Assessing the performance of commercial serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis.

Objectives: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has triggered a global pandemic with profound implications for public health. Rapid changes in the pandemic landscape and limitations in in vitro diagnostics led to the introduction of numerous diagnostic devices with variable performance. In this study, we evaluated three commercial serological assays in Brazil for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Methods: We collected 90 serum samples from SARS-CoV-2-negative blood donors and 352 from SARS-CoV-2-positive, unvaccinated patients, categorized by symptom onset. Subsequently, we assessed the diagnostic performance of three commercial enzyme immunoassays: GOLD ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) COVID-19 Ig (immunoglobulin) G + IgM, Anti-SARS-CoV-2 NCP IgM ELISA, and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 NCP IgG ELISA. Results: Our findings revealed that the GOLD ELISA COVID-19 IgG + IgM exhibited the highest sensitivity (57.7%) and diagnostic odds ratio, surpassing the manufacturer's reported sensitivity in most analyzed time frames while maintaining exceptional specificity (98.9%). Conversely, the Anti-SARS-CoV-2 NCP IgG ELISA demonstrated lower sensitivity but aligned with independent evaluations, boasting a specificity of 100%. However, the Anti-SARS-CoV-2 NCP IgM ELISA exhibited lower sensitivity than claimed, particularly in samples collected shortly after positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results. Performance improved 15-21 days after symptom onset and beyond 22 days, but in the first week, both Anti-SARS-CoV-2 NCP IgM ELISA and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 NCP IgG ELISA struggled to differentiate positive and negative samples. Conclusions: Our study emphasizes the need for standardized validation protocols to address discrepancies between manufacturer-claimed and actual performance. These insights provide essential information for health care practitioners and policymakers regarding the diagnostic capabilities of these assays in various clinical scenarios.

Effects of the Use of Beta-Blockers on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Associated with Cardiovascular Comorbities: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Cardiovascular comorbidity is common in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This factor interferes with pharmacological treatment. The use of ß-blockers has been proposed for their known cardioprotective effects. However, due to their adverse reactions, and the risk of causing bronchospasm, there is reluctance to use them. To summarize existing evidence on the effects of ß-blocker use in COPD associated with cardiovascular comorbidities in relation to disease severity, exacerbation, and mortality outcomes. EMBASE, Medline, Lilacs, Cochrane Library, and Science Direct databases were used. Observational studies that evaluated the effects of ß-blockers on individuals with COPD and cardiovascular comorbidities, and related disease severity, exacerbations, or mortality outcomes were included. Studies that did not present important information about the sample and pharmacological treatment were excluded. Twenty studies were included. Relevance to patient care and clinical practice: The use of ß-blockers in individuals with COPD and cardiovascular disease caused positive effects on mortality and exacerbations outcomes, compared with the results of individuals who did not use them. The severity of the disease caused a slight change in forced expiratory volume in 1 second. The odds ratio for mortality was 0.50 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39 to 0.63; p<0.00001), and for exacerbations, 0.76 (95% CI, 0.62 to 0.92; p=0.005), being favorable to the group that used ß-blockers. Further studies are needed to study the effect of using a specific ß-blocker in COPD associated with a specific cardiovascular comorbidity.

Usefulness of receptor binding domain protein-based serodiagnosis of COVID-19.

Objectives: This study evaluated the performance of recombinant receptor binding domain (RBD) protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (RBD-ELISAs) for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM antibodies. Methods: In this study, 705 sera from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals and 315 sera from healthy individuals were analyzed. Results: The RBD-ELISA IgG exhibited high specificity (99.1%) and moderate sensitivity (48.0%), with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 73.5%. RBD-ELISA IgM demonstrated specificity at 94.6% and sensitivity at 51.1%, with an accuracy of 72.8%. Both assays displayed improved performance when analyzing samples collected 15-21 days post-symptom onset, achieving sensitivity and accuracy exceeding 88% and 90%, respectively. Combining RBD-ELISA IgG and IgM in parallel analysis enhanced sensitivity to 98.6% and accuracy to 96.2%. Comparing these RBD-ELISAs with commercially available tests, the study found overlapping sensitivity and similar specificity values. Notably, the combined RBD-ELISA IgG and IgM showed superior performance. Cross-reactivity analysis revealed low false-positive rates (4.4% for IgG, 3.7% for IgM), primarily with viral infections. Conclusion: This research underscores the potential of RBD-based ELISAs for COVID-19 diagnosis, especially when assessing samples collected 15-21 days post-symptom onset and utilizing a parallel testing approach. The RBD protein's immunogenicity and specificity make it a valuable tool for serodiagnosis, offering an alternative to polymerase chain reaction-based methods, particularly in resource-limited settings.

