Impact of Psychological Capital on Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intention: Evidence from Korean Flight Attendants.

Background: We analyzed the effects of psychological capital on organizational commitment and turnover intention among flight attendants at a Korean airline and the mediating effect of organizational commitment. Methods: Data were collected through a 2022 survey of Korean flight attendants, yielding 297 responses. Model reliability and validity were assessed to confirm hypotheses. Results: Hope had a significant negative effect on turnover intention P<0.05), whereas optimism and resilience did not have significant effects on turnover intention. Additionally, hope had a significant positive effect on normative and continuance commitment, unlike optimism and resilience, which did not have significant effects on normative commitment or continuance commitment. Both normative commitment and continuance commitment negatively influenced turnover intention. Organizational commitment mediated the relationship between psychological capital and turnover intention, reinforcing the positive impact of psychological capital on reducing turnover intention. Conclusion: This study underscores the significance of psychological capital in shaping organizational commitment and reducing turnover intention among Korean flight attendants. Strengthening psychological capital and fostering organizational commitment can bolster airline stability, competitiveness, and service quality.

Loss of periostin function impairs ligament fibroblast activity and facilitates ROS-mediated cellular senescence.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries pose a significant challenge due to their limited healing potential, often resulting in premature arthritis. The factors and mechanisms contributing to this inadequate healing process remain elusive. During the acute phase of injury, ACL tissues express elevated periostin levels that decline over time. The functional significance of periostin in ligament biology remains understudied. In this study, we investigated the functional and mechanistic implications of periostin deficiency in ACL biology, utilizing ligament fibroblasts derived from patients and a murine model of ACL rupture. Our investigations unveiled that periostin knockdown compromised fibroblast growth characteristics, hindered the egress of progenitor cells from explants, and arrested cell-cycle progression, resulting in the accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase and moderate apoptosis. Concurrently, a significant reduction in the expression of cell-cycle and matrix-related genes was observed. Moreover, periostin deficiency triggered apoptosis through STAT3Y705/p38MAPK signaling and induced cellular senescence through increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mechanistically, inhibition of ROS production mitigated cell senescence in these cells. Notably, in vivo data revealed that ACL in Postn-/- mice exhibited a higher tearing frequency than wild-type mice under equivalent loading conditions. Furthermore, injured ACL with silenced periostin expression, achieved through nanoparticle-siRNA complex delivery, displayed an elevated propensity for apoptosis and senescence compared to intact ACL in C57BL/6 mice. Together, our findings underscore the pivotal role of periostin in ACL health, injury, and potential for healing.

Two-stage multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for overlapping community discovery.

As one of the essential topological structures in complex networks, community structure has significant theoretical and application value and has attracted the attention of researchers in many fields. In a social network, individuals may belong to different communities simultaneously, such as a workgroup and a hobby group. Therefore, overlapping community discovery can help us understand and model the network structure of these multiple relationships more accurately. This article proposes a two-stage multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for overlapping community discovery problem. First, using the initialization method to divide the central node based on node degree, combined with the cross-mutation evolution strategy of the genome matrix, the first stage of non-overlapping community division is completed on the decomposition-based multi-objective optimization framework. Then, based on the result set of the first stage, appropriate nodes are selected from each individual's community as the central node of the initial population in the second stage, and the fuzzy threshold is optimized through the fuzzy clustering method based on evolutionary calculation and the feedback model, to find reasonable overlapping nodes. Finally, tests are conducted on synthetic datasets and real datasets. The statistical results demonstrate that compared with other representative algorithms, this algorithm performs optimally on test instances and has better results.

Decomposition-Estimation-Reconstruction: An Automatic and Accurate Neuron Extraction Paradigm.

The extraction of spatiotemporal neuron activity from calcium imaging videos plays a crucial role in unraveling the coding properties of neurons. While existing neuron extraction approaches have shown promising results, disturbing and scattering background and unused depth still impede their performance. To address these limitations, we develop an automatic and accurate neuron extraction paradigm, dubbed as decomposition-estimation-reconstruction (DER), consisting of D-procedure, E-procedure, and R-procedure. Specifically, the D-procedure first decomposes the raw data into a low-rank background and a sparse neuron signal, and regularizes L0 -norm priors of intensity and gradient of the neuron signal to suppress blurring and artifact effects. Then, the E-procedure estimates the depth-dependent transmission of the neuron signal based on its bright and dark channel priors. The R-procedure finally integrates the depth estimation of the neuron signal as a content-importance weight into a constrained non-negative matrix decomposition framework, which facilitates accurate neuron locations to boost the quality of extracted neurons. These three procedures are coupled in a cascade manner, where the former copes with calcium imaging data to facilitate the subsequent one. Comprehensive experiments on neuron extraction from calcium imaging videos demonstrate the superiority of our DER paradigm in both qualitative results and quantitative assessments over state-of-the-art methods.

