Female ejaculation: An update on anatomy, history, and controversies.

Female ejaculation is a contentious topic. From a review of the literature, history indicates that it is not a modern concept; some females were aware of it in times past without understanding the role of the fluid or composition of the ejaculate. Over time, scholars experimented, mainly with anatomical studies, in an attempt to identify the source of the ejaculate and explore its physiological and anatomical benefits for the female sexual experience. Despite these studies, views about female ejaculation remain controversial and inconsistent, with no clear conclusion as to its function. This review discusses the history of studies of female ejaculation and presents various hypotheses from an anatomical and physiological perspective. After reviewing 44 publications from 1889 to 2019, it became apparent that clinical and anatomical studies conducted during recent decades provide substantial evidence in support of the female ejaculatory phenomenon. Anatomical studies have shown that the ejaculate originates in the paraurethral (Skene's) glands, but its composition has been debated. Female ejaculate differs from urine in its creatinine and urea concentrations. The fluid also contains prostate specific antigen (PSA) and could have antibacterial properties that serve to protect the urethra. While the specific function of female ejaculation remains a topic of debate, there is sufficient evidence to support the existence of the phenomenon.

Surgical anatomy of the internal carotid plexus branches to the abducens nerve in the cavernous sinus.

OBJECTIVE: Sympathetic branches to the abducens nerve derived from the internal carotid artery sympathetic plexus, while in the cavernous sinus, have been scantly described in the extant literature. Therefore, the present cadaveric study was performed to better elucidate this anatomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighteen cadaveric sides underwent dissection. RESULTS: The number of branches derived from the sympathetic plexus traveling with the internal carotid artery in the cavernous sinus was one on 11.1 %, two in 11.1 %, and three in 72.2 %. One side was found to have no branches (5.6 %). The mean diameter of the distance from the posterior border of the internal carotid artery, length, and diameter of the branches was 7.0 ±â€¯4.1 mm, 2.9 ±â€¯1.3 mm, and 0.4 ±â€¯0.1 mm, respectively. Of 44 of 45 sympathetic branches, 97.8 % originated from the lateral wall of the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery with only one from the medial wall. CONCLUSION: Based on our cadaveric findings, sympathetic connections between the internal carotid artery and the abducens nerve are common. Therefore, surgeons who operate in or near the cavernous sinus should be aware of such connections in order not to place unwanted tension on the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery or abducens nerve during dissection.

Nistagmo y baja visión / Nystagmus and low vision

El nistagmo es un movimiento incontrolado, rítmico e involuntario de ambos ojos, que se manifiesta al fijar la mirada en una dirección; puede ser congénito o adquirido, y se asocia a enfermedades oculares en la infancia. Mediante un diagnóstico precoz se logra la rehabilitación visual. Las medidas irán encaminadas a conseguir el máximo de visión: gafas para corregir las ametropías, ejercicios y estimulación visual. Una investigación realizada en la Consulta de baja visión del Hospital Universitario Arnaldo Milián Castro de Santa Clara mostró que, de 894 pacientes atendidos, el 1,3 por ciento presentaron nistagmo congénito idiopático, asociado a otras enfermedades, y 11 pacientes mejoraron la visión con el uso de cristales. Predominó la raza blanca, el sexo masculino y las edades comprendidas entre cero y 14 años. Tiene una baja prevalencia y un porcentaje exitoso de rehabilitados visualmente. Los pacientes deben enviarse a edades tempranas a la Consulta de baja visión(AU)