Transformer-Based Weakly Supervised Learning for Whole Slide Lung Cancer Image Classification.

Image analysis can play an important role in supporting histopathological diagnoses of lung cancer, with deep learning methods already achieving remarkable results. However, due to the large scale of whole-slide images (WSIs), creating manual pixel-wise annotations from expert pathologists is expensive and time-consuming. In addition, the heterogeneity of tumors and similarities in the morphological phenotype of tumor subtypes have caused inter-observer variability in annotations, which limits optimal performance. Effective use of weak labels could potentially alleviate these issues. In this paper, we propose a two-stage transformer-based weakly supervised learning framework called Simple Shuffle-Remix Vision Transformer (SSRViT). Firstly, we introduce a Shuffle-Remix Vision Transformer (SRViT) to retrieve discriminative local tokens and extract effective representative features. Then, the token features are selected and aggregated to generate sparse representations of WSIs, which are fed into a simple transformer-based classifier (SViT) for slide-level prediction. Experimental results demonstrate that the performance of our proposed SSRViT is significantly improved compared with other state-of-the-art methods in discriminating between adenocarcinoma, pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma and normal lung tissue (accuracy of 96.9% and AUC of 99.6%).

Lung cancer brain metastasis and hemorrhagic cerebral venous thrombosis: experiences and lessons.

The incidence of lung cancer brain metastasis combined with hemorrhagic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is very rare, and the understanding and treatment experience of this case is insufficient. We reported a case of lung cancer brain metastasis accompanied by venous sinus thrombosis, and describe the diagnosis and treatment plan for colleagues to learn from experience and lessons.

Hemispheric dominance in reading system alters contribution to face processing lateralization across development.

Face processing dominates the right hemisphere. This lateralization can be affected by co-lateralization within the same system and influence between different systems, such as neural competition from reading acquisition. Yet, how the relationship pattern changes through development remains unknown. This study examined the lateralization of core face processing and word processing in different age groups. By comparing fMRI data from 36 school-aged children and 40 young adults, we investigated whether there are age and regional effects on lateralization, and how relationships between lateralization within and between systems change across development. Our results showed significant right hemispheric lateralization in the core face system and left hemispheric lateralization in reading-related areas for both age groups when viewing faces and texts passively. While all participants showed stronger lateralization in brain regions of higher functional hierarchy when viewing faces, only adults exhibited this lateralization when viewing texts. In both age cohorts, there was intra-system co-lateralization for face processing, whereas an inter-system relationship was only found in adults. Specifically, functional lateralization of Broca's area during reading negatively predicted functional asymmetry in the FFA during face perception. This study initially provides neuroimaging evidence for the reading-induced neural competition theory from a maturational perspective in Chinese cohorts.

Functional characterization of BbEaf6 in Beauveria bassiana: Implications for fungal virulence and stress response.

The Eaf6 protein, a conserved component of the NuA4 and NuA3 complexes in yeast and MOZ/MORF complexes in humans, plays crucial roles in transcriptional activation, gene regulation, and cell cycle control. Despite its significance in other organisms, the functional role of Eaf6 in entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) remained unexplored. Here, we investigate the function of BbEaf6, the Eaf6 homolog in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. We demonstrate that BbEaf6 is predominantly localized in nuclei, similar to its counterpart in other fungi. Deletion of BbEaf6 resulted in delayed conidiation, reduced conidial yield, and altered conidial properties. Transcriptomic analysis revealed dysregulation of the genes involved in asexual development and cell cycle progression in the ΔBbEaf6 mutant. Furthermore, the ΔBbEaf6 mutant exhibited decreased tolerance to various stresses, including ionic stress, cell wall perturbation, and DNA damage stress. Notably, the ΔBbEaf6 mutant displayed attenuated virulence in insect bioassays, accompanied by dysregulation of genes associated with cuticle penetration and haemocoel infection. Overall, our study elucidates the multifaceted role of BbEaf6 in stress response, development, and virulence in B. bassiana, providing valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms governing fungal pathogenesis and potential targets for pest management strategies.

Cooperation of Strong Electric Field and H2O Dissociation on Co3O4-Decorated SiC Rods for Photodriven CO2 Methanation with 100% Selectivity.