Metabolic disorders and post-acute hospitalization in black/mixed-race patients with long COVID in Brazil: A cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although low-middle income countries have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, there is scarce information about the impact of long COVID on their population. This study aimed to evaluate long COVID symptomatology, complications (hospital readmission and metabolic disorders), and main clinical features that impact Quality of Life (QoL). METHODS: This cross-sectional study provides a detailed clinical and laboratory picture of individuals who presented residual symptoms after mild to severe acute COVID-19. Between Aug-2020 to Sep-2021, long COVID patients were evaluated in a reference center for long COVID in Bahia State, Brazil. The EQ-5D-5L questionnaire accessed QoL. RESULTS: A total of 1164 (52 ±13.4 years, 57% female, 88% black/mixed-race) were evaluated 2.3 [IQR = 1.6-3.7] months after mild (n = 351, 30.2%), moderate (338, 29.0%) or severe (475, 40.8%) acute illness. Dyspnea (790, 67.9%), fatigue (738, 63.5%), and chest pain (525, 42.9%) were the most frequent residual symptoms regardless of acute severity, affecting the QoL of 88.9% of patients (n/N-826/925), mainly the domains of anxiety/depression and pain/discomfort. High levels of HbA1c were detected for 175 out of 664 patients (26.6%), 40% of them without a previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Of note, hospital admission one-to-three months after the acute phase of disease was required for 51 (4.4%) patients. CONCLUSION: In this majority-black/mixed-race population, long COVID was associated with post-acute hospitalization, newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus, and decreased QoL, particularly in women and regardless of disease severity of acute infection, suggesting important implications for health care system.

Associação entre doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica e a má condição de saúde periodontal: um estudo transversal / Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and poor periodontal health: a cross-sectional study

Objetivo: estudos sugerem uma associação entre a doença periodontal e a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a condição periodontal em pacientes com DPOC. Metodologia: Este estudo transversal incluiu 33 pacientes com DPOC e 30 pacientes sem DPOC (grupo controle). Todos os pacientes realizaram espirometria e foram examinados por um dentista. A condição periodontal foi avaliada através dos seguintes índices: número de dentes, índice de placa (IP), índice de sangramento gengival (IG), profundidade de sondagem (PS), PS dos sítios doentes (PSD), nível de inserção clínica (NIC), NIC dos sítios doentes (NICD) e percentual de sítios doentes (NICDP). Para análise estatística foram utilizados o teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson, o testet de Student, análise de regressão logística e cálculo do odds ratio. Resultados: O grupo DPOC apresentou maiores IP (p=0,01), NIC (p=0,001) e NICDP (p<0,001), com odds ratio de 1,2 (95%IC: 1,023­1,408). Conclusões: Os pacientes com DPOC apresentaram pior condição periodontal. Mais estudos são necessários para esclarecer o papel da terapia periodontal no protocolo de acompanhamento dos pacientes com DPOC

Objective: evidence suggests an association between periodontal disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the periodontal status in patients with COPD. Methods: this cross-sectional study included 33 patients with COPD and 30 patients without COPD (control group). All patients underwent spirometry and were examined by a dentist. Periodontal status was evaluated by the following indexes: number of teeth, plaque index (PI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), probing depth (PD), PD of diseased sites (PDD), clinical attachment level (CAL), CAL of diseased sites (CALD) and percentage of diseased sites (CALDP). The findings were analyzed under Pearson's chi-square test, independent samples t test and logistic regression with odds ratio. Results: the COPD group had higher PI (p = 0,01), CAL (p = 0,001) and CALDP (p <0,001), and the odds ratio for patients with COPD was 1.2 (95% CI: 1,023-1,408). Conclusions: patients with COPD present worse periodontal status. More studies are needed in order to clarify the role of periodontal therapy in the management of COPD.

