, Afrodescendants fared worse in 78 (of which 33 were significant) and performed better in 50 (15 significant). More systematic disadvantages for Afrodescendants were found for demand for family planning satisfied, early marriage, and household handwashing and sanitation facilities. In contrast, Afrodescendants tended to present lower c-section rates and lower stunting prevalence. Honduras was the only country where Afrodescendants performed better than non-Afrodescendants in several indicators. Wealth gaps among Afrodescendants were wider than those observed for non-Afrodescendants for most indicators and across all countries. Interpretation: Gaps in health outcomes between Afrodescendants and non-Afrodescendants were observed in most countries, with more frequent disadvantages for the former although, in many cases, the gaps were reversed. Wealth inequalities within Afrodescendants tended to be wider than for non-Afrodescendants. Funding: Pan American Health Organization, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Wellcome Trust.
ABSTRACT
Every Woman Every Child Latin America and the Caribbean (EWEC-LAC) was established in 2017 as a regional inter-agency mechanism. EWEC-LAC coordinates the regional implementation of the Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescents' Health in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), including adaptation to region specific needs, to end preventable deaths, ensure health and well-being and expand enabling environments for the health and well-being of women, children and adolescents. To advance the equitable achievement of these objectives, EWEC-LAC's three working groups collectively support LAC countries in measuring and monitoring social inequalities in health, advocating for their reduction, and designing and implementing equity-oriented strategies, policies and interventions. This support for data-driven advocacy, capacity building, and policy and program solutions toward closing current gaps ensures that no one is left behind. Members of EWEC-LAC include PAHO, UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF, UN WOMEN, the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, USAID, LAC Regional Neonatal Alliance, and the LAC Regional Task Force for the Reduction of Maternal Mortality. To date, EWEC-LAC has developed and collected innovative tools and resources and begun to engage with countries to utilize them to reduce equity gaps. These resources include a framework for the measurement of social inequalities in health, data use and advocacy tools including a data dashboard to visualize trends in social inequalities in health in LAC countries, a methodology for setting targets for the reduction of inequalities, and a compendium of tools, instruments and methods to identify and address social inequalities in health. EWEC-LAC has also engaged regionally to emphasize the importance of recognizing these inequalities at social and political levels, and advocated for the reduction of these gaps. Attention to closing health equity gaps is ever more critical in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic which has exploited existing vulnerabilities. More equitable health systems will be better prepared to confront future health shocks.
A iniciativa "Todas as mulheres, todas as crianças da América Latina e Caribe" (EWEC-LAC, na sigla em inglês) foi criada em 2017 como um mecanismo interinstitucional regional. Coordena a implementação regional da Estratégia Mundial para a Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente 2016-2030 na América Latina e Caribe (ALC), incluindo sua adaptação a necessidades específicas da região, para acabar com as mortes evitáveis, garantir a saúde e o bem-estar e expandir ambientes propícios para a saúde e o bem-estar de mulheres, crianças e adolescentes. Para promover o alcance equitativo desses objetivos, os três grupos de trabalho da EWEC-LAC apoiam coletivamente os países da ALC com a medição e o monitoramento das desigualdades sociais de saúde, a promoção de sua redução, e o delineamento e a implementação de estratégias, políticas e intervenções voltadas para a equidade. Esse apoio para fechar as lacunas atuais assegura que ninguém seja deixado para trás. Os membros da iniciativa EWEC-LAC incluem UNFPA, OPAS, ONU Mulheres, UNAIDS, UNICEF, Banco Mundial, Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento, USAID, Aliança Neonatal Regional para ALC e Grupo de Trabalho Regional para a Redução da Mortalidade Materna. Até o momento, a EWEC-LAC desenvolveu e compilou ferramentas e recursos inovadores e começou a colaborar com os países para utilizá-los a fim de reduzir as lacunas de equidade. Isso inclui uma estrutura de medição das desigualdades sociais de saúde, ferramentas de promoção de dados (como um painel de dados para visualizar tendências nas desigualdades sociais de saúde), uma metodologia para estabelecer metas para reduzir as desigualdades e um compêndio de ferramentas e métodos para identificar e abordar as desigualdades sociais de saúde. A EWEC-LAC trabalhou na região para enfatizar a importância de reconhecer essas desigualdades nos níveis social e político, e defendeu sua redução. A atenção para o fechamento das lacunas de equidade na saúde é cada vez mais crítica frente à pandemia de COVID-19, que exacerbou as vulnerabilidades existentes. Sistemas de saúde mais equitativos estarão mais bem preparados para lidar com futuras crises de saúde.