Solar-driven methanation of carbon dioxide (CO2) with water (H2O) has emerged as an important strategy for achieving both carbon neutrality and fuel production. The selective methanation of CO2 was often hindered by the sluggish kinetics and the multiple competition of other C1 byproducts. To overcome this bottleneck, we utilized a biomass synthesis method to synthesize SiC rods and then constructed a direct Z-scheme heterojunction Co3O4/SiC catalyst. The substantial difference in work functions between SiC and Co3O4 served as a significant source of the charge driving force, facilitating the conversion of CO2 to CH4. The high-valent cobalt Co(IV) in Co3O4 acts as an active species to promote efficient dissociation of water. This favorable condition greatly enhanced the likelihood of a high concentration of electrons and protons around a single site on the catalyst surface for CO2 methanation. DFT calculation showed that the energy barrier of CO2 hydrogenation was significantly reduced at the Co3O4/SiC heterojunction interface, which changed the reaction pathway and completely converted the product from CO to CH4. The optimum CH4 evolution rate of Co3O4/SiC samples was 21.3 µmol g-1 h-1 with 100% selectivity. This study has an important guiding significance for the selective regulation of CO2 to CH4 products in photocatalysis applications.

Various functions of detoxification enzymes against insecticides in Nilaparvata lugens selected by toxicity assays and RNAi methods.

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens is a devastating agricultural pest of rice, and they have developed resistance to many pesticides. In this study, we assessed the response of BPH nymphs to nitenpyram, imidacloprid, and etofenprox using contact and dietary bioassays, and investigated the underlying functional diversities of BPH glutathione-S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CarE) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) against these insecticides. Both contact and ingestion toxicity of nitenpyram to BPH were significantly higher than either imidacloprid or etofenprox. Under the LC50 concentration of each insecticide, they triggered a distinct response for GST, CarE, and P450 activities, and each insecticide induced at least one detoxification enzyme activity. These insecticides almost inhibited the expression of all tested GST, CarE, and P450 genes in contact bioassays but induced the transcriptional levels of these genes in dietary bioassays. Silencing of NlGSTD2 expression had the greatest effect on BPH sensitivity to nitenpyram in contact test and imidacloprid in dietary test. The sensitivities of BPH to insecticide increased the most in the contact test was etofenprox after silencing of NlCE, while the dietary test was nitenpyram. Knockdown of NlCYP408A1 resulted in BPH sensitivities to insecticide increasing the most in the contact test was nitenpyram, while the dietary test was imidacloprid. Taken together, these findings reveal that NlGSTD2, NlCE, and NlCYP408A1 play an indispensable role in the detoxification of the contact and ingestion toxicities of different types of insecticides to BPH, which is of great significance for the development of new strategies for the sucking pest control.

Plants interfere with non-self recognition of a phytopathogenic fungus via proline accumulation to facilitate mycovirus transmission.

Non-self recognition is a fundamental aspect of life, serving as a crucial mechanism for mitigating proliferation of molecular parasites within fungal populations. However, studies investigating the potential interference of plants with fungal non-self recognition mechanisms are limited. Here, we demonstrate a pronounced increase in the efficiency of horizontal mycovirus transmission between vegetatively incompatible Sclerotinia sclerotiorum strains in planta as compared to in vitro. This increased efficiency is associated with elevated proline concentration in plants following S. sclerotiorum infection. This surge in proline levels attenuates the non-self recognition reaction among fungi by inhibition of cell death, thereby facilitating mycovirus transmission. Furthermore, our field experiments reveal that the combined deployment of hypovirulent S. sclerotiorum strains harboring hypovirulence-associated mycoviruses (HAVs) together with exogenous proline confers substantial protection to oilseed rape plants against virulent S. sclerotiorum. This unprecedented discovery illuminates a novel pathway by which plants can counteract S. sclerotiorum infection, leveraging the weakening of fungal non-self recognition and promotion of HAVs spread. These promising insights provide an avenue to explore for developing innovative biological control strategies aimed at mitigating fungal diseases in plants by enhancing the efficacy of horizontal HAV transmission.

A Bioactive Injectable Hydrogel Regulates Tumor Metastasis and Wound Healing for Melanoma via NIR-Light Triggered Hyperthermia.

