ABSTRACT
Las actividades sobre el planeta cambian y también la forma de observarlas, pero frente a la cantidad de situaciones que se circunscriben alrededor de las actividades extractivas, es conveniente, para todas las partes implicadas, buscar una mayor precisión en el enfoque sobre estos asuntos complejos; por eso, el objetivo de este escrito es aportar ideas, para ajustar el enfoque territorial de la actividad minera, con miras al desarrollo sostenible. Para ello, se utilizó una metodología aplicada a un caso real en Colombia, que permite expresar un enfoque combinado, en el cual, el espacio responde al dónde; la actividad minera representa el qué; la gradualidad del tiempo define el cuándo y, el desarrollo sostenible, proyectado en conjunto con los actores, define el para qué. Se logró una ubicación y, a la vez, representación multiescalar, a través de una región de influencia minera. Para mostrar interrelaciones, se realizó una caracterización minera sobre esos cuatro aspectos esenciales: lugar, actividad, tiempo y objetivo. También, se definió una trayectoria multitemporal para la gradualidad de las acciones en el tiempo y, desde la perspectiva comunitaria, se llevó a cabo la integración de propuestas organizadas en cuatro conjuntos. Se concluye que, para una minería más justa y mejor, nos conviene ampliar el radio de observación, considerar el pasado, presente y futuro y mirar desde la óptica de otros. Esto significa, cambiar las perspectivas, trazar nuevos horizontes e integrar acciones hacia objetivos comunes, que minimicen conflictos y potencien oportunidades más equitativas en las relaciones socioambientales.
Activities on our planet change, as does the way of observing them. But in the face of the number of situations that are circumscribed around extractive activities, it is convenient for all parties involved, to seek greater precision in the approach to these complex issues; therefore, that is why the purpose of this text is to provide ideas, so as to adjust the territorial approach of the mining activity, leading to sustainable development. To do this a methodology was applied to a real case in Colombia, where space pertains to the location; mining activity represents the purpose; the gradual progression of time defines when, and sustainable development projects are the goal. A multi-location and representation were achieved, a mining characterization on four essential aspects to show interrelatios, as well as a multi-temporal trajectory for the gradual progression of actions over time, and, from the community perspective, the integration of proposals in four sets. It is concluded that, for fairer and better mining, it is convenient for us to expand the radius of observation, to consider the past, present and future, adopts others viewpoints. This means changing perspectives, drawing new horizons and integrating actions towards common objectives that minimize conflicts and enhance more equitable opportunities in socio-environmental relations.
ABSTRACT
In amphibians, intra- or interspecific chemical cues are an important source of information about possible predation risk. In anuran tadpoles, this information causes changes at different levels including behavior, morphology, and growth and development. It has been shown that chemical alarm cues trigger antipredator behaviors, such as decreased exploratory activity, in a wide variety of anuran species; however, the cellular origin of the chemical cues has not yet been confirmed by new evidence. Previous works have suggested that the alarm cues originate from a particular cell type in the skin in tadpoles of the family Bufonidae: the epidermal giant cells (GCs). Here, we confirm the presence of GCs in the epidermis of Rhinella arenarum larvae from developmental stages as early as G22, when free-swimming larvae show gregarious behavior. In addition, larval skin homogenates trigger antipredator behaviors in conspecifics from stage G22 onwards, but not at early stages (G19 and G21). This fact exposes experimental evidence for the coexistence between the appearance of GCs and the production of chemical alarm cues during the development of R. arenarum. Furthermore, the antipredator behavioral response of R. arenarum larvae triggered by skin preparations of other species that belong to the same family who also exhibit GCs allows us to speculate that chemical cues appear to be conserved among phylogenetically related species, allowing them to cross-respond to heterospecific cues. Our experimental approaches support the role of GCs as the source of alarm cues in anuran larvae of the family Bufonidae.