ABSTRACT
[RESUMEN]. La iniciativa Todas las Mujeres Todos los Niños América Latina y el Caribe (EWEC-LAC, por su sigla en inglés) se estableció en el 2017 como un mecanismo interinstitucional regional. Coordina la implementación regional de la Estrategia Mundial para la Salud de la Mujer, el Niño y el Adolescente 2016-2030 en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), lo que incluye su adaptación a necesidades específicas de la Región, para poner fin a las muertes evitables, garantizar la salud y el bienestar, y ampliar los entornos propicios para la salud y el bienestar de mujeres, niños y adolescentes. Para promover el logro equitativo de estos objetivos, los tres grupos de trabajo de EWEC-LAC apoyan colectivamente a los países de ALC en la medición y el monitoreo de las desigualdades sociales en la salud, la promoción de la disminución de estas y el diseño e implementación de estrategias, políticas e intervenciones orientadas a la equidad. Este apoyo para cerrar las brechas actuales asegura que nadie se quede atrás. Los miembros de la iniciativa EWEC-LAC incluyen al UNFPA, la OPS, ONU-Mujeres, ONUSIDA, UNICEF, el Banco Mundial, el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, USAID, la Alianza Regional Neonatal para ALC y el Grupo de Trabajo Regional para la Reducción de la Mortalidad Materna. A la fecha, EWEC-LAC ha desarrollado y recopilado herramientas y recursos innovadores, y ha comenzado a colaborar con los países para utilizarlos a fin de reducir las brechas en la equidad. Estos incluyen un marco de medición de las desigualdades sociales en la salud, herramientas de promoción de datos, como un tablero de datos para visualizar tendencias en las desigualdades sociales en la salud, una metodología para establecer metas en la disminución de las desigualdades, y un compendio de herramientas y métodos para identificar y abordar las desigualdades sociales en la salud. EWEC-LAC ha trabajado en la Región para enfatizar la importancia de reconocer estas desigualdades a los niveles sociales y políticos, y ha abogado por su disminución. La atención para cerrar las brechas de equidad en la salud es cada vez más crítica frente a la pandemia de COVID-19, que ha agudizado las vulnerabilidades existentes. Los sistemas de salud más equitativos estarán mejor preparados para hacer frente a futuras crisis de salud.
[ABSTRACT]. Every Woman Every Child Latin America and the Caribbean (EWEC-LAC) was established in 2017 as a regio- nal inter-agency mechanism. EWEC-LAC coordinates the regional implementation of the Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ Health in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), including adapta- tion to region specific needs, to end preventable deaths, ensure health and well-being and expand enabling environments for the health and well-being of women, children and adolescents. To advance the equitable achievement of these objectives, EWEC-LAC’s three working groups collectively support LAC countries in measuring and monitoring social inequalities in health, advocating for their reduction, and designing and implementing equity-oriented strategies, policies and interventions. This support for data-driven advocacy, capacity building, and policy and program solutions toward closing current gaps ensures that no one is left behind. Members of EWEC-LAC include PAHO, UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF, UN WOMEN, the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, USAID, LAC Regional Neonatal Alliance, and the LAC Regional Task Force for the Reduction of Maternal Mortality. To date, EWEC-LAC has developed and collected innovative tools and resources and begun to engage with countries to utilize them to reduce equity gaps. These resources include a framework for the measurement of social inequalities in health, data use and advocacy tools including a data dashboard to visualize trends in social inequalities in health in LAC countries, a methodology for setting targets for the reduction of inequalities, and a compendium of tools, instruments and methods to identify and address social inequalities in health. EWEC-LAC has also engaged regionally to emphasize the importance of recogni- zing these inequalities at social and political levels, and advocated for the reduction of these gaps. Attention to closing health equity gaps is ever more critical in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic which has exploited existing vulnerabilities. More equitable health systems will be better prepared to confront future health shocks.