Surgical resection remains the mainstream treatment for malignant melanoma. However, challenges in wound healing and residual tumor metastasis pose significant hurdles, resulting in high recurrence rates in patients. Herein, a bioactive injectable hydrogel (BG-Mngel) formed by crosslinking sodium alginate (SA) with manganese-doped bioactive glass (BG-Mn) is developed as a versatile platform for anti-tumor immunotherapy and postoperative wound healing for melanoma. The incorporation of Mn2+ within bioactive glass (BG) can activate the cGAS-STING immune pathway to elicit robust immune response for cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, doping Mn2+ in BG endows system with excellent photothermal properties, hence facilitating STING activation and reversing the tumor immune-suppressive microenvironment. BG exhibits favorable angiogenic capacity and tissue regenerative potential, and Mn2+ promotes cell migration in vitro. When combining BG-Mngel with anti-PD-1 antibody (α-PD-1) for the treatment of malignant melanoma, it shows enhanced anti-tumor immune response and long-term immune memory response. Remarkably, BG-Mngel can upregulate the expression of genes related to blood vessel formation and promote skin tissue regeneration when treating full-thickness wounds. Overall, BG-MnGel serves as an effective adjuvant therapy to regulate tumor metastasis and wound healing for malignant melanoma.

Genome-wide identification of GH28 family and insight into its contributions to pod shattering resistance in Brassica napus L.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), accounts for nearly 16% of vegetable oil, is the world's second produced oilseed. However, pod shattering has caused significant yield loses in rapeseed production, particularly during mechanical harvesting. The GH28 genes can promote pod shattering by changing the structure of the pod cell wall in Arabidopsis. However, the role of the GH28 gene family in rapeseed was largely unknown. Therefore, a genome-wide comprehensive analysis was conducted to classify the role of GH28 gene family on rapeseed pod shattering. A total of 37 BnaGH28 genes in the rapeseed genome were identified. These BnaGH28s can be divided into five groups (Group A-E), based on phylogenetic and synteny analysis. Protein property, gene structure, conserved motif, cis-acting element, and gene expression profile of BnaGH28 genes in the same group were similar. Specially, the expression level of genes in group A-D was gradually decreased, but increased in group E with the development of silique. Among eleven higher expressed genes in group E, two BnaGH28 genes (BnaA07T0199500ZS and BnaC06T0206500ZS) were significantly regulated by IAA or GA treatment. And the significant effects of BnaA07T0199500ZS variation on pod shattering resistance were also demonstrated in present study. These results could open a new window for insight into the role of BnaGH28 genes on pod shattering resistance in rapeseed.

Phylogenetic and taxonomic updates of Agaricales, with an emphasis on Tricholomopsis.

The order Agaricales was divided into eight suborders. However, the phylogenetic relationships among some suborders are largely unresolved, and the phylogenetic positions and delimitations of some taxa, such as Sarcomyxaceae and Tricholomopsis, remain unsettled. In this study, sequence data of 38 genomes were generated through genome skimming on an Illumina sequencing system. To anchor the systematic position of Sarcomyxaceae and Tricholomopsis, a phylogenetic analysis based on 555 single-copy orthologous genes from the aforementioned genomes and 126 publicly accessible genomes was performed. The results fully supported the clustering of Tricholomopsis with Phyllotopsis and Pleurocybella within Phyllotopsidaceae, which formed a divergent monophyletic major lineage together with Pterulaceae, Radulomycetaceae, and Macrotyphula in Agaricales. The analysis also revealed that Sarcomyxaceae formed a unique major clade. Therefore, two new suborders, Phyllotopsidineae and Sarcomyxineae, are proposed for the two major lineages. Analyses of 450 single-copy orthologous genes and four loci suggested that Tricholomopsis consisted of at least four clades. Tricholomopsis is subsequently subdivided into four distinct sections. Seventeen Tricholomopsis species in China, including six new species, are reported. Conoloma is established to accommodate T. mucronata. The substrate preference of Tricholomopsis species and the transitions of the pileate ornamentations among the species within the genus are discussed.

Classification of Motor Imagery Tasks Derived from Unilateral Upper Limb based on a Weight-optimized Learning Model.