Subject(s)
Cues , Predatory Behavior , Animals , Bufonidae , Epidermis , Giant Cells , Larva/physiologyABSTRACT
The cardinal tetra Paracheirodon axelrodi belongs to the family Characidae, an economically important and morphologically diverse family of fishes. Information on the olfactory system of this species is scattered and scarce. Among teleost fishes, differences exist in the shape, number, and arrangement of the olfactory lamellae, in the distribution of the sensory and nonsensory epithelium, as well as in the abundance of various receptor cell types. Here, an anatomical and morphological description of the olfactory system was carried out using light microscopic histology, immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. P. axelrodi is a ditremous and isosmat species. It has an arrow-shaped olfactory rosette arrangement. The olfactory epithelium is covering the 12-14 lamellae of the olfactory rosette and, using scanning electron microscopy, we observed that the apical surface of the olfactory epithelium carries a dense layer of mucus. Based on the histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural descriptions, all characteristic sensory and nonsensory cell types of the olfactory epithelium of teleost fish were identified. Three types of olfactory receptor neurons were identified: ciliated, microvilli, and crypt cells. The distribution of sensory and nonsensory cell types is like that described in Aphyocharax anisitsi, another species of the Characidae family. A. anisitsi inhabits slow-flowing water bodies with high-density vegetation such as P. axelrodi.
Subject(s)
Characidae , Characiformes , Olfactory Receptor Neurons , Animals , Characidae/anatomy & histology , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Olfactory MucosaABSTRACT
Introducción: El cáncer pediátrico es un importante problema de salud pública y el más frecuente es la leucemia. En ocasiones, esta enfermedad puede generar depleción de las líneas celulares y es la transfusión de hemocomponentes un importante pilar de su tratamiento. Este procedimiento puede generar reacciones postransfusionales que pueden ser letales. Objetivo: Exponer las diferentes características clínicas y epidemiológicas de las reacciones postransfusionales en población pediátrica con leucemia. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las principales bases de datos de literatura médica. Se incluyeron 46 artículos. Resultados: La complicación más frecuente es la reacción febril no hemolítica. También es frecuente la sobrecarga de hierro. El factor de riesgo más importante para presentar esta sobrecarga es el número de transfusiones. Es necesario monitorizar la cantidad de hierro hepático. La reacción pulmonar aguda relacionada con la transfusión es una condición potencialmente mortal. Las infecciones pueden presentarse y pueden ser mortales dada la inmunosupresión de este grupo de pacientes. Otras reacciones inmunológicas pueden ser raras, pero deben ser tenidas en cuenta. Consideraciones finales: Las reacciones postransfusionales pueden ser más graves en los pacientes con leucemia. Se requiere realizar estudios con modelos epidemiológicos adecuados para identificar las reacciones postransfusionales más frecuentes en población pediátrica con esta enfermedad(AU)
Introduction: Pediatric cancer is a major public health problem and leukemia is the most common. Sometimes this disease can lead to depletion of cell lines and the transfusion of blood components is an important pillar of their treatment. This procedure can generate post-transfusion reactions that can be lethal. Objective: Show the different clinical and epidemiological characteristics of post-transfusion reactions in pediatric population with leukemia. Methods: A systematic search was carried out in the main databases of medical literature. 46 items were included. Results: The most common complication is the non-hemolytic febrile reaction. Iron overloading is also common. The most important risk factor for this overload is the number of transfusions. It is necessary to monitor the amount of iron in the liver. Acute transfusion-related pulmonary reaction is a life-threatening condition. Infections can occur and can be fatal given the immunosuppression of this group of patients. Other immune reactions may be rare, but they should be taken into account. Final considerations: Post-transfusion reactions may be more severe in patients with leukemia. Studies with appropriate epidemiological models are required to identify the most common post-transfusion reactions in the pediatric population with this disease(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Leukemia , Immunosuppression Therapy , Transfusion Reaction , NeoplasmsABSTRACT
Among teleost fishes, differences exist in the shape, number, and arrangement of the olfactory lamellae, the distribution of the sensory and non-sensory epithelium, as well as, the abundance of various receptor cells. The objective of this work was to describe the morphology, immunohistochemistry, and scanning electron microscopy ultrastructure of the olfactory epithelium of the bloodfin tetra, Aphyocharax anisitsi. This is the first complete description including the anatomy, histology, and immunohistochemistry of the peripheral olfactory organ from a Characiformes. Based on the external morphology of the olfactory organ, A. anisitsi was classified as a ditermous species, with an olfactory cavity containing two openings divided by a skin flap that separates the anterior and posterior nostril. This species belongs to the group of isosmates, since the presence of accessory olfactory sacs was not observed, and non-sensory ciliated cells were identified. A. anisitsi has an olfactory rosette with an arrow-shaped arrangement, with differences in length between the anterior and posterior lamellae. In the olfactory epithelium, three types of olfactory receptor neurons were identified using histology and confirmed by immunohistochemistry, that is, ciliated olfactory receptor neurons in the basal region of the epithelium, microvillar olfactory receptor neurons in the middle region; and Crypt cells, in smaller numbers compared to the other neuronal types, present in the apical region. Sensory and non-sensory areas were scattered and mixed along the lamellar lateral surface but the nasal cavity and the midline raphe lacked olfactory receptor neurons. The presence of abundant kinocilia in the non-sensory cells could be related in A. anisitsi with ventilation and quality control of water entering the olfactory cavity. The spatial organization of the sensory and non-sensory areas in A. anisitsi was similar to that observed in other species that also inhabit still and slow-flowing bodies of water with high-density vegetation.