Antagonism of ß-arrestins in IL-4-driven microglia reactivity via the Samd4/mTOR/OXPHOS axis in Parkinson's disease.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4)-exposed microglia acquire neuroprotective properties, but their functions and regulation in Parkinson's disease (PD) are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-4 enhances anti-inflammatory microglia reactivity, ameliorates the pathological features of PD, and reciprocally affects expression of ß-arrestin 1 and ß-arrestin 2 in microglia in PD mouse models. We also show that manipulation of two ß-arrestins produces contrary effects on the anti-inflammatory states and neuroprotective action of microglia induced by IL-4 in vivo and in vitro. We further find that the functional antagonism of two ß-arrestins is mediated through sequential activation of sterile alpha motif domain containing 4 (Samd4), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Collectively, these data reveal opposing functions of two closely related ß-arrestins in regulating the IL-4-induced microglia reactivity via the Samd4/mTOR/OXPHOS axis in PD mouse models and provide important insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutics of PD.

A Novel Compound with Kokumi Properties: Enzymatic Preparation and Taste Presentation Evaluation of N-Lauroyl Phenylalanine.

To satisfy the demands of the food industry, innovative flavor enhancers need to be developed urgently to increase the food flavor. In our work, N-lauroyl phenylalanine (LP) was prepared from phenylalanine (l-Phe) and lauric acid (Lau) in water through the use of commercial enzymes (Promatex, Sumizyme FP-G, and Trypsin), and its flavor-presenting properties and mechanism were investigated. The highest LP yields obtained under one-factor optimized conditions were 61.28, 63.43, and 77.58%, respectively. Sensory assessment and an e-tongue test revealed that 1 mg/L LP enhanced the kokumi, saltiness, and umami of the simulated chicken broth solution and attenuated the bitterness of the l-isoleucine solution. The molecular simulation results suggested that the mechanisms of LP enhancement of kokumi and umami were related to hCaSR and hT1R1-hT1R3, and that hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonds were involved in the binding of LP to taste receptors. The results implied that LP is a potential flavor enhancer for food applications.

Delocalized Orbitals Over Metal Clusters and Organic Linkers Enable Boosted Charge Transfer in Metal-Organic Framework for Overall CO2 Photoreduction.

The conversion of CO2 to C2 through photocatalysis poses significant challenges, and one of the biggest hurdles stems from the sluggishness of the multi-electron transfer process. Herein, taking metal-organic framework (PFC-98) as a model photocatalyst, we report a new strategy to facilitate charge separation. This strategy involves matching the energy levels of the lowest unoccupied node and linker orbitals of the MOF, thereby creating the lowest unoccupied crystal orbital (LUCO) delocalized over both the node and linker. This feature enables the direct excitation of electrons from photosensitive linker to the catalytic centers, achieving a direct charge transfer (DCT) pathway. For comparison, an isoreticular MOF (PFC-6) based on analogue components but with far apart frontier energy level was synthesized. The delocalized LUCO caused the presence of an internal charge-separated state (ICS), prolonging the excited state lifetime and further inhibiting the electron-hole recombination. The presence of an internal charge-separated state (ICS) prolongs the excited state lifetime and further inhibits the electron-hole recombination. Moreover, it also induced abundant electrons accumulating at the catalytic sites, enabling the multi-electron transfer process. As a result, the material featuring delocalized LUCO exhibits superior overall CO2 photocatalytic performance with high C2 production yield and selectivity.

Strategy to Efficient Photodynamic Therapy for Antibacterium: Donor-Acceptor Structure in Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework.

While the construction of a donor-acceptor (D-A) structure has gained great attention across various scientific disciplines, such structures are seldomly reported within the field of hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs). Herein, a D-A based HOF is synthesized, where the adjacent D-A pairs are connected by hydrogen bonds instead of the conventionally employed covalent bonds. This structural feature imparts material with a reduced energy gap between excited state and triplet state, thereby facilitating the intersystem crossing (ISC) and boosting the generation rate of single oxygen (quantum yield = 0.98). Consequently, the resulting material shows high performance for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT). The impact of D-A moiety is evident when comparing this finding to a parallel study conducted on an isoreticular HOF without a D-A structure. The study presented here provides in-depth insights into the photophysical properties of D-A pair in a hydrogen-bonded network, opening a new avenue to the design of innovative materials for efficient PDT.