[RESUMO]. A iniciativa “Todas as mulheres, todas as crianças da América Latina e Caribe” (EWEC-LAC, na sigla em inglês) foi criada em 2017 como um mecanismo interinstitucional regional. Coordena a implementação regio- nal da Estratégia Mundial para a Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente 2016-2030 na América Latina e Caribe (ALC), incluindo sua adaptação a necessidades específicas da região, para acabar com as mortes evitáveis, garantir a saúde e o bem-estar e expandir ambientes propícios para a saúde e o bem-estar de mulheres, crianças e adolescentes. Para promover o alcance equitativo desses objetivos, os três grupos de trabalho da EWEC-LAC apoiam coletivamente os países da ALC com a medição e o monitoramento das desigualdades sociais de saúde, a promoção de sua redução, e o delineamento e a implementação de estra- tégias, políticas e intervenções voltadas para a equidade. Esse apoio para fechar as lacunas atuais assegura que ninguém seja deixado para trás. Os membros da iniciativa EWEC-LAC incluem UNFPA, OPAS, ONU Mulheres, UNAIDS, UNICEF, Banco Mundial, Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento, USAID, Aliança Neonatal Regional para ALC e Grupo de Trabalho Regional para a Redução da Mortalidade Materna. Até o momento, a EWEC-LAC desenvolveu e compilou ferramentas e recursos inovadores e começou a colaborar com os países para utilizá-los a fim de reduzir as lacunas de equidade. Isso inclui uma estrutura de medição das desigualdades sociais de saúde, ferramentas de promoção de dados (como um painel de dados para visualizar tendências nas desigualdades sociais de saúde), uma metodologia para estabelecer metas para reduzir as desigualdades e um compêndio de ferramentas e métodos para identificar e abordar as des- igualdades sociais de saúde. A EWEC-LAC trabalhou na região para enfatizar a importância de reconhecer essas desigualdades nos níveis social e político, e defendeu sua redução. A atenção para o fechamento das lacunas de equidade na saúde é cada vez mais crítica frente à pandemia de COVID-19, que exacerbou as vulnerabilidades existentes. Sistemas de saúde mais equitativos estarão mais bem preparados para lidar com futuras crises de saúde.
Subject(s)
Comprehensive Health Care , Health Inequality Monitoring , Sustainable Development , Latin America , Caribbean Region , Comprehensive Health Care , Health Inequality Monitoring , Sustainable Development , Latin America , Caribbean Region , Comprehensive Health Care , Health Inequality Monitoring , Sustainable Development , Caribbean Region , COVID-19Subject(s)
Nurses , Quality of Health Care , Adolescent , Clinical Competence , Humans , Nurse's RoleABSTRACT
[RESUMEN]. Este artículo ha sido corregido: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2022.151 Objetivo. Describir los resultados en salud de los hombres a partir del análisis sobre la interrelación de estos con las masculinidades, que permitirá la identificación de acciones para mejorar los resultados de salud de hombres, mujeres y niños. Métodos. Actualización y expansión de los hallazgos del informe Masculinidades y Salud en las Américas publicado por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud en el 2019, el cual se realizó a partir de una bús- queda intencionada y actualizada de datos secundarios sobre la salud masculina y otras investigaciones que abordan la temática. Resultados. La salud de los hombres y de las mujeres es distinta, no solo por los factores biológicos, sino también por la construcción y las desigualdades de género, y la intersección de los determinantes sociales. Existen importantes diferencias en los patrones de mortalidad y morbilidad por sexo a lo largo del curso de vida, incluida la sobremortalidad de los hombres por causas prevenibles como las muertes violentas, los accidentes viales y el consumo de alcohol y otras drogas (cocaína, cannabis y anfetaminas, entre otras). Varias de las causas de la mortalidad y la morbilidad se encuentran vinculadas con la expresión del modelo hegemónico de masculinidad y esto representa un riesgo para la salud integral de los hombres y para las personas cercanas. Conclusiones. Proponemos que se deben políticas coordinadas e intersectoriales con perspectiva de género relacional e interseccional que incluyan a los hombres para generar acciones de salud en todas las políticas para la diversidad de hombres con consecuencias positivas también para niños, adolescentes y mujeres.