Prevalence and Impact of Comorbidities in Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review.

This study aimed to describe the prevalence of comorbidities associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and their relation with relevant outcomes. A systematic review based on the PRISMA methodology was performed from January 2020 until July 2021. The MEDLINE, Lilacs, and Scielo databases were searched to identify studies related to COPD and its comorbidities. Observational studies on the prevalence of comorbidities in COPD patients and costs with health estimates, reduced quality of life, and mortality were included. Studies that were restricted to one or more COPD pain assessments and only specific comorbidities such as osteoporosis, bronchitis, and asthma were excluded. The initial search identified 1,409 studies and after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 studies were finally selected for analysis (comprising data from 447,459 COPD subjects). The most frequent COPD comorbidities were: hypertension (range, 17%-64.7%), coronary artery disease (19.9%-47.8%), diabetes (10.2%-45%), osteoarthritis (18%-43.8%), psychiatric conditions (12.1%-33%), and asthma (14.7%-32.5%). Several comorbidities had an impact on the frequency and severity of COPD exacerbations, quality of life, and mortality risk, in particular malignancies, coronary artery disease, chronic heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias. Comorbidities, especially cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, are frequent in COPD patients, and some of them are associated with higher mortality.

Reprodutibilidade intraobservador do teste Timed Up and Go para pacientes com DPOC / Intrarater reliability of Timed Up and Go Test to patients with COPD

| INTRODUÇÃO: O Timed UP and Go Test (TUG) é um importante teste utilizado para a avaliação de desfechos funcionais na DPOC, como mobilidade, equilíbrio dinâmico e risco de queda. No cenário clínico prático, a aplicação repetida do TUG é realizada muitas vezes pelo mesmo observador, no objetivo de avaliar diversas intervenções aplicadas na DPOC. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o grau de reprodutibilidade intraobservador do TUG em indivíduos com DPOC. METODOLOGIA: Estudo descritivo, de corte transversal, realizado com indivíduos com DPOC, atendidos ambulatorialmente na cidade de Salvador-Bahia. Foram verificadas características sociodemográficas e clínicas como a espirometria (VEF1/CVF), e tempo de realização de duas práticas no mesmo dia do teste TUG. A reprodutibilidade do TUG foi avaliada pelo Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI), CAAE número 38143214.0.0000.0057. RESULTADOS: Trinta e um pacientes voluntários foram avaliados; destes, 24 (77,4%) homens, média da idade de 68,6 ± 9,8 anos, com relação VEF1/CVF pós-broncodilatador de 59,0 ± 10,8 %. Na análise da reprodutibilidade intraobservador do TUG pelo CCI, obteve-se α = 0,897 (CI 95%: 0,786; 0,950; p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: O teste TUG possui excelente reprodutibilidade intraobservador e uma pequena variabilidade quando aplicados duas vezes em pacientes com DPOC, sendo a aplicação para avaliação da mobilidade, na prática do cuidado em saúde considerada factível.

INTRODUCTION: The Timed UP and Go Test (TUG) is an important test used to assess functional outcomes in COPD, such as mobility, dynamic balance, and risk of falling. In clinical practice, the repeated application of the TUG is performed several times by the same observer to evaluate different interventions applied in COPD. OBJECTIVE: To assess the degree of intraobserver reproducibility of TUG in individuals with COPD. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out with individuals with COPD treated in an outpatient clinic in the city of SalvadorBahia. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics such as spirometry (FEV1/FVC) were verified, as well as two practices of the TUG Test on the same day. The reproducibility of TUG was evaluated fur Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). CAAE number 38143214.0.0000.0057. RESULTS: Thirty-one volunteer patients were evaluated, of which 24 (77.4%) men, mean age 68.6 ± 9.8 years, with post-bronchodilator FEV1//FVC ratio 59.0 ± 10.8%. In the analysis of intraobserver reproducibility of the TUG by the ICC, α = 0.897 (CI 95%: 0.786; 0.950; p < 0.0001) was obtained. CONCLUSION: The TUG test has excellent intraobserver reproducibility and a small variability when applied twice in patients with COPD, being the application for mobility assessment, in care practice, considered viable.