Subject(s)
Characidae/anatomy & histology , Olfactory Mucosa/anatomy & histology , Olfactory Mucosa/cytology , Animals , Cilia/ultrastructure , Female , Immunohistochemistry , Male , Olfactory Mucosa/ultrastructure , Olfactory Receptor Neurons/metabolismABSTRACT
Cardinal tetra Paracheirodon axelrodi and bloodfin tetra Aphyocharax anisitsi are two species of characids with high trade value as ornamental fish in South America. Although both species inhabit middle water layers, cardinal neon exhibits a tropical distribution and bloodfin tetra a subtropical one. Generally, these species are difficult to grow, so it becomes essential to know some key components of the neuroendocrine system to achieve their reproduction in captivity. Considering the importance of deepening the knowledge of the reproductive physiology through functional morphology, for the first time in this work we performed an anatomical, morphological and immunohistochemical analysis of the pituitary gland of these two species. In both species, a leptobasic type pituitary is found in the ventral zone of the hypothalamus and it is characterized by a neurohypophysis which has a well-developed pituitary stalk and a globular adenohypophysis. The pituitary components, characterized by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry, shows a distribution pattern of cells types similar to other teleost species, with only slight differences in the distribution of βFSH and βLH for P. axelrodi.(AU)
El cardenal tetra Paracheirodon axelrodi y el tetra Aphyocharax anisitsi son dos especies de carácidos con alto valor comercial como peces ornamentales en América del Sur. Aunque ambas especies habitan en las capas medias de agua, el neón cardenal exhibe una distribución tropical, mientras que el tetra cola roja una distribución subtropical. En general estas especies son difíciles de cultivar, por lo que es esencial conocer algunos componentes clave de los sistemas neuroendocrinos para lograr su reproducción en cautiverio. Considerando la importancia de profundizar en el conocimiento de la fisiología reproductiva a través de la morfología funcional, en este trabajo realizamos, por primera vez, un análisis anatómico, morfológico e inmunohistoquímico de la glándula pituitaria de estas dos especies. En ambas especies, la hipófisis, del tipo leptobásica, se encontró en la zona ventral del hipotálamo y se caracteriza por una neurohipófisis con un tallo hipofisario bien desarrollado y una adenohipófisis globular. Los componentes hipofisarios, caracterizados por la histoquímica y la inmunohistoquímica, mostraron un patrón de distribución de tipos de células similares a otras especies de teleósteos, con solo pequeñas diferencias en la distribución de βFSH y βLH para P. axelrodi.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Pituitary Gland/enzymology , Immunohistochemistry/veterinary , Characiformes/anatomy & histology , Characiformes/immunology , HistologyABSTRACT
Cardinal tetra Paracheirodon axelrodi and bloodfin tetra Aphyocharax anisitsi are two species of characids with high trade value as ornamental fish in South America. Although both species inhabit middle water layers, cardinal neon exhibits a tropical distribution and bloodfin tetra a subtropical one. Generally, these species are difficult to grow, so it becomes essential to know some key components of the neuroendocrine system to achieve their reproduction in captivity. Considering the importance of deepening the knowledge of the reproductive physiology through functional morphology, for