Enzymatic synthesis and sensory evaluation of the novel kokumi compound N-butyryl phenylalanine.

In this study, food-grade glutamine transaminase (TGase) was utilized for the green-catalyzed preparation of N-butyryl amino acids. For improving the reusability of the enzyme preparation, immobilized TG enzyme (94.23% immobilization rate) was prepared. Furthermore, the yield of N-butyryl phenylalanine (BP) synthesized by TGase was obtained as 20.73% by one-factor experiment. The BP synthesis yield of immobilized TGase was 95.03% of that of TGase and remained above 60% of the initial enzyme activity after five runs. The sensory evaluation and E-tongue results showed that the addition of BP significantly increased the umami, saltiness, and richness intensities of the samples, and decreased the intensities of sourness, bitterness, and aftertaste-B. The molecular docking results indicated that hydrogen bonding dominated the binding of BP to taste receptors in the taste presentation mechanism of BP. These results confirmed the potential of BP as a flavor enhancer with promising applications in the food industry.

Protein and protein-polysaccharide composites-based 3D printing: The properties, roles and opportunities in future functional foods.

The food industry is undergoing a significant transformation with the advancement of 3D technology. Researchers in the field are increasingly interested in using protein and protein-polysaccharide composite materials for 3D printing applications. However, maintaining nutritional and sensory properties while guaranteeing printability of these materials is challenging. This review examines the commonly used protein and composite materials in food 3D printing and their roles in printing inks. This review also outlines the essential properties required for 3D printing, including extrudability, appropriate viscoelasticity, thixotropic properties, and gelation properties. Furthermore, it explores the wide range of potential applications for 3D printing technology in novel functional foods such as space food, dysphagia food, kid's food, meat analogue, and other specialized food products.

Pan-drug resistance and hypervirulence in a human fungal pathogen are enabled by mutagenesis induced by mammalian body temperature.

The continuing emergence of invasive fungal pathogens poses an increasing threat to public health. Here, through the China Hospital Invasive Fungal Surveillance Net programme, we identified two independent cases of human infection with a previously undescribed invasive fungal pathogen, Rhodosporidiobolus fluvialis, from a genus in which many species are highly resistant to fluconazole and caspofungin. We demonstrate that R. fluvialis can undergo yeast-to-pseudohyphal transition and that pseudohyphal growth enhances its virulence, revealed by the development of a mouse model. Furthermore, we show that mouse infection or mammalian body temperature induces its mutagenesis, allowing the emergence of hypervirulent mutants favouring pseudohyphal growth. Temperature-induced mutagenesis can also elicit the development of pan-resistance to three of the most commonly used first-line antifungals (fluconazole, caspofungin and amphotericin B) in different Rhodosporidiobolus species. Furthermore, polymyxin B was found to exhibit potent activity against the pan-resistant Rhodosporidiobolus mutants. Collectively, by identifying and characterizing a fungal pathogen in the drug-resistant genus Rhodosporidiobolus, we provide evidence that temperature-dependent mutagenesis can enable the development of pan-drug resistance and hypervirulence in fungi, and support the idea that global warming can promote the evolution of new fungal pathogens.

Modulation Steering Motion by Quantitative Electrical Stimulation in Pigeon Robots.

The pigeon robot has attracted significant attention in the field of animal robotics thanks to its outstanding mobility and adaptive capability in complex environments. However, research on pigeon robots is currently facing bottlenecks, and achieving fine control over the motion behavior of pigeon robots through brain-machine interfaces remains challenging. Here, we systematically quantify the relationship between electrical stimulation and stimulus-induced motion behaviors, and provide an analytical method to demonstrate the effectiveness of pigeon robots based on electrical stimulation. In this study, we investigated the influence of gradient voltage intensity (1.2-3.0 V) on the indoor steering motion control of pigeon robots. Additionally, we discussed the response time of electrical stimulation and the effective period of the brain-machine interface. The results indicate that pigeon robots typically exhibit noticeable behavioral responses at a 2.0 V voltage stimulus. Increasing the stimulation intensity significantly controls the steering angle and turning radius (p < 0.05), enabling precise control of pigeon robot steering motion through stimulation intensity regulation. When the threshold voltage is reached, the average response time of a pigeon robot to the electrical stimulation is 220 ms. This study quantifies the role of each stimulation parameter in controlling pigeon robot steering behavior, providing valuable reference information for the precise steering control of pigeon robots. Based on these findings, we offer a solution for achieving precise control of pigeon robot steering motion and contribute to solving the problem of encoding complex trajectory motion in pigeon robots.