Atualização: Sarcopenia / Update: Sarcopenia

OBJETIVO: Fazer uma atualização da revisão de literatura sobre sarcopenia publicada em 2014 nesta revista. De acordo com o Consenso do Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2), a sarcopenia foi redefinida como uma doença muscular, caracterizada pela redução da força muscular, associada à diminuição da qualidade/quantidade muscular e/ou desempenho físico, sendo classificada como primária, secundária, aguda e crônica. Além de consequências físicas como aumento da ocorrência de quedas e limitação para atividades cotidianas, pode promover alterações sistêmicas pelo desequilíbrio entre síntese e degradação proteica. A prevalência aumenta com a idade, sendo mais alta a partir de 60 anos. Estudos em seis países encontraram prevalência entre 4,6% e 22,1%, havendo oscilação de valores conforme definições utilizadas, métodos diagnósticos e os pontos de corte para índice de massa muscular (IMM). Como estratégia para refinar a detecção do risco da sarcopenia, o EWGSOP2 sugere aplicação do questionário SARC-F. Para mensuração da variável massa muscular, os métodos recomendados são Ressonância Magnética, Tomografia Computadorizada, Absorciometria de Raio-X de Dupla Energia, Bioimpedância Elétrica e Antropometria, existindo acurácias e custos variáveis entre eles. Na aferição da força muscular, a principal forma de mensuração é a força de preensão palmar. Já o desempenho físico pode ser quantificado através do teste de velocidade de marcha de quatro metros. As formas de tratamento são treino de exercícios de resistência progressiva e aeróbicos, além de uma nutrição adequada. O estilo de vida sedentário, obesidade e fragilidade são fatores desencadeantes de perda de massa e função muscular no ambiente clínico.

OBJECTIVES: To update on a sarcopenia literature review published in 2014 in this journal. According to the Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People Consensus (EWGSOP2), sarcopenia was redefined as a muscular disease, characterized by muscular strength reduction, associated with a diminished muscular quantity and /or quality and /or low physical performance, being stratified as primary, secondary acute and chronic. Beyond physical consequences as a fall risk and daily activities, sarcopenia can promote a dysbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Sarcopenia prevalence is higher with increasing age, especially after 60 years. Studies in six countries had found sarcopenia prevalence between 4.6% and 22.1%, but differences between definitions, diagnostic methods, and cutoff points to evaluate muscle mass and function are found. To improve sarcopenia risk detection, EWGSOP2 suggests the use of the SARC-F questionnaire. Muscle mass measurement recommended methods are Magnet Resonance Imaging, Computed Tomography, Double Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry, Electric Bioimpedance, and Anthropometry with variable accuracy and costs between these methods. To evaluate muscle strength, the handgrip strength test is the main method recommended. In addition, four Meter Gait speed is recommended to evaluate physical performance. Treatment options are progressive exercise, endurance training, and aerobic exercises, together with nutritional interventions. Sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and frailty are the main risks factors associated with muscle mass and function losses in the clinical setting

Home physical exercise improves functional mobility and quality of life in the elderly: A CONSORT-prospective, randomised controlled clinical trial.

AIMS: To test the hypothesis of a semi-supervised home physical exercise programme that is likely to improve the functional mobility and quality of life (QOL) of elderly in the community. METHODS: This trial included elderly adults (88% female) aged 60 years or older and who were sedentary and without cognitive decline. The participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG, home physical exercise and sleep hygiene) and a control group (CG, sleep hygiene). The International Questionnaire on Physical Activity, mental state mini-exam, World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Older Adults Module (WHOQOL-OLD) and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) tests were conducted before and after the 12-week intervention period. RESULTS: The study was concluded with 125 elderly participants. Anthropometric data were indicative of pre-obesity, with a mean body mass index of 27.3 ± 4, a low-income socio-economic profile (78% ≤ 2 SM) and low schooling rates (76% ≤ 3 years of study). Most of the elderly (87%) were considered physically active with IPAQ > 150 min/week. The group of elderly people who performed the home physical exercise programme showed a significant improvement in functional mobility according to the time of execution of the TUG test before (9.1 ± 2) and after (7.1 ± 1) with an average reduction of 2 ± 1 s (P < .01). The difference in the QOL of the elderly who participated in the exercise protocol was also observed, verified through the WHOQOL-OLD global score, which presented an initial score of 85 ± 10, changing to 90.4 ± 9 after the intervention. CONCLUSION: Semi-supervised physical home exercise is safe and effective in improving the functional mobility and QOL of sedentary elderly people in the community.