[ABSTRACT]. This article has been corrected: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2022.151 Objective. Describe health outcomes for men based on analysis of their interrelationship with masculinities, which will make it possible to identify actions to improve health outcomes of men, women, and children. Methods. Update and expansion of the findings stated in the report on Masculinities and Health in the Region of the Americas, published by the Pan American Health Organization in 2019, which was based on a targeted, up-to-date search for secondary data on men’s health and other research addressing the topic. Results. Men’s and women’s health is different, not only because of biological factors, but also because of gender constructs and inequalities, and the intersection of social determinants. Considerable differences are seen in mortality and morbidity patterns by sex over the life course, including men’s over-mortality from preven- table causes such as violent deaths, road accidents, and use of alcohol and other drugs (cocaine, cannabis, and amphetamines, among others). Several causes of mortality and morbidity are linked to expressions of the hegemonic model of masculinity, which endangers the overall health of men and people close to them. Conclusions. We propose the adoption of coordinated and intersectoral policies with a relational and inter- sectional gender perspective that includes men, in order to generate health actions in all policies aimed at men in all their diversity, with positive consequences as well for children, adolescents, and women.
[RESUMO]. Este artigo foi corrigido: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2022.151 Objetivo. Descrever os desfechos da saúde dos homens a partir da análise de sua inter-relação com as masculinidades, que permitirá identificar ações para melhorar os desfechos de saúde de homens, mulheres e crianças. Métodos. Atualização e ampliação dos achados do relatório Masculinidades e Saúde nas Américas, publi- cado pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde em 2019, que foi realizado a partir de uma busca intencional e atualizada de dados secundários sobre a saúde do homem e outras pesquisas que abordam o tema. Resultados. A saúde dos homens e das mulheres é distinta não apenas por fatores biológicos, mas também pela construção e pelas desigualdades de gênero, e pela intersecção dos determinantes sociais. Existem diferenças importantes nos padrões de morbimortalidade por sexo ao longo do curso de vida, incluindo a sobremortalidade dos homens por causas evitáveis como mortes violentas, acidentes de trânsito, e consumo de álcool e outras drogas (cocaína, cannabis e anfetaminas, entre outros). Várias causas de mortalidade e morbidade estão vinculadas à expressão do modelo hegemônico de masculinidade, que representa um risco à saúde integral dos homens e das pessoas próximas a eles. Conclusões. Propomos o desenvolvimento de políticas coordenadas e intersetoriais, com perspectiva de gênero relacional e interseccional que inclua homens, a fim de gerar ações de saúde em todas as políti- cas para a diversidade dos homens, com consequências positivas também para crianças, adolescentes e mulheres.
Subject(s)
Men's Health , Masculinity , Gender and Health , Public Policy , Men's Health , Masculinity , Gender and Health , Health Policy , Men's Health , Masculinity , Gender and Health , Health Policy , COVID-19ABSTRACT
Objective: To estimate the burden of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Treponema pallidum (TP), and human papillomavirus (HPV) infections among people aged 10 to 25 in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS databases were searched, as well as documents from regional organizations or national health Institutions. Population-based studies that reported prevalence or incidence of CT, NG, TP, and HPV detected through confirmatory tests in adolescents and young people were included. Two reviewers independently selected studies and extracted data. The quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Pooled estimators were calculated in cases where heterogeneity was <70%; when not feasible, prevalence ranges were reported. Results: Out of a total of 3 583 references, 15 prevalence studies complied with the inclusion criteria. Due to substantial heterogeneity (>70%), it was not possible to pool frequency estimators. Among the general population, the prevalence of CT infection ranged between 2.1% and 30.1% (9 studies, 5 670 participants); for NG, prevalence ranged between 0% and 2.9% (8 studies, 5 855 participants); for TP, prevalence varied between 0% and 0.7% (3 studies, 11 208 participants), and for HPV infection, prevalence ranged between 25.1% and 55.6% (8 studies, 3 831 participants). Conclusions: Reliable, population-based data on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in adolescents and youth in Latin America and the Caribbean are limited. Additional studies are needed to better understand the burden of STIs in this population. However, given the substantial prevalence of STIs detected, countries need public health policies for prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of STIs in young people.
