Noninvasive Monitoring of Blood Pressure and Heart Rate during Estrous Cycle Phases in Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto and Spontaneously Hypertensive Female Rats.

Since 2015, the National Institutes of Health has called for its funded preclinical research to include both male and female subjects. However, much of the basic animal research that has studied heart rate and blood pressure in the past has used male rats. Male rats have been preferred for these studies to avoid the possible complicating effects of the female estrous cycle. The aim of the current study was to determine whether blood pressure and heart rates vary as a function of the estrous cycle phase of young normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Spontaneously Hypertensive (SHR) female rats. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured at the same time of day throughout the estrous cycle by using a noninvasive tail cuff sphygmomano- metric technique. As expected, 16-wk-old female SHR rats had higher blood pressure and heart rates than did age-matched female WKY rats. However, no significant differences in mean, systolic, or diastolic arterial blood pressure or heart rate were detected across the different stages of the estrous cycle in either strain of female rats. Consistent with previous reports, heart rates were higher and showed less variation in the hypertensive SHR female rats as compared with the normotensive WKY female rats. These results indicate that studies measuring blood pressure and heart rate can include young female SHR and WKY rats with no effect of estrous cycle stage.

Dopamine D2 and Adenosine A2A Receptors Interaction on Ca2+ Current Modulation in a Rodent Model of Parkinsonism.

SUMMARY STATEMENT: A2A receptor required previous D2 receptor activation to modulate Ca2+ currents. Istradefylline decreases pramipexole modulation on Ca2+ currents. Istradefylline reduces A2A + neurons activity in striatial microcircuit, but pramipexole failed to further reduce neuronal activity.

Conceptual framework for neuronal ensemble identification and manipulation related to behavior using calcium imaging.

Significance: The identification and manipulation of spatially identified neuronal ensembles with optical methods have been recently used to prove the causal link between neuronal ensemble activity and learned behaviors. However, the standardization of a conceptual framework to identify and manipulate neuronal ensembles from calcium imaging recordings is still lacking. Aim: We propose a conceptual framework for the identification and manipulation of neuronal ensembles using simultaneous calcium imaging and two-photon optogenetics in behaving mice. Approach: We review the computational approaches that have been used to identify and manipulate neuronal ensembles with single cell resolution during behavior in different brain regions using all-optical methods. Results: We proposed three steps as a conceptual framework that could be applied to calcium imaging recordings to identify and manipulate neuronal ensembles in behaving mice: (1) transformation of calcium transients into binary arrays; (2) identification of neuronal ensembles as similar population vectors; and (3) targeting of neuronal ensemble members that significantly impact behavioral performance. Conclusions: The use of simultaneous two-photon calcium imaging and two-photon optogenetics allowed for the experimental demonstration of the causal relation of population activity and learned behaviors. The standardization of analytical tools to identify and manipulate neuronal ensembles could accelerate interventional experiments aiming to reprogram the brain in normal and pathological conditions.

Subsistema de abastecimiento de agua Chuquiaguillo

Contenido:Cap.I. Recolección de datos: Estudios , informes y proyectos existentes, datos hirdaulicos y operativos del nuevo ambalse. Cap.II. Definición de datos de proyecto: Periodo de diseño, área de diseño, población de diseño, demanda del diseño, ubicación de la nueva planta de tratamiento. Cap.III. Aducción: definición del tipo de aducción, mejoramiento del canal existente, verificación del sifón existente, derivación del caudal, canal de llegada del agua cruda a la planta, resalto hidraulico, obras de mejoramiento del actual canal Incachaca Pampahasi. Cap.IV. Análisis de aguas: Muestreo, análisis de laboratorio, interpretación de resultados. Cap.V. Alternativas de plantas de tratamiento: Investigación bibliográfica, estudio comparativo, conclusiones. Cap.VI. Procesos de tratamiento: Investigación bibliográfica, investigación de laboratorio. Cap.VII. Planta de tratamiento: Descripción del proyecto, memoria de cálculo, dosificación y almacenamiento de productos químicos, cálculo del sistema de bombeo, esquema isométrico de la planta de tratamiento. Cap.VIII. Tanque de regulación: Aducción planta de tratamiento-tanque de regulación, tanque de regulación, accesorios complementarios. Cap.IX. Red de distribución. Cap.X. Costos y presupuestos: Presupuestos de aducción, presupuesto planta de tratamiento, resúmen de costos, conclusiones