BACKGROUND: The accuracy of decoding fine motor imagery (MI) tasks remains relatively low due to the dense distribution of active areas in the cerebral cortex. METHODS: To enhance the decoding of unilateral fine MI activity in the brain, a weight-optimized EEGNet model is introduced that recognizes six types of MI for the right upper limb, namely elbow flexion/extension, wrist pronation/supination and hand opening/grasping. The model is trained with augmented electroencephalography (EEG) data to learn deep features for MI classification. To address the sensitivity issue of the initial model weights to classification performance, a genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to determine the convolution kernel parameters for each layer of the EEGNet network, followed by optimization of the network weights through backpropagation. RESULTS: The algorithm's performance on the three joint classification is validated through experiment, achieving an average accuracy of 87.97%. The binary classification recognition rates for elbow joint, wrist joint, and hand joint are respectively 93.92%, 90.2%, and 94.64%. Thus, the product of the two-step accuracy value is obtained as the overall capability to distinguish the six types of MI, reaching an average accuracy of 81.74%. Compared to commonly used neural networks and traditional algorithms, the proposed method outperforms and significantly reduces the average error of different subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this algorithm effectively addresses the sensitivity of network parameters to initial weights, enhances algorithm robustness and improves the overall performance of MI task classification. Moreover, the method is applicable to other EEG classification tasks; for example, emotion and object recognition.

Predictors of Acute Cerebellar Bulge Prior to Posterior Fossa Lesion Resection.

OBJECTIVE: A cerebellar bulge prior to posterior fossa resection is an emergency condition during surgery. Intraoperative cerebellar bulging not only increases the difficulty of lesion resection but also brings additional postoperative complications. Currently, there are few systematic reports on this topic. The predictors of cerebellar bulge and how to effectively prevent intraoperative cerebellar bulge are discussed in this article. METHODS: The clinical and imaging data of 527 patients with posterior fossa lesions who underwent resection at our hospital were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Perioperative clinical and imaging data were assessed. Variables were analyzed using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS: Overall, 10.4% (55/527) of patients had intraoperative acute bulges. Multivariate analysis revealed that age <60 years, body mass index ≥24, lesion size ≥30 (mm), cerebellar tonsillar herniation and/or hydrocephalus, and perilesional edema (moderate-severe) were predictors of cerebellar bulging. Relief of the cerebellar bulge can be accomplished by excising the lesion, releasing cerebrospinal fluid, and removing the cerebellum (the outer one-third). Obvious cerebellar-related complications occurred in 4 patients postoperatively, and the symptoms disappeared after 6 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebellar bulging during intraoperative posterior fossa resection deserves attention. Through the analysis of multiple factors related to cerebellar bulge, comprehensive evaluation and early intervention during the perioperative period are necessary. The incidence of cerebellar bulges can be reduced, and surgical complications related to cerebellar bulges can be avoided.

Hemorrhagic cerebral venous infarction after vein injury during intraoperative lesion resection: incidence, hemorrhagic stages, risk factors and prognosis.

Objective: Cerebral venous infarction (CVI) after vein injury during intraoperative lesion resection is associated with intracranial hemorrhage. We conducted this study to identify the incidence, clinical and imaging features, and prognosis of hemorrhage CVI. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with confirmed CVI after vein injury who underwent craniotomy in our hospital. Postoperative clinical symptoms were observed, and imaging features were compared between patients with and without intracranial hemorrhages through CT examination. Variables were analyzed using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Results: Among 2,767 patients who underwent craniotomy, 93 cases of injured veins were identified intraoperatively. Hemorrhagic CVI was found in 38% (35/93). Multivariate analysis revealed that midline approach, meningioma, postoperative seizures, disorders of consciousness and interval in hours < 72 h were identified as predictors of hemorrhagic CVI. After 3 months of follow-up, the prognosis was poor in 15 cases (16%, 15/93), including death (two cases), vegetative survival (four cases), and severe disability (nine cases). Conclusions: Hemorrhagic CVI, as a critical complication after venous injury, can have disastrous consequences. Do not injure known veins intraoperatively. In case of injury, requisite remedial measures should be adopted during and after surgery.

Genetic prediction of causal association between serum bilirubin and hematologic malignancies: a two-sample Mendelian randomized and bioinformatics study.

