Fifteen years of coronary intravascular ultrasound in percutaneous coronary intervention in Portugal. / Quinze anos de ecografia intravascular coronária em intervenção coronária percutânea em Portugal.

INTRODUCTION: Coronary intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is increasingly important in catheterization laboratories due to its positive prognostic impact. This study aims to characterize the use of IVUS in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in Portugal. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was performed based on the Portuguese Registry on Interventional Cardiology of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology. The clinical and angiographic profiles of patients who underwent PCI between 2002 and 2016, the percentage of IVUS use, and the coronary arteries assessed were characterized. RESULTS: A total of 118 706 PCIs were included, in which IVUS was used in 2266 (1.9%). Over time, use of IVUS changed from none in 2002 to generally increasing use from 2003 (0.1%) to 2016 (2.4%). The age of patients in whom coronary IVUS was used was similar to that of patients in whom IVUS was not used, but in the former group there were fewer male patients, and a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes), previous myocardial infarction, previous PCI, multivessel coronary disease, C-type or bifurcated coronary lesions, and in-stent restenosis. IVUS was used in 54.8% of elective PCIs and in 19.15% of PCIs of the left main coronary artery. CONCLUSION: Coronary IVUS has been increasingly used in Portugal since 2003. It is used preferentially in elective PCIs, and in patients with higher cardiovascular risk, with more complex coronary lesions and lesions of the left main coronary artery.

Adjuvant antithrombotic therapy in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: Contemporaneous Portuguese cross-sectional data.

INTRODUCTION: The standard of care for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) includes the activation of a STEMI care network, the administration of adjuvant medical therapy, and reperfusion through primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). While primary PCI is nowadays the first option for the treatment of patients with STEMI, antithrombotic therapy, including antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents, is the cornerstone of pharmacological treatment to optimize their clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe contemporaneous real-world patterns of use of antithrombotic treatments in Portugal for STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI. METHODS: An observational, retrospective cross-sectional study was performed for the year 2016, based on data from two national registries: the Portuguese Registry on Acute Coronary Syndromes (ProACS) and the Portuguese Registry on Interventional Cardiology (PRIC). Data on oral antiplatelet and procedural intravenous antithrombotic drugs were retrieved. RESULTS: In 2016, the ProACS enrolled 534 STEMI patients treated with primary PCI, while the PRIC registry reported data on 2625 STEMI patients. Of these, 99.6% were treated with aspirin and 75.6% with dual antiplatelet therapy (mostly clopidogrel). GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors (mostly abciximab) were used in 11.6% of cases. Heparins were used in 80% of cases (78% unfractionated heparin [UFH] and 2% low molecular weight heparin). None of the patients included in the registry were treated with cangrelor, prasugrel or bivalirudin. Missing data are one of the main limitations of the registries. CONCLUSIONS: In 2016, according to data from these national registries, almost all patients with STEMI were treated with aspirin and 76% with dual antiplatelet agents, mostly clopidogrel. GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used in few patients, and UFH was the most prevalent parenteral anticoagulant drug.

Thrombus aspiration in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: results of a national registry of interventional cardiology.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the impact of thrombus aspiration (TA) during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (P-PCI) in 'real-world' settings. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study, using data from the National Registry of Interventional Cardiology (RNCI 2006-2012, Portugal) with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients treated with P-PCI. The primary outcome, in-hospital mortality, was analysed through adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: We assessed data for 9458 STEMI patients that undergone P-PCI (35% treated with TA). The risk of in-hospital mortality with TA (aOR 0.93, 95%CI:0.54-1.60) was not significantly decreased. After matching patients through the propensity score, TA reduced significantly the risk of in-hospital mortality (OR 0.58, 95%CI:0.35-0.98; 3500 patients). CONCLUSIONS: The whole cohort data does not support the routine use of TA in P-PCI, but the results of the propensity-score matched cohort suggests that the use of selective TA may improve the short-term risks of STEMI.

Synchronization of intrinsic 0.1-Hz blood-oxygen-level-dependent oscillations in amygdala and prefrontal cortex in subjects with increased state anxiety.