the first time in this work we performed an anatomical, morphological and immunohistochemical analysis of the pituitary gland of these two species. In both species, a leptobasic type pituitary is found in the ventral zone of the hypothalamus and it is characterized by a neurohypophysis which has a well-developed pituitary stalk and a globular adenohypophysis. The pituitary components, characterized by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry, shows a distribution pattern of cells types similar to other teleost species, with only slight differences in the distribution of βFSH and βLH for P. axelrodi.(AU)
El cardenal tetra Paracheirodon axelrodi y el tetra Aphyocharax anisitsi son dos especies de carácidos con alto valor comercial como peces ornamentales en América del Sur. Aunque ambas especies habitan en las capas medias de agua, el neón cardenal exhibe una distribución tropical, mientras que el tetra cola roja una distribución subtropical. En general estas especies son difíciles de cultivar, por lo que es esencial conocer algunos componentes clave de los sistemas neuroendocrinos para lograr su reproducción en cautiverio. Considerando la importancia de profundizar en el conocimiento de la fisiología reproductiva a través de la morfología funcional, en este trabajo realizamos, por primera vez, un análisis anatómico, morfológico e inmunohistoquímico de la glándula pituitaria de estas dos especies. En ambas especies, la hipófisis, del tipo leptobásica, se encontró en la zona ventral del hipotálamo y se caracteriza por una neurohipófisis con un tallo hipofisario bien desarrollado y una adenohipófisis globular. Los componentes hipofisarios, caracterizados por la histoquímica y la inmunohistoquímica, mostraron un patrón de distribución de tipos de células similares a otras especies de teleósteos, con solo pequeñas diferencias en la distribución de βFSH y βLH para P. axelrodi.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Pituitary Gland/enzymology , Immunohistochemistry/veterinary , Characiformes/anatomy & histology , Characiformes/immunology , HistologyABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: las hendiduras orofaciales son las malformaciones congénitas de cabeza y cuello más frecuentes en el mundo, con gran importancia epidemiológica por su alto impacto sobre la calidad de vida de la población. Este impacto está dado en gran parte por la presencia de complicaciones postquirúrgicas, por lo que es importante conocerlas, con el fin de aplicar estrategias de prevención o de corrección temprana. Objetivo: identificar las principales complicaciones posquirúrgicas de la cirugía correctiva de labio hendido, paladar hendido o ambos, en un hospital de tercer nivel en Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. Se obtuvo la información de los registros de historias clínicas médicas, de pacientes cuya intervención quirúrgica fue realizada durante el período de enero de 2013 a diciembre de 2016. Resultados: se obtuvieron registros de 55 pacientes. La presentación conjunta de labio y paladar hendido fue la anomalía craneoencefálica más frecuente (70,9%). La complicación más frecuente fue la fístula oronasal (23,9% de pacientes con compromiso del paladar), seguida por la dehiscencia de la herida quirúrgica (3,6%). Se encontró un mayor porcentaje de complicaciones postquirúrgicas en el sexo masculino. Conclusión: la complicación postquirúrgica de corrección de labio y/o paladar hendido más frecuente encontrada en la muestra fue la fístula oronasal. MÉD.UIS. 2018;31(2):25-32.