ABSTRACT
The Every Woman Every Child Latin America and the Caribbean (EWEC-LAC) initiative was established in 2017 as a regional inter-agency mechanism. EWEC-LAC coordinates the regional implementation of the Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescents' Health in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), including adaptation to region specific needs, to end preventable deaths, ensure health and well-being and expand enabling environments for the health and well-being of women, children and adolescents. To advance the equitable achievement of these objectives, EWEC-LAC's three working groups collectively support LAC countries in measuring and monitoring social inequalities in health, advocating for their reduction, and designing and implementing equity-oriented strategies, policies and interventions. This support for data-driven advocacy, capacity building, and policy and program solutions toward closing current gaps ensures that no one is left behind. Members of EWEC-LAC include PAHO, UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF, UN WOMEN, the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, USAID, LAC Regional Neonatal Alliance, and the LAC Regional Task Force for the Reduction of Maternal Mortality. To date, EWEC-LAC has developed and collected innovative tools and resources and begun to engage with countries to utilize them to reduce equity gaps. These resources include a framework for the measurement of social inequalities in health, data use and advocacy tools including a data dashboard to visualize trends in social inequalities in health in LAC countries, a methodology for setting targets for the reduction of inequalities, and a compendium of tools, instruments and methods to identify and address social inequalities in health. EWEC-LAC has also engaged regionally to emphasize the importance of recognizing these inequalities at social and political levels, and advocated for the reduction of these gaps. Attention to closing health equity gaps is ever more critical in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic which has exploited existing vulnerabilities. More equitable health systems will be better prepared to confront future health shocks.
RESUMEN: La iniciativa Todas las mujeres, Todos los niños América Latina y el Caribe (EWEC-LAC, por su sigla en inglés) se estableció en 2017 como un mecanismo interinstitucional regional. Coordina la implementación regional de la Estrategia Mundial para la Salud de la Mujer, el Niño y el Adolescente en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), incluyendo la adaptación a necesidades específicas de la región, para poner fin a muertes evitables, garantizar la salud y el bienestar y ampliar entornos propicios para la salud y el bienestar de mujeres, niños, niñas y adolescentes. Para promover el logro equitativo de estos objetivos, los tres grupos de trabajo de EWEC-LAC colectivamente apoyan a los países de ALC en la medición y monitoreo de las desigualdades sociales en salud, la abogacía por la disminución de estas y el diseño e implementación de estrategias, políticas e intervenciones orientadas a la equidad. Este apoyo para cerrar brechas actuales asegura que nadie se quede atrás. Miembros de EWEC-LAC incluyen FPNU, OPS, ONU Mujeres, ONUSIDA, UNICEF, el Banco Mundial, el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, USAID, la Alianza Regional Neonatal para ALC, y el Grupo de Trabajo Regional para la Reducción de la Mortalidad Materna. A la fecha, EWEC-LAC ha desarrollado y recopilado herramientas y recursos innovadores y ha comenzado a colaborar con los países para utilizarlos a fin de reducir brechas de equidad. Estos incluyen un marco de medición de desigualdades sociales en salud, herramientas de promoción de datos incluyendo un tablero de datos para visualizar tendencias en desigualdades sociales en salud, una metodología para establecer metas en la disminución de las desigualdades y un compendio de herramientas y métodos para identificar y abordar las desigualdades sociales en salud. EWEC-LAC ha trabajado en la región para enfatizar la importancia de reconocer estas desigualdades a niveles sociales y políticos, y ha abogado por la disminución de éstas. La atención para cerrar las brechas de equidad en salud es cada vez más crítica frente a la pandemia de COVID-19, que ha agudizado las vulnerabilidades existentes. Sistemas de salud más equitativos estarán mejor preparados para hacer frente a futuras crisis de salud.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemics , Adolescent , Caribbean Region , Child , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Latin America , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To estimate the burden of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Treponema pallidum (TP), and human papillomavirus (HPV) infections among people aged 10 to 25 in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS databases were searched, as well as documents from regional organizations or national health Institutions. Population-based studies that reported prevalence or incidence of CT, NG, TP, and HPV detected through confirmatory tests in adolescents and young people were included. Two reviewers independently selected studies and extracted data. The quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Pooled estimators were calculated in cases where heterogeneity was <70%; when not feasible, prevalence ranges were reported. Results. Out of a total of 3 583 references, 15 prevalence studies complied with the inclusion criteria. Due to substantial heterogeneity (>70%), it was not possible to pool frequency estimators. Among the general population, the prevalence of CT infection ranged between 2.1% and 30.1% (9 studies, 5 670 participants); for NG, prevalence ranged between 0% and 2.9% (8 studies, 5 855 participants); for TP, prevalence varied between 0% and 0.7% (3 studies, 11 208 participants), and for HPV infection, prevalence ranged between 25.1% and 55.6% (8 studies, 3 831 participants). Conclusions. Reliable, population-based data on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in adolescents and youth in Latin America and the Caribbean are limited. Additional studies are needed to better understand the burden of STIs in this population. However, given the substantial prevalence of STIs detected, countries need public health policies for prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of STIs in young people.