Low-frequency oscillations with a dominant frequency at 0.1 Hz are one of the most influential intrinsic blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals. This raises the question if vascular BOLD oscillations (originating from blood flow in the brain) and intrinsic slow neural activity fluctuations (neural BOLD oscillations) can be differentiated. In this study, we report on two different approaches: first, on computing the phase-locking value in the frequency band 0.07-0.13 Hz between heart beat-to-beat interval (RRI) and BOLD oscillations and second, between multiple BOLD oscillations (functional connectivity) in four resting states in 23 scanner-naïve, anxious healthy subjects. The first method revealed that vascular 0.1-Hz BOLD oscillations preceded those in RRI signals by 1.7 ± 0.6 s and neural BOLD oscillations lagged RRI oscillations by 0.8 ± 0.5 s. Together, vascular BOLD oscillations preceded neural BOLD oscillations by ~90° or ~2.5 s. To verify this discrimination, connectivity patterns of neural and vascular 0.1-Hz BOLD oscillations were compared in 26 regions involved in processing of emotions. Neural BOLD oscillations revealed significant phase-coupling between amygdala and medial frontal cortex, while vascular BOLD oscillations showed highly significant phase-coupling between amygdala and multiple regions in the supply areas of the anterior and medial cerebral arteries. This suggests that not only slow neural and vascular BOLD oscillations can be dissociated but also that two strategies may exist to optimize regulation of anxiety, that is increased functional connectivity between amygdala and medial frontal cortex, and increased cerebral blood flow in amygdala and related structures.

Trends in primary angioplasty in Portugal from 2002 to 2013 according to the Portuguese National Registry of Interventional Cardiology. / Angioplastia primária em Portugal entre 2002-2013. Atividade segundo o Registo Nacional de Cardiologia de Intervenção.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present paper was to report trends in coronary angioplasty for the treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in Portugal. METHODS: Prospective multicenter data from the Portuguese National Registry of Interventional Cardiology (RNCI) and official data from the Directorate-General for Health (DGS) were studied to analyze percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures for STEMI from 2002 to 2013. RESULTS: In 2013, 3524 primary percutaneous coronary intervention (p-PCI) procedures were performed (25% of all procedures), an increase of 315% in comparison to 2002 (16% of all interventions). Between 2002 and 2013 the rate increased from 106 to 338 p-PCIs per million population per year. Rescue angioplasty decreased from 70.7% in 2002 to 2% in 2013. During this period, the use of drug-eluting stents grew from 9.9% to 69.5%. After 2008, the use of aspiration thrombectomy increased, reaching 46.7% in 2013. Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitor use decreased from 73.2% in 2002 to 23.6% in the last year of the study. Use of a radial approach increased steadily from 8.3% in 2008 to 54.6% in 2013. CONCLUSION: During the reporting period there was a three-fold increase in primary angioplasty rates per million population. Rescue angioplasty has been overtaken by p-PCI as the predominant procedure since 2006. New trends in the treatment of STEMI were observed, notably the use of drug-eluting stents and radial access as the predominant approach.

Heart transplant coronary artery disease: Multimodality approach in percutaneous intervention.

Coronary artery disease is the most important cause of late morbidity and mortality after heart transplantation. It is usually an immunologic phenomenon termed cardiac allograft vasculopathy, but can also be the result of donor-transmitted atherosclerosis. Routine surveillance by coronary angiography should be complemented by intracoronary imaging, in order to determine the nature of the coronary lesions, and also by assessment of their functional significance to guide the decision whether to perform percutaneous coronary intervention. We report a case of coronary angiography at five-year follow-up after transplantation, using optical coherence tomography and fractional flow reserve to assess and optimize treatment of coronary disease in this challenging population.

Predictors of Very Late Events After Percutaneous Mitral Valvuloplasty in Patients With Mitral Stenosis.

Data on long-term outcomes of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV) are still scarce. In addition, the persistence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) after PMV is a complication for which mechanisms and prognostic implications are unclear. Our aims were (1) to report the long-term outcomes of patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis treated with PMV; (2) to determine the risk factors for long-term poor outcomes; and (3) to analyze the prevalence and predictors of persistent PH. We prospectively enrolled 532 patients who underwent PMV from 1987 to 2011 at 2 hospitals. The following end points were assessed after PMV: all-cause mortality, mitral reintervention, a composite end point of all-cause mortality and mitral reintervention, and PH persistence. Survival status was available for 97% patients; the median follow-up was 10 years (interquartile range 4 to 18 years). Procedural success was achieved in 85% patients. During the follow-up, 21% patients died and 27% required mitral reintervention. Before PMV, 74% patients had PH that persisted after PMV in 45% of patients (p <0.001). Unfavorable valve anatomy (Wilkins score >8) and post-PMV mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) were independent predictors of all-cause mortality, mitral reintervention, and the composite end point. Post-PMV mean PAP was significantly correlated with a mitral valve area (MVA) <2.5 cm(2) (p <0.001); in addition, on the echocardiographic follow-up, MVA was an independent predictor of systolic PAP (p <0.001). In conclusion, PMV represents an advantageous therapeutic option for patients with mitral stenosis in terms of long-term outcomes. Unfavorable valve anatomy and persistent PH were the most important predictors of long-term outcomes. The persistence of PH is associated with the MVA obtained after PMV.