Introduction: An increasing number of cohort studies have shown a correlation between serum bilirubin and tumors, but no definitive causal relationship has been established between serum bilirubin and hematological malignancies.Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the causal relationship of serum bilirubin, including total bilirubin (TBIL) and direct bilirubin (DBIL), with hematological malignancies, including leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. Methods: We used a genome-wide association study (GWAS) collection of TBIL, DBIL, and hematological malignancies data. Using two-sample Mendelian randomization(MR), we assessed the impact of TBIL and DBIL on hematological malignancies. For this study, the inverse variance weighting method (IVW) was the primary method of MR analysis. In the sensitivity analysis, the weighted median method, MR Egger regression, and MR-PRESSO test were used. To understand the mechanisms behind TBIL and DBIL, we used three different approaches based on screening single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their associated genes, followed by bioinformatics analysis. Results: The IVW test results showed evidence of effects of TBIL (odds ratio [OR]: 4.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.58-12.62) and DBIL (OR: 3.31, 95% CI: 1.08-10.18) on the risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).The findings from bioinformatics indicated that TBIL could potentially undergo xenobiotic metabolism through cytochrome P450 and contribute to chemical carcinogenesis. Discussion: In this study, two-sample MR analysis revealed a causal relationship between TBIL, DBIL, and AML.

Superficial meningioma with bone involvement: surgical strategies and clinical outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Meningiomas with bone involvement account for 4.5-17% of all intracranial meningiomas. Little is known about whether these meningiomas (WHO grade I) behave differently than meningiomas without bone involvement. We sought to study the relatively uncommon imaging manifestations of meningioma and to evaluate their clinical significance. METHODS: A single-institution retrospective cohort study of surgically treated superficial meningioma patients between 2011 and 2022 was conducted. Age, sex, preoperative imaging, operative data, and surgical outcomes were reviewed. Imaging variables and outcomes were reported for patients with bone-invading meningiomas and compared with those with nonbone-invading meningiomas. Univariate analyses were also conducted. RESULTS: Of 577 total superficial meningiomas treated surgically, 47 (8.1%) exhibited bone invasion. Most bone-invading meningiomas were parasagittal (n = 29, 61.7%). A total of 12.7% (n = 6) of patients with bone-invading meningioma had recurrence, whereas 9.1% (n = 48) of patients with non-bone-invading meningioma had recurrence (p = 0.426). No significant difference in the median time to recurrence was observed between patients with bone-invading meningiomas and patients with nonbone-invading meningiomas (69.8 months, Q1:53.1; Q3:81.4 months vs. 69.7 months, Q1:47.5; Q3:96.7; p = 0.638). CONCLUSIONS: Superficial meningioma with bone involvement had similar outcomes compared to those of superficial meningioma without bone involvement. Hyperostosis in meningioma (WHO grade I) may not be a surrogate for aggressive meningioma behavior.

Protective effect of esculentoside A against myocardial infarction via targeting C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the primary cause of cardiac mortality. Esculentoside A (EsA), a triterpenoid saponin, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, its effect on MI remains unknown. In this study, the protective effect and mechanisms of EsA against MI were investigated. EsA significantly alleviated hypoxia-induced HL-1 cell injury, including increasing cell viability, inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage. In mouse MI model by left coronary artery (LAD) ligating, EsA obviously restored serum levels of creatine kinase isoenzymes (CK-MB), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). In addition, the cardioprotective effect of EsA was further confirmed by infarct size, electrocardiogram and echocardiography. Mechanistically, the targeted binding relationship between EsA and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) was predicted by molecular docking and dynamics, and validated by small molecule pull-down and surface plasmon resonance tests. EsA inhibited CXCR2 level both in vitro and in vivo, correspondingly alleviated oxidative stress by suppressing NOX1 and NOX2 and relieved inflammation through inhibiting p65 and p-p65. It demonstrated that EsA could play a cardioprotective role by targeting CXCR2. However, the effect of EsA against MI was abolished in combination with CXCR2 overexpression both in vitro and in vivo. This study revealed that EsA showed excellent cardioprotective activities by targeting CXCR2 to alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation in MI. EsA may function as a novel CXCR2 inhibitor and a potent candidate for the prevention and intervention of MI in the future.