[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Calcular la carga de infecciones por Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Treponema pallidum (PT) y el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) en personas de edades comprendidas entre los 10 y los 25 años en América Latina y el Caribe. Métodos. Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos MEDLINE, EMBASE y LILACS, así como en documentos de organizaciones regionales o instituciones nacionales de salud. Se incluyeron estudios poblacionales que notificaron la prevalencia o la incidencia de CT, NG, TP y VPH, detectados mediante pruebas confirmatorias en adolescentes y jóvenes. Dos revisores seleccionaron de forma independiente los estudios y extrajeron los datos. La calidad de los estudios se evaluó mediante la escala de Newcastle-Ottawa. Se hicieron estimaciones combinadas en los casos en que la heterogeneidad era <70 %; cuando no era posible, se presentaron los rangos de prevalencia. Resultados. De un total de 3 583 referencias, 15 estudios de prevalencia cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Debido a una significativa heterogeneidad (>70%), no fue posible agrupar las estimaciones de frecuencia. En la población general, la prevalencia de infección por CT fluctuó entre 2,1 % y 30,1 % (9 estudios y 5 670 participantes); en el caso de NG, la prevalencia fluctuó entre 0 % y 2,9 % (8 estudios y 5 855 participantes); en el caso de PT, la prevalencia varió entre 0 % y 0,7 % (3 estudios y 11 208 participantes) y en el caso de infección por VPH, la prevalencia fluctuó entre 25,1 % y 55,6 % (8 estudios y 3 831 participantes). Conclusiones. Los datos poblacionales fiables sobre las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) en adolescentes y jóvenes en América Latina y el Caribe son limitados. Es necesario hacer estudios adicionales para comprender mejor la carga de las ITS en este grupo poblacional. Sin embargo, dada la significativa prevalencia de ITS detectada, los países requieren políticas de salud pública para la prevención, el diagnóstico temprano y el tratamiento de las ITS en la población joven.
[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Estimar a carga de infecção por Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Treponema pallidum (TP) e papilomavírus humano (HPV) na população entre 10 e 25 anos de idade na América Latina e no Caribe. Métodos. Foi realizada uma pesquisa nas bases de dados MEDLINE, EMBASE e LILACS, assim como da documentação de entidades regionais ou nacionais que atuam na área da saúde. Foram incluídos na revisão estudos populacionais que registraram a incidência ou a prevalência de infecção por CT, NG, TP e HPV, verificada por meio de exames confirmatórios realizados em adolescentes e jovens. Dois revisores trabalharam de modo independente na seleção dos estudos e extração dos dados. A qualidade dos estudos foi avaliada utilizando a Escala de Newcastle-Ottawa. Foi feito o cálculo dos estimadores combinados quando a heterogeneidade era <70% e apresentada a variação da prevalência nos outros casos quando essa estimativa não foi possível. Resultados. Das 3 583 referências levantadas, 15 eram estudos de prevalência que satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão. Devido à heterogeneidade considerável entre os estudos (>70%), não foi possível combinar os estimadores de frequência. Na população geral, a prevalência de infecção por CT variou entre 2,1% e 30,1% (9 estudos, 5 670 participantes); a de NG, entre 0 e 2,9% (8 estudos, 5 855 participantes); a de TP, entre 0 e 0,7% (3 estudos, 11 208 participantes); e a de infecção por HPV, entre 25,1% e 55,6% (8 estudos, 3 831 participantes). Conclusões. Faltam dados populacionais confiáveis relativos a infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (ISTs) em adolescentes e jovens na América Latina e no Caribe. Outros estudos devem ser realizados para um entendimento melhor da carga dessas infecções na população. Diante da elevada prevalência verificada, os países precisam dispor de políticas de saúde pública para prevenção, diagnóstico precoce e tratamento de ISTs na população jovem.’