Early detection of P.1 variant of SARS-CoV-2 in a cluster of cases in Salvador, Brazil.

We report 3 cases of severe COVID-19 due to the SARS-CoV-2 P.1 lineage in a familial cluster detected in Salvador, Bahia-Brazil. All cases were linked to travel by family members from the state of Amazonas to Bahia in late December 2020. This report indicates the cryptic transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 P.1 lineage across Brazil and highlights the importance of genomic surveillance to track the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.

Incorporando nuevas evidencias sobre medicamentos inhalados en la EPOC. Asociación Latinoamericana de Tórax (ALAT) 2019 / Incorporating New Evidence on Inhaled Medications in COPD. The Latin American Chest Association (ALAT) 2019

Este documento sobre EPOC de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Tórax (ALAT) 2019 analiza las nuevas evidencias de medicación inhalada utilizando la metodología de preguntas clínicas en formato PICO. Surgen de este análisis los siguientes puntos claves: 1) no hay evidencia que compare el uso de broncodilatadores de acción corta vs. larga en pacientes con EPOC leve; en aquellos con EPOC moderada-grave existe mayor beneficio de los broncodilatadores de acción larga, 2) beneficios similares de la monoterapia con antimuscarínicos de acción prolongada (LAMA) y la terapia combinada β2-agonistas de acción larga/corticosteroides inhalados (LABA/CIS), asociada esta última a mayor riesgo de neumonía, 3) mayores beneficios del LABA/LAMA en función pulmonar y riesgo de exacerbación vs. LABA/CIS (esta última con mayor riesgo de neumonía) y 4) mayores beneficios de la terapia LAMA/LABA/CIS comparada con LABA/LAMA sobre el riesgo de exacerbaciones moderadas-severas. En relación al rol de los eosinófilos para guiar el uso de los CIS: debe considerarse su retiro cuando la indicación inicial fue errada o sin respuesta, en pacientes con efectos secundarios como neumonía, y en aquellos con bajo riesgo de exacerbación con recuento de eosinófilos en sangre < 300 cél/μl. Incorporando estas evidencias según la gravedad de la obstrucción, síntomas y riesgo de exacerbaciones se genera un algoritmo para el uso de medicación inhalada en la EPOC

This document on COPD from the Latin American Chest Association (ALAT-2019) uses PICO methodology to analyze new evidence on inhaled medication and answer clinical questions. The following key points emerged from this analysis: 1) evidence is lacking on the comparison of short-acting vs. long-acting bronchodilators in patients with mild COPD; patients with moderate-to-severe COPD obtain greater benefit from long-acting bronchodilators; 2) the benefits of monotherapy with long-acting antimuscarinic agents (LAMA) and combined therapy with long-acting β2-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids (LABA/ICS) are similar, although the latter is associated with a greater risk of pneumonia; 3) LABA/LAMA offer greater benefits in terms of lung function and risk of exacerbation than LABA/ICS (the latter involve an increased risk of pneumonia), 4) LAMA/LABA/ICS have greater therapeutic benefits than LABA/LAMA on the risk of moderate-severe exacerbations. With regard to the role of eosinophils in guiding the use of ICS, ICS withdrawal must be considered when the initial indication was wrong or no response is elicited, in patients with side effects such as pneumonia, and in patients with a low risk of exacerbation and an eosinophil blood count of <300 cells/μl. All this evidence, categorized according to the severity of the obstruction, symptoms, and risk of exacerbations, has been used to generate an algorithm for the use of inhaled medication in COPD

Incorporating New Evidence on Inhaled Medications in COPD. The Latin American Chest Association (ALAT) 2019. / Incorporando nuevas evidencias sobre medicamentos inhalados en la EPOC. Asociación Latinoamericana de Tórax (ALAT) 2019.