Optical coherence tomography of the pulmonary arteries: A systematic review.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique extensively used for visualizing the coronary circulation, where it assists clinical decision-making. Along with the new interventional procedures being introduced for pulmonary vascular disease, there is an increasing need for intravascular imaging of the pulmonary arteries. Additionally, measurements of the wall thickness of the pulmonary arteries of patients with various types of pulmonary hypertension (PH) may provide relevant diagnostic and prognostic information. The aim of this review is to summarize all the available evidence on the use of OCT for imaging the pulmonary bed and to describe a simple protocol for OCT image acquisition. We conducted a systematic review of the literature using electronic reference databases through February 2015 (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Web of Knowledge, and references cited in other studies) and the search terms "optical coherence tomography," "pulmonary hypertension," and "pulmonary arteries." Studies in which OCT was used to image the pulmonary vessels were considered for inclusion. We identified 14 studies reporting OCT imaging data from the pulmonary arteries. OCT was able to identify intravascular thrombi in patients with chronic thromboembolic PH (CTEPH), and an increase in vessel wall thickness was found in most patients with PH, compared with the controls. OCT has also been reported to be useful for the selection of balloon size in the setting of balloon pulmonary angioplasty for CTEPH. The main limitations include lack of standardization, little data on outcomes, cost, and the technical limitations involved in visualizing small-diameter (<1mm) pulmonary vessels. OCT has become a potential tool for the in vivo study of vascular changes in the pulmonary arteries, and may provide additional information in the assessment of patients with PH. Prospective high-quality studies assessing the safety, validity, and clinical impact of OCT imaging for pulmonary vessels are warranted.

Trends in percutaneous coronary intervention from 2004 to 2013 according to the Portuguese National Registry of Interventional Cardiology.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present paper is to report trends in Portuguese interventional cardiology from 2004 to 2013 and to compare them with other European countries. METHODS: Based on the Portuguese National Registry of Interventional Cardiology and on official data from the Directorate-General of Health, we give an overview of developments in coronary interventions from 2004 to 2013. RESULTS: In 2013, 36 810 diagnostic catheterization procedures were performed, representing an increase of 34% compared to 2007 and a rate of 3529 coronary angiograms per million population. Coronary interventions increased by 65% in the decade from 2004 to 2013, with a total of 13 897 procedures and a rate of 1333 coronary interventions per million population in 2013. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) increased by 265% from 2004 to 2013 (1328 vs. 3524), an adjusted rate of 338 primary PCIs per million, representing 25% of total angioplasties. Stents were the most frequently used devices, drug-eluting stents being used in 73% in 2013. Radial access increased from 4.1% in 2004 to 57.9% in 2013. CONCLUSION: Interventional cardiology in Portugal has been expanding since 2004. We would emphasize the fact that in 2013 all Portuguese interventional cardiology centers were participating in the National Registry of Interventional Cardiology, as well as the growth in primary PCI and increased use of radial access.

Fractional flow reserve of non-culprit vessel post-myocardial infarction: is it reliable?

BACKGROUND: Multi-vessel disease is frequent in patients presenting with myocardial infarction and have an important prognostic impact. The decision to proceed to revascularization in non-culprit vessels can be postponed until ischemia is proven in non-invasive stress tests. On the other hand, there is an increasing evidence to support the role of fractional flow reserve (FFR) in acute coronary syndrome setting. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case in which a FFR-guided strategy for non-culprit vessels, 3 weeks after an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, was followed by a short-term sub-occlusion of the evaluated vessel. CONCLUSION: The timing of the coronary microcirculation recovery post-myocardial infarction, avoiding a possible false negative FFR, and the diagnostic gaps between ischemia and plaque vulnerability are under discussion. An FFR-guided strategy in this setting should be interpreted with caution.

Hipertensión pulmonar en la estenosis mitral: un estudio de tomografía de coherencia óptica / Pulmonary Hypertension in Mitral Stenosis: An Optical Coherence Tomography Study