Boosting the Curie temperature of GaN monolayer through van der Waals heterostructures.

The pursuit of van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures with high Curie temperature and strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) is vital to the advancement of next generation spintronic devices. First-principles calculations are used to study the electronic structures and magnetic characteristics of GaN/VS2vdW heterostructure under biaxial strain and electrostatic doping. Our findings show that a ferromagnetic ground state with a remarkable Curie temperature (477 K), much above room temperature, exists in GaN/VS2vdW heterostructure and 100% spin polarization efficiency. Additionally, GaN/VS2vdW heterostructure still maintains PMA under biaxial strain, which is indispensable for high-density information storage. We further explore the electron, magnetic, and transport properties of VS2/GaN/VS2vdW sandwich heterostructure, where the magnetoresistivity can reach as high as 40%. Our research indicates that the heterostructure constructed by combining the ferromagnet VS2and the non-magnetic semiconductor GaN is a promising material for vdW spin valve devices at room temperature.

Model-based precision dosing and remedial dosing recommendations for delayed or missed doses of isoniazid in Chinese patients with tuberculosis.

AIMS: Isoniazid (INH) has been used as a first-line drug to treat tuberculosis (TB) for more than 50 years. However, large interindividual variability was found in its pharmacokinetics, and effects of nonadherence to INH treatment and corresponding remedy regime remain unclear. This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model of INH in Chinese patients with TB to provide model-informed precision dosing and explore appropriate remedial dosing regimens for nonadherent patients. METHODS: In total, 1012 INH observations from 736 TB patients were included. A nonlinear mixed-effects modelling was used to analyse the PPK of INH. Using Monte Carlo simulations to determine optimal dosage regimens and design remedial dosing regimens. RESULTS: A 2-compartmental model, including first-order absorption and elimination with allometric scaling, was found to best describe the PK characteristics of INH. A mixture model was used to characterize dual rates of INH elimination. Estimates of apparent clearance in fast and slow eliminators were 28.0 and 11.2 L/h, respectively. The proportion of fast eliminators in the population was estimated to be 40.5%. Monte Carlo simulations determined optimal dosage regimens for slow and fast eliminators with different body weight. For remedial dosing regimens, the missed dose should be taken as soon as possible when the delay does not exceed 12 h, and an additional dose is not needed. delay for an INH dose exceeds 12 h, the patient only needs to take the next single dose normally. CONCLUSION: PPK modelling and simulation provide valid evidence on the precision dosing and remedial dosing regimen of INH.

Ecological niche shift and suitable area expansion of a globally invasive species Phthorimaea operculella.

Phthorimaea operculella is a major potato pest of global importance, early warning and detection of which are of significance. In this study, we analyzed the climate niche conservation of P. operculella during its invasion by comparing the overall climate niche from three dimensions, including the differences between native range (South America) and entire invaded region (excluding South America), the differences bwtween native range (South America) and five invaded continents (North America, Oceania, Asia, Africa, and Europe), as well as the differences between native region (South America) and an invaded region (China). We constructed ecological niche models for its native range (South America) and invaded region (China). The results showed that the climatic niche of the pest has expanded to varying degrees in different regions, indicating that the pest could well adapt to new environments during the invasion. Almost all areas of South America are suitable for P. operculella. In China, its suitable area is mainly concentrated in Shandong, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Henan, Hubei, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hainan, northern Guangxi, southern Hunan, Anhui, Guangdong, Jiangsu, southern Shanxi, and southern Shaanxi. With increasing greenhouse gas emissions and global temperature, its suitable area will decrease at low latitude and increase gradually at high latitude. Specifically, the northern boundary will extend to Liaoning, Jilin, and the southeastern region of Inner Mongolia, while the western boundary extends to Sichuan and the southeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The suitable area in the southeast Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Hainan Island, and the south of Yangtze River, will gradually decrease. The total suitable habitat area for P. operculella in China is projected to increase under future climate condition. From 2081 to 2100, under the three greenhouse gas emissions scenarios of ssp126, ssp370, and ssp585, the suitable area is expected to increase by 27.78, 165.54, and 140.41 hm2, respectively. Therefore, it is crucial to strengtehen vigilance and implement strict measures to prevent the further expansion of P. operculella.