This document on COPD from the Latin American Chest Association (ALAT-2019) uses PICO methodology to analyze new evidence on inhaled medication and answer clinical questions. The following key points emerged from this analysis: 1) evidence is lacking on the comparison of short-acting vs. long-acting bronchodilators in patients with mild COPD; patients with moderate-to-severe COPD obtain greater benefit from long-acting bronchodilators; 2) the benefits of monotherapy with long-acting antimuscarinic agents (LAMA) and combined therapy with long-acting ß2-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids (LABA/ICS) are similar, although the latter is associated with a greater risk of pneumonia; 3) LABA/LAMA offer greater benefits in terms of lung function and risk of exacerbation than LABA/ICS (the latter involve an increased risk of pneumonia), 4) LAMA/LABA/ICS have greater therapeutic benefits than LABA/LAMA on the risk of moderate-severe exacerbations. With regard to the role of eosinophils in guiding the use of ICS, ICS withdrawal must be considered when the initial indication was wrong or no response is elicited, in patients with side effects such as pneumonia, and in patients with a low risk of exacerbation and an eosinophil blood count of <300 cells/µl. All this evidence, categorized according to the severity of the obstruction, symptoms, and risk of exacerbations, has been used to generate an algorithm for the use of inhaled medication in COPD.

A perda urinária é frequente em pacientes com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) atendidos ambulatorialmente / Urinary leakage is frequent in outpatient chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients

INTRODUÇÃO: A incontinência urinária (IU) é definida como qualquer perda involuntária de urina, sendo a tosse um fator de risco. A tosse é um sintoma frequente da Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) podendo associar-se com a IU. Objetivo: Avaliar a frequência de perda urinária e o impacto da IU na qualidade de vida das pessoas com DPOC e caracterizar a presença de tosse. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo, realizado em pessoas com DPOC. A coleta dos dados foi realizada no Departamento de Ciências da Vida II/UNEB. Aplicou-se o International Consultation Incontinence Short-Form (ICIQ-SF) para avaliar a frequência de perda urinária e o King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) para o impacto na qualidade de vida. Os dados foram analisados no software SPSS (v.22.0), descritos em medida de tendência central, dispersão e proporções. Um p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. RESULTADOS: Das 30 pessoas avaliadas, a média da idade foi 66,7± 8,6 anos; desses 11 (36,7%) apresentaram queixa de IU, sendo sete (63,3%) mulheres. Entre esses a média de pontuação do ICIQ-SF foi de 5,9± 4,4. Vinte e oito participantes (93,3%) tinham tosse crônica. Analisando o KHQ, o domínio de maior impacto foi "percepção geral de saúde''. CONCLUSÃO: A frequência de IU em pessoas com DPOC foi de 35,7% e a de tosse foi de 93,3%. Entre as pessoas com perda urinária, 36,7% referiram alguma interferência na vida diária. É importante incluir a avaliação da IU para ampliar o manejo clínico da condição de saúde dessas pessoas.

INTRODUCTION: Urinary incontinence (UI) is defined as any involuntary leakage of urine in which cough is a risk factor. Cough is a common symptom of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and may be associated with UI. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the urinary leakage frequency and the UI impact in the life's quality of people with copd and characterizing the cough presence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a descriptive study conducted in people with COPD. Data collection was performed at the Department of Life Sciences II/ UNEB. The International Consultation Incontinence Short-Form (ICIQSF) was applied to assess the frequency of urinary leakage and the King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) for the impact on quality of life. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (v.22.0), described as central tendency, dispersion and proportions and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Thirty people were evaluated with the mean age 66.7±8.6 years. Eleven people (36.7%) complained of UI, seven (63.3%) were women. The average ICIQ-SSF score was 5.9±4.4. Twentyeight participants (93.3%) had chronic cough. The domain of greatest impact of the KHQ was "general health perception". CONCLUSION: UI frequency in people with COPD was 35.7% and cough was 93.3%. People with leakage urinary (36,7%) reported some interference in daily life. It is important to include UI assessment to be clear the clinical management of their health status.