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Mean pulmonary arterial pressure after percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty predicts long-term adverse outcomes.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV) is an effective treatment option for mitral stenosis (MS), but its success is assessed on the basis of clinical and echocardiographic outcomes in studies with relatively short follow-up. We aimed to characterize a cohort of patients undergoing PMV with long-term follow-up and to determine independent predictors of post-PMV mitral re-intervention and event-free survival. METHODS: We studied 91 consecutive patients with MS who underwent PMV with a median clinical follow-up duration of 99 months. Two endpoints were considered: post-PMV mitral re-intervention (PMV or mitral surgery) and a composite clinical events endpoint including cardiovascular death, mitral valve re-intervention and hospital admission due to decompensated heart failure. We compared patients who required post-PMV mitral re-intervention with those who did not during follow-up. RESULTS: The study population included 83.5% females and mean age was 48.9±13.9 years. The 1-, 3-, 5-, 7- and 9-year rates of clinical event-free survival were 93.0±2.8%, 86.0±3.9%, 81.0±4.4%, 70.6±5.6%, and 68.4±5.8%, respectively. The 1-, 3-, 5-, 7- and 9-year rates of mitral re-intervention-free survival were 98.8±1.2%, 97.5±1.7%, 92.1±3.1%, 85.5±4.5%, and 85.5±4.5%, respectively. The median time to mitral re-intervention was 6.2 years. Patients who required mitral re-intervention during follow-up were younger (43.3 vs. 51.2 years, p=0.04) and had higher pre- and post-PMV mitral gradient (14.9 vs. 11.5 mmHg, p=0.02 and 6.4 vs. 2.1 mmHg, p<0.001) and higher post-PMV mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) (30.0 vs. 23.2 mmHg, p=0.01). In a Cox proportional hazards model, mPAP ≥25 mmHg was the sole predictor of both mitral re-intervention (HR 5.639 [1.246-25.528], p=0.025) and clinical events (HR 3.622 [1.070-12.260], p=0.039). CONCLUSION: In our population, immediate post-PMV mPAP was the sole predictor of post-PMV mitral intervention. These findings may help identify patients in need of closer post-PMV follow-up.

Invasive strategy in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: risks and benefits in an elderly population.

INTRODUCTION: Age is an important prognostic factor in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). An invasive strategy has been shown to benefit many non-ST elevation ACS populations; however, there is some controversy regarding patients who are more susceptible to procedure-related complications, such as the elderly, an under-represented population in the studies on this subject. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the in-hospital and long-term prognosis of elderly patients with non-ST elevation ACS treated with either invasive procedures or a conservative strategy, and to characterize the patients selected for an early invasive approach. METHODS: This observational, longitudinal, prospective and continuous study included 307 patients aged over 75 years consecutively admitted for non-ST elevation ACS. They were divided into two groups, according to the approach adopted: Group A (n=91)--patients treated with an early invasive strategy; and Group B (n=216)--patients treated conservatively. The median clinical follow-up was 18 months. RESULTS: The subjects who were treated invasively were younger (79.8 +/- 3.2 vs. 81.4 +/- 3.9 years, p < 0.001) and more often male (63.7 vs. 50.9%, p = 0.04), had a higher incidence of previous coronary artery disease, were more often treated with clopidogrel, and had a longer hospital stay (5.8 +/- 3.1 vs. 4.9 +/- 2.6 days, p = 0.01). Patients managed conservatively presented higher Killip class, and were more often treated with diuretics during hospitalization. The group treated by an invasive approach presented a higher incidence of in-hospital complications (13.6 vs. 4.9%, p = 0.009), but there were no significant differences in mortality rates. Multivariate analysis showed that an invasive strategy was an independent predictor of in-hospital morbidity (OR = 3.55). In follow-up, rates of MACE (56.3 vs. 33.3%, p = 0.002) and death (32.5 vs. 13.8%, p = 0.007) were higher in the group that received conservative treatment, and an invasive strategy was a protective factor against MACE; the strongest predictor of mortality was left ventricular ejection fraction <50%. CONCLUSIONS: Although an invasive strategy was associated with increased in-hospital complications, it was shown to confer a better long-term prognosis. These data show that age should not be the only criterion in selecting patients for an invasive strategy and favor early adoption of this approach in the elderly.

Results of the routine use of 4F catheters for diagnostic catheterization in a cath lab.

INTRODUCTION: Complications at the site of vascular access are the most common adverse events in cardiac catheterization. The use of small gauge catheters may reduce this risk and allow earlier ambulation, the main disadvantage according to some authors being inferior image quality. The aim of our study was to evaluate the safety and image quality of 4 French diagnostic catheters. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 1656 patients who underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization with 4F catheters via the femoral artery between January 2006 and December 2007, and analyzed the complications during and immediately after the procedure. The quality of the films was assessed in 125 consecutive patients from this group, who were also followed up on average one month after hospital discharge. RESULTS: Cardiac catheterization with 4F catheters was technically possible in all cases. Patients were able to ambulate and were discharged from hospital on average four and six hours respectively after the procedure. Complications during or immediately after the procedure occurred in 5.8% of cases. In the subgroup with clinical follow-up, there was minor bleeding at the access site in 16.4% and hematoma in 14.4%; in the latter group, only one patient had major hematoma requiring therapeutic intervention. No other major complications were recorded and the patients resumed their daily activities on average 7 days after discharge. Image analysis revealed that most of the films were of good quality. CONCLUSION: The use of 4F catheters for diagnostic cardiac catheterization via the femoral approach enables rapid hemostasis and early ambulation, with a low incidence of complications at the access site. This type of catheter provides good quality images and there were no problems in their handling. 4F catheters are therefore a good option to consider for cardiac catheterization, especially when no therapeutic procedures are expected.