Theoretical insights on highly efficient X-shaped near-infrared thermal activation delayed fluorescence emitter.

The near-infrared (NIR) thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules hold practical application value in various fields, including biological imaging, anti-counterfeiting, sensors, telemedicine, photomicrography, and night vision display. These molecules have emerged as a significant development direction in organic electroluminescent devices, offering exciting possibilities for future technological advancements. Despite the remarkable potential of NIR-TADF molecules in various applications, the development of molecules that exhibit both long-wavelength emission and high efficiency remains a significant challenge. Herein, based on T-type and Y-type TADF molecules BCN-TPA and ECN-TPA, a novel X-type TADF molecule X-ECN-TPA is theoretically designed through a molecular fusion strategy. Utilizing first-principles calculations and the thermal vibration correlation function (TVCF) method, the photophysical properties and luminescent mechanisms of these three molecules in both solvent and solid (doped films) are revealed. A comparison of the luminescent properties of isomeric BCN-TPA and ECN-TPA shows that the enhanced luminescence efficiency of BCN-TPA in the solid states is attributed to higher radiative rates and lower non-radiative rates. Furthermore, compared to BCN-TPA and ECN-TPA, X-ECN-TPA exhibits significant conjugation extension, resulting in a pronounced redshift, reaching 831 nm and 813 nm in solvent and solid states, respectively. Importantly, molecular fusion significantly increases the transition dipole moment density between the donor and acceptor, leading to a substantial increase in radiative transition rates. Additionally, molecular fusion effectively reduces the energy gap between the first singlet excited state (S1) and the first triplet excited state (T1), facilitating the improvement of the reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) process. In addition, the calculation of Marcus formula shows that the triplet energy transfer from CBP to BCN-TPA, ECN-TPA and X-ECN-TPA is very effective. This work not only designs a novel efficient NIR-TADF molecule but also proposes a strategy for designing efficient NIR-TADF molecules. This principle offers unique insights for optimizing traditional molecular frameworks, opening up new possibilities for future advancements.

Investigation of the multiple taste enhancement properties of N-succinyl-amino acids and their relationship to chemical structure using dynamic sensory techniques.

The present study aimed to explore the similarity and difference in taste enhancement properties of N-succinyl-L-phenylalanine (N-Suc-Phe), N-succinyl-L-tryptophan (N-Suc-Trp), and N-succinyl-L-tyrosine (N-Suc-Tyr) using temporal dominance of sensations (TDS), temporal check-all-that-apply (TCATA), and time-intensity (TI) techniques. Meanwhile, leading taste enhancers in the market, such as N'-[(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-N-(2-pyridin-2-ylethyl) oxamide (DE) was chosen to conduct a comparative analysis with the aforementioned three compounds. Findings from TDS and TCATA revealed that all compounds under investigation notably enhanced umami and saltiness while reducing bitterness in a concentration-dependent fashion (0.25-1 mg/L). Additionally, the TI results indicated that the duration of umami was extended by 50-75%, and the duration of bitterness was decreased by 20-40% upon addition of DE, N-Suc-Phe, N-Suc-Trp, and N-Suc-Tyr (1 mg/L). Among these, N-Suc-Trp was identified as the most effective in augmenting umami and mitigating bitterness, whereas N-Suc-Tyr excelled in enhancing saltiness intensity. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) pinpointed the carbon­carbon double bond as the important structure influencing the enhancement of umami and reduction of bitterness, whereas the phenolic hydroxyl group was identified as critical for enhancing saltiness. This investigation provided insights into the different characteristics of taste enhancement of N-Suc-AAs and the impact of chemical structure on such specificity.

Molecular simulation screening and sensory evaluation unearth a novel kokumi compound with bitter-masking effect: N-lauroyl-L-tryptophan.

