ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is interest in what happens over time to the thrombus after intravenous alteplase. We study the effect of alteplase on thrombus structure and its impact on clinical outcome in patients with acute stroke. METHODS: Intravenous alteplase treated stroke patients with intracranial internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery occlusion identified on baseline computed tomography angiography and with follow-up vascular imaging (computed tomography angiography or first run of angiography before endovascular therapy) were enrolled from INTERRSeCT study (Identifying New Approaches to Optimize Thrombus Characterization for Predicting Early Recanalization and Reperfusion With IV Alteplase and Other Treatments Using Serial CT Angiography). Thrombus movement after intravenous alteplase was classified into complete recanalization, thrombus migration, thrombus fragmentation, and no change. Thrombus migration was diagnosed when occlusion site moved distally and graded according to degrees of thrombus movement (grade 0-3). Thrombus fragmentation was diagnosed when a new distal occlusion in addition to the primary occlusion was identified on follow-up imaging. The association between thrombus movement and clinical outcome was also evaluated. RESULTS: Among 427 patients in this study, thrombus movement was seen in 54% with a median time of 123 minutes from alteplase administration to follow-up imaging, and sub-classified as marked (thrombus migration grade 2-3 + complete recanalization; 27%) and mild to moderate thrombus movement (thrombus fragmentation + thrombus migration grade 0-1; 27%). In patients with proximal M1/internal carotid artery occlusion, marked thrombus movement was associated with a higher rate of good outcome (90-day modified Rankin Scale, 0-2) compared with mild to moderate movement (52% versus 27%; adjusted odds ratio, 5.64 [95% CI, 1.72-20.10]). No difference was seen in outcomes between mild to moderate thrombus movement and no change. In M1 distal/M2 occlusion, marked thrombus movement was associated with improved 90-day good outcome compared with no change (70% versus 56%; adjusted odds ratio, 2.54 [95% CI, 1.21-5.51]). CONCLUSIONS: Early thrombus movement is common after intravenous alteplase. Marked thrombus migration leads to good clinical outcomes. Thrombus dynamics over time should be further evaluated in clinical trials of acute reperfusion therapy.
Subject(s)
Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use , Intracranial Thrombosis/diagnostic imaging , Intracranial Thrombosis/drug therapy , Stroke/diagnostic imaging , Stroke/drug therapy , Tissue Plasminogen Activator/therapeutic use , Administration, Intravenous , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Carotid Artery, Internal , Carotid Stenosis/diagnostic imaging , Carotid Stenosis/drug therapy , Computed Tomography Angiography , Female , Fibrinolytic Agents/administration & dosage , Humans , Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/diagnostic imaging , Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/drug therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Reperfusion , Thrombolytic Therapy , Tissue Plasminogen Activator/administration & dosage , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Implantable loop recorders (ILR) may allow detection of occult paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) in patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke. However, optimal selection algorithm and ideal duration of monitoring remain unclear. AIM. To determine the incidence and time-profile of PAF in patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke studied with Reveal XT ILR, who were selected based on a high suspicion of cerebral embolism. SELECTION CRITERIA: absence of stroke etiology after complete study including vascular imaging, transesophageal echocardiography and at least 24 hours of cardiac rhythm monitoring, and confirmation of acute embolic occlusion of intracranial artery by transcranial duplex or characteristics of acute ischemic lesion on neuroimaging suggesting embolic mechanism of ischemia. After implanting Reveal XT ILR, patients were trained to perform transmissions monthly or when symptoms occurred. We reviewed the information online each month and patients underwent clinical visits at 3rd and 6th month and then every six months. RESULTS: We included 101 patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke and at least one month of follow-up after ILR implant. Mean age was 67 years, 54 women (53.5%). Mean follow-up after implantation was 281 ± 212 days. Occult PAF was detected in 34 patients (33.7%). Frequency of false positives: 22.8%. Median time from implant to arrhythmia detection was 102 days (range: 26-240 days). 24 (70%) patients with PAF had several arrhythmic episodes detected with ILR. The majority of events (75%) were detected during the first six months of monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: In our patients with probably embolic cryptogenic ischemic stroke, PAF was detected by Reveal XT ILR in 33.7%. One in four events occurred after the first six months of monitoring.