Abstract Introduction: the orofacial clefts are the most frequent congenital malformations of the head and neck in the world, with great epidemiological importance for their impact on the quality of life of the population. This impact is largely due to the presence of postsurgical complications, which is why it is important to know them, in order to apply prevention strategies or early correction. Objective: to identify the main complications following surgical treatment of cleft lip, cleft palate or both, in a third level hospital in Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia. Materials and methods: descriptive cross-sectional study. The information was obtained from the medical records of patients whose surgical intervention was performed during the period from january 2013 to december 2016. Results: records of 55 patients were obtained. The joint presentation of cleft lip and palate was the most frequent craniofacial anomaly (70.9%). The most frequent complication was oronasal fistula (23.9% of patients with compromised palate), followed by dehiscence of the surgical wound (3.6%). A higher percentage of postoperative complications was found in the male sex. Conclusion: the postoperative complication of lip and/or cleft palate correction most frequently found in the sample was the oronasal fistula. MÉD.UIS. 2018;31(2):25-32.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Postoperative Complications , Maxillofacial Abnormalities , Pediatrics , Congenital Abnormalities , Cleft Lip , Cleft Palate , Plastic Surgery Procedures , FistulaABSTRACT
Cardinal neon Paracheirodon axelrodi and bloodfin tetra Aphyocharax anisitsi are two species of characids with high trade value as ornamental fish in South America. Although both species inhabit middle water layers, cardinal neon exhibits a tropical distribution and bloodfin tetra a subtropical one. In this work, we carried out an anatomical, histological and immunohistochemical study of the pineal complex of P. axelrodi and A. anisitsi. In both species, the pineal complex consisted of three components, the pineal and parapineal organs and the dorsal sac (DS). The pineal organ was composed of a short, thin pineal stalk (PS), vertically disposed with respect to the upper surface of the telencephalon, and a pineal vesicle (PV), located at the distal end of the PS and attached to the skull by connective tissue. The pineal window (PW), a site in the skull where the luminal information accesses the pineal organ, appeared just above the latter structures. In the epidermis of P. axelrodi's PW, club cells were identified, but were not observed in the epidermis of A. anisitsi's one. With respect to the DS, it appeared to be folded on itself, and was bigger and more folded in A. anisitsi than in P. axelrodi. Immunohistochemical assays revealed the presence of cone opsin-like and rod opsin-like photoreceptor cells in the PS and PV. These results provide a first insight into the morphological assembly of the pineal complex of both species, and contribute to a better understanding of the integration and transduction of light stimuli in characids. J. Morphol. 277:1355-1367, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subject(s)
Characidae/anatomy & histology , Photoreceptor Cells/metabolism , Pineal Gland/anatomy & histology , Rod Opsins , Animals , Fish Proteins , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
La neuroecografía está posicionada en la práctica clínica, de acuerdo a la literatura consultada, como un procedimiento con una especificidad y efectividad que permite dar un reporte diagnóstico con seguridad. Esta técnica tiene como ventajas la exploración en tiempo real, el carácter atóxico e inocuo del procedimiento y el corto tiempo en el que se realiza, según la experticia del realizador. Como herramienta diagnóstica en recién nacidos pretérminos una de las principales indicaciones para la solicitud del procedimiento es poder hacer la identificación de las alteraciones visibles en la anatomía macroscópica, teniendo en cuenta las ventajas proporcionadas por la ventana acústica utilizada en el estudio sonográfico, las cuales dependen principalmente de la proximidad del transductor a la neuroanatomía que se desea explorar. [Ustáriz CG, Redondo LC, Avendaño LC, Noguera EC. Ultrasonografía craneal neonatal, revisión de tema. MedUNAB 2012; 15(3): 167-174].
According to the literature, the neurosonography technique is positioned in clinical practice as a procedure with a specificity and effectiveness which allows a safe diagnostic report. This technique has the advantages of real-time scanning, the non-toxic and harmless character of the procedure, and the short time in which is performed according to the expertise of the physician. Used as a diagnostic tool in preterm newborns, one of its most significant applications is the identification of the visible changes in macroscopic anatomy, taking into account the advantages provided by the acoustic window used in the sonographic study, which in turn depends mainly on the proximity of the transducer to the neuroanatomy to be scanned. [Ustáriz CG, Redondo LC, Avendaño LC, Noguera EC. Neonatal cranial ultrasonography. MedUNAB 2012; 15(3):167-174].
Subject(s)
Ultrasonography , Infant, Newborn , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial , Diagnosis , Cranial Fontanelles , AnatomyABSTRACT
Se presenta un caso de tetralogía de Fallot(TF) asociada a conexión anómala total infracardiaca de las venas pulmonares y a persistencia del conducto arterial. El diagnóstico se realizó por ecocardiografía y se corroboró con cateterismo y angiocardiografía. Lo peculiar del caso es que cayó en insuficiencia cardiaca, lo que nunca ocurre en la TF aislada. Se operó a la edad de dos meses y medio. No toleró la intervención y falleció. No obtuvo permiso para la necropsia. Se discuten las características clínicas y fisiopatológicas y se revisa la literatura sobre esta rara asociación