N-lauroyl-L-tryptophan (LT), which has the strongest potential flavor-presenting activity, was skillfully screened from numerous N-Lau-AAs docked to different taste receptors by molecular simulation techniques. Subsequently, LT was synthesized employing food-grade commercial enzymes and structurally characterized, the optimized yields of LT could reach 69.08%, 76.16%, and 50.40%, respectively. Sensory and E-tongue evaluations showed that LT at 1 mg/L significantly benefited the performance of different taste sensations and exhibited different bitter taste masking effects: L-Ile (68.42%), L-Trp (68.18%), D-salicylic acid (48.48%) and quinine (35.00%). The molecular docking results illustrated that LT had a high affinity for various taste receptors, dominated by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. This work provided a rare systematic elucidation of the potential and mechanism of enzymatically synthesized LT in enhancing taste properties. It provides novel insights into the directions and strategies for the excavation and innovation of flavor enhancers and food flavors.

Efficacy of PE-PLIF with a novel ULBD approach for lumbar degeneration diseases: a large-channel endoscopic retrospective study.

PURPOSE: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of Percutaneous Endoscopic Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PE-PLIF) combined with a novel Unilateral Laminotomy for Bilateral Decompression (ULBD) approach using a large-channel endoscope in treating Lumbar Degenerative Diseases (LDD). METHODS: This retrospective analysis evaluates 41 LDD patients treated with PE-PLIF and ULBD from January 2021 to June 2023. A novel ULBD approach, called 'Non-touch Over-Top' technique, was utilized in this study. We compared preoperative and postoperative metrics such as demographic data, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, surgical details, and radiographic changes. RESULTS: The average follow-up duration was 14.41 ± 2.86 months. Notable improvements were observed postoperatively in VAS scores for back and leg pain (from 5.56 ± 0.20 and 6.95 ± 0.24 to 0.20 ± 0.06 and 0.12 ± 0.05), ODI (from 58.68 ± 0.80% to 8.10 ± 0.49%), and JOA scores (from 9.37 ± 0.37 to 25.07 ± 0.38). Radiographic measurements showed significant improvements in lumbar and segmental lordosis angles, disc height, and spinal canal area. A high fusion rate (97.56% at 6 months, 100% at 12 months) and a low cage subsidence rate (2.44%) were noted. CONCLUSIONS: PE-PLIF combined with the novel ULBD technique via a large-channel endoscope offers significant short-term benefits for LDD management. The procedure effectively expands spinal canal volume, decompresses nerve structures, improves lumbar alignment, and stabilizes the spine. Notably, it improves patients' quality of life and minimizes complications, highlighting its potential as a promising LDD treatment option.

Role of Bridging Groups in Regulating the Luminescence and Charge Transfer Properties of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecules: A Theoretical Perspective.

Organic emitters with a simultaneous combination of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) characteristics are in great demand due to their excellent comprehensive performances toward efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), biomedical imaging, and the telecommunications field. However, the development of efficient AIE-TADF materials remains a substantial challenge. In this work, light-emitting properties of two AIE-TADF molecules with different bridging groups ICz-BP and ICz-DPS are theoretically investigated in the solid state with the combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method and the thermal vibration correlation function (TVCF) theory. The research indicates that the C═O bridging bond in ICz-BP is more favorable than the S═O bridging bond in ICz-DPS for enhancing the planarity of the acceptor, increasing conjugation, and thereby elevating the transition dipole moment density. Simultaneously, the stacking pattern of ICz-BP in the solid facilitates a reduction in energy gap between S1 and T1 (ΔEST), achieving rapid reverse intersystem crossing rate (kRISC). Furthermore, compared to toluene, the stacking patterns of ICz-BP and ICz-DPS in the solid effectively suppress the out-of-plane wagging vibration of the acceptor, thereby inhibiting the loss of nonradiative energy in the excited state and realizing aggregation-induced emission. Moreover, the charge transport properties of both electrons and holes in ICz-BP are found to be higher than the corresponding rates in ICz-DPS, attributed to the smaller internal reorganization energy of ICz-BP in the solid state. Additionally, the calculations reveal a more balanced charge transport characteristic in ICz-BP, contributing to efficient exciton recombination and emission and ultimately mitigating efficiency roll-off. Based on these computational results, we aim to unveil the relationship between molecular structure and light-emitting properties, aiding in the design and development of efficient AIE-TADF devices.

Visual outcomes and patient satisfaction after implantations of three types of presbyopia-correcting intraocular lenses that have undergone corneal refractive surgery.