TITLE: Alto rendimiento del holter implantable en la deteccion de fibrilacion auricular paroxistica oculta en pacientes con ictus criptogenico y sospecha de mecanismo embolico.Introduccion. El holter implantable permite detectar fibrilacion auricular paroxistica (FAP) oculta en pacientes con ictus criptogenico, pero se desconoce que algoritmo de seleccion tiene un mayor rendimiento y la duracion optima de monitorizacion. Objetivo. Conocer la frecuencia y el tiempo hasta detectar la FAP mediante un holter implantable Reveal XT ® en pacientes con ictus criptogenico seleccionados por sospecha elevada de embolismo cerebral. Pacientes y metodos. Criterios de seleccion: ausencia de etiologia del ictus tras el estudio completo incluyendo un ecocardiograma transesofagico, monitorizacion ECG y holter de 24 horas, asi como confirmacion de oclusion aguda embolica de la arteria intracraneal por duplex transcraneal o bien alta sospecha de embolismo por caracteristicas de neuroimagen. Tras implantar el holter Reveal XT se formo a los pacientes para que emprendieran transmisiones todos los meses o ante sintomas. Se reviso la informacion online mensualmente y se realizaron visitas clinicas en las unidades de Neurologia y Cardiologia. Resultados. Se incluyeron 101 pacientes con ictus criptogenico y al menos un mes de seguimiento: edad media de 67 años, 54 mujeres (53,5%). Tiempo medio de seguimiento: 281 ± 212 dias. Se detecto FAP oculta en 34 pacientes (33,7%) y falsos positivos en 23 (22,8%). Mediana desde el implante hasta la deteccion de la arritmia: 102 dias (rango: 26-240 dias). En un 70% de los pacientes se registraron multiples episodios de FAP. El 75% de los eventos se detectaron durante los primeros seis meses de monitorizacion. Conclusiones. El algoritmo de seleccion de pacientes con ictus criptogenico segun sospecha de embolismo cerebral se asocio a una elevada frecuencia (33,7%) de FAP oculta con holter implantable. Uno de cada cuatro eventos sucedio tras los primeros seis meses de monitorizacion.
Subject(s)
Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis , Electrocardiography, Ambulatory/instrumentation , Intracranial Embolism/etiology , Aged , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/diagnosis , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology , Atrial Fibrillation/complications , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Cerebral Infarction/diagnostic imaging , Cerebral Infarction/etiology , False Positive Reactions , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Intracranial Embolism/diagnostic imaging , Ischemic Attack, Transient/diagnostic imaging , Ischemic Attack, Transient/etiology , Male , Middle Aged , Models, Cardiovascular , Patient Selection , Prostheses and Implants , Reproducibility of Results , Ultrasonography, Doppler, TranscranialABSTRACT
Introducción. El holter implantable permite detectar fibrilación auricular paroxística (FAP) oculta en pacientes con ictus criptogénico, pero se desconoce qué algoritmo de selección tiene un mayor rendimiento y la duración óptima de monitorización. Objetivo. Conocer la frecuencia y el tiempo hasta detectar la FAP mediante un holter implantable Reveal XT ® en pacientes con ictus criptogénico seleccionados por sospecha elevada de embolismo cerebral. Pacientes y métodos. Criterios de selección: ausencia de etiología del ictus tras el estudio completo incluyendo un ecocardiograma transesofágico, monitorización ECG y holter de 24 horas, así como confirmación de oclusión aguda embólica de la arteria intracraneal por dúplex transcraneal o bien alta sospecha de embolismo por características de neuroimagen. Tras implantar el holter Reveal XT se formó a los pacientes para que emprendieran transmisiones todos los meses o ante síntomas. Se revisó la información online mensualmente y se realizaron visitas clínicas en las unidades de Neurología y Cardiología. Resultados. Se incluyeron 101 pacientes con ictus criptogénico y al menos un mes de seguimiento: edad media de 67 años, 54 mujeres (53,5%). Tiempo medio de seguimiento: 281 ± 212 días. Se detectó FAP oculta en 34 pacientes (33,7%) y falsos positivos en 23 (22,8%). Mediana desde el implante hasta la detección de la arritmia: 102 días (rango: 26-240 días). En un 70% de los pacientes se registraron múltiples episodios de FAP. El 75% de los eventos se detectaron durante los primeros seis meses de monitorización (AU)
Introduction. Implantable loop recorders (ILR) may allow detection of occult paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) in patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke. However, optimal selection algorithm and ideal duration of monitoring remain unclear. Aim. To determine the incidence and time-profile of PAF in patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke studied with Reveal XT ® ILR, who were selected based on a high suspicion of cerebral embolism. Patients and methods. Selection criteria: absence of stroke etiology after complete study including vascular imaging, transesophageal echocardiography and at least 24 hours of cardiac rhythm monitoring, and confirmation of acute embolic occlusion of intracranial artery by transcranial duplex or characteristics of acute ischemic lesion on neuroimaging suggesting embolic mechanism of ischemia. After implanting Reveal XT ILR, patients were trained to perform transmissions monthly or when symptoms occurred. We reviewed the information online each month and patients underwent clinical visits at 3rd and 6th month and then every six months. Results. We included 101 patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke and at least one month of follow-up after ILR implant. Mean age was 67 years, 54 women (53.5%). Mean follow-up after implantation was 281 ± 212 days. Occult PAF was detected in 34 patients (33.7%). Frequency of false positives: 22.8%. Median time from implant to arrhythmia detection was 102 days (range: 26-240 days). 24 (70%) patients with PAF had several arrhythmic episodes detected with ILR. The majority of events (75%) were detected during the first six months of monitoring. Conclusions. In our patients with probably embolic cryptogenic ischemic stroke, PAF was detected by Reveal XT ILR in 33.7%. One in four events occurred after the first six months of monitoring (AU)