This prospective, non-randomized, comparative study aimed to compare the visual outcomes and patient satisfaction after implantations of three presbyopia-correcting intraocular lenses (IOLs) after myopic refractive surgery. It was conducted from January 2020 to December 2021 in Shanghai Heping Eye Hospital. Patients were divided into three groups based on the type of IOL implanted. The visual acuity, refractive stability, high-order aberrations, objective visual quality, spectacle independence, and visual function index 14 questionnaire scores of the three groups were compared. This study included 78 eyes of 39 patients: 26 eyes with 839MP, 26 eyes with MF30, and 26 eyes with ZXR00. Uncorrected distance visual acuity improved significantly for all three groups. For a pupil diameter of 4.0 mm, the spherical aberrations of the three groups were 0.33 ± 0.16 µ, 0.50 ± 0.08 µ, and 0.39 ± 0.10 µ, respectively. The spectacle independence for distance vision was over 90% in each group; for near vision, it was only 25% for the ZXR00 group. All three types of presbyopia-correcting IOLs improved visual quality in post-LASIK or PRK patients. However, the high incidence of photic phenomena after presbyopia-correcting IOL implantation in patients who have undergone myopic LASIK should not be neglected.

Fine-Tuning Crystal Structures of Lead Bromide Perovskite Nanocrystals through Trace Cadmium(II) Doping for Efficient Color-Saturated Green LEDs.

Decreasing perovskite nanocrystal size increases radiative recombination due to the quantum confinement effect, but also increases the Auger recombination rate which leads to carrier imbalance in the emitting layers of electroluminescent devices. Here, we overcome this trade-off by increasing the exciton effective mass without affecting the size, which is realized through the trace Cd2+ doping of formamidinium lead bromide perovskite nanocrystals. We observe an ~2.7 times increase in the exciton binding energy benefiting from a slight distortion of the [BX6]4- octahedra caused by doping in the case of that the Auger recombination rate is almost unchanged. As a result, bright color-saturated green emitting perovskite nanocrystals with a photoluminescence quantum yield of 96 % are obtained. Cd2+ doping also shifts up the energy levels of the nanocrystals, relative to the Fermi level so that heavily n-doped emitters convert into only slightly n-doped ones; this boosts the charge injection efficiency of the corresponding light-emitting diodes. The light-emitting devices based on those nanocrystals reached a high external quantum efficiency of 29.4 % corresponding to a current efficiency of 123 cd A-1, and showed dramatically improved device lifetime, with a narrow bandwidth of 22 nm and Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage coordinates of (0.20, 0.76) for color-saturated green emission for the electroluminescence peak centered at 534 nm, thus being fully compliant with the latest standard for wide color gamut displays.

Transcriptome data analysis provides insights into the conservation of Michelia lacei, a plant species with extremely small populations distributed in Yunnan province, China.

BACKGROUND: Michelia lacei W.W.Smith (Magnoliaceae), was classified as a Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations (PSESP) by the Yunnan Provincial Government in both action plans of 2012 and 2021. This evergreen tree is known for its high ornamental and scientific value, but it faces significant threats due to its extremely small population size and narrow geographical distribution. The study aims to understand the genetic structure, diversity, and demographic history of this species to inform its conservation strategies. RESULTS: The analysis of transcriptome data from 64 individuals across seven populations of M. lacei identified three distinct genetic clusters and generated 104,616 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The KM ex-situ population, originating from Longling County, exhibited unique genetic features, suggesting limited gene flow. The genetic diversity was substantial, with significant differences between populations, particularly between the KM lineage and the OTHER lineage. Demographic history inferred from the data indicated population experienced three significant population declines during glaciations, followed by periods of recovery. We estimated the effective population size (Ne) of the KM and OTHER lineages 1,000 years ago were 85,851 and 416,622, respectively. Gene flow analysis suggested past gene flow between populations, but the KM ex-situ population showed no recent gene flow. A total of 805 outlier SNPs, associated with four environmental factors, suggest potential local adaptation and showcase the species' adaptive potential. Particularly, the BZ displayed 515 adaptive loci, highlighting its strong potential for adaptation within this group. CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive genomic analysis of M. lacei provides valuable insights into its genetic background and highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts. The study underscores the importance of ex-situ conservation methods, such as seed collection and vegetative propagation, to safeguard genetic diversity and promote population restoration. The preservation of populations like MC and BZ is crucial for maintaining the species' genetic diversity. In-situ conservation measures, including the establishment of in-situ conservation sites and community engagement, are essential to enhance protection awareness and ensure the long-term survival of this threatened plant species.