Associação do desempenho físico no teste Timed Up and Go com autorrelato de quedas em idosos hospitalizados / Association of physical performance in the Timed Up and Go test with self-report of falls in hospitalized elderly

INTRODUÇÃO: Episódios de quedas estão associados com redução da mobilidade e mortalidade e são mais comuns em idosos. O Timed up and Go (TUG) é um dos principais instrumentos para rastrear o risco de cair em idosos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação do teste TUG para autorrelato de quedas no último ano em idosos hospitalizados. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado em um hospital privado da cidade de Salvador/BA, no período de Agosto de 2013 a Janeiro de 2014. Foram incluídos indivíduos de ambos os sexos, a partir do 1º ao 5º dia de internação. A acurácia do teste foi calculada pela curva ROC (Receiver Operator Characteristic) e análise dos valores de sensibilidade e especificidade. Os resultados foram dispostos em média e desvio padrão ou valor absoluto e percentual. Foi considerado significativo um valor de p <0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram inclusos 68 idosos, com idade média 70,4 ± 7,7 anos, IMC = 25,66 ± 5,26 kg/m2, índice de Charlson 5,35 ± 1,97 e tempo médio de internação 2,76 ± 1,71 dias. O tempo médio de realização do TUG foi 10,02 ± 5,38 segundos. A acurácia do TUG foi considerada moderada (0,67; IC = 0,54 - 0,80; p=0,029). O ponto de corte de 9,2 segundos encontrado na curva ROC foi o ponto de maior associação com autorrelato de quedas com uma sensibilidade de 67,7% e especifidade 68,2%. CONCLUSÃO: O desempenho no TUG tem associação com autorrelato de quedas no último ano em idosos hospitalizados.

INTRODUCTION: Episodes of falls are associated with decreased mobility and mortality and are more common in the elderly. Timed up and Go (TUG) is one of the key tools for tracking the risk of falling in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of the TUG test for self-report of falls in the last year in hospitalized elderly. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a private hospital in the city of Salvador, Bahia, from August 2013 to January 2014. Individuals of both sexes were included from the 1st to 5th day of hospitalization. The accuracy of the test was calculated by the Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve and analysis of the sensitivity and specificity values. The results were arranged as mean and standard deviation or absolute and percentage values. A value of p <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: We included 68 elderly people, mean age 70.4 ± 7.7 years, BMI = 25.66 ± 5.26 kg / m2, Charlson index 5.35 ± 1.97 and mean time of hospitalization 2.76 ± 1.71 days. The mean TUG time was 10.02 ± 5.38 seconds. The cutoff point of 9.2 seconds found in the ROC curve was the point of greatest association with self-report of falls with a sensitivity of 67.7% and specificity of 68.2%. CONCLUSION: TUG performance is associated with self-report of falls in the last year in hospitalized elderly.

Adaptação cardiovascular no Teste de Caminhada dos Seis Minutos em pacientes com DPOC: estudo transversal / Cardiovascular adaptation in the six-minute walk test in COPD patients: transversal study

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o comportamento da adaptação cardiovascular e da saturação periférica de oxigênio em indivíduos com DPOC submetidos no teste de caminhada dos seis minutos (TC6). MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, que foram incluídas pessoas com diagnóstico de DPOC, confirmado pela espirometria e de ambos os sexos. A magnitude de sintomas foi avaliada pela escala de dispneia Medical Research Council (MRC) e questionário COPD Assessment Test (CAT). Aplicou-se o TC6 para avaliar a tolerância ao esforço. Para mensurar a frequência cardíaca máxima (FC máx) prevista para a idade foram utilizadas equações específicas para população brasileira. RESULTADOS: Avaliou-se 34 indivíduos com DPOC, 20 (58,8%) homens; relação VEF1/CVF foi 56,7%± 10,2% pós broncodilatador (BD). Quatorze 14 (41,2%) indivíduos apresentaram impacto clínico moderado; 16 (47,2%) dos avaliados apresentou grau 2 na escala do MRC. As médias das distâncias percorridas no primeiro e segundo TC6 foram 383,5 ± 13,6; 408,6 ± 85,7 metros, correspondendo a 70, 75%; 75,10% em relação ao valor previsto (p=0,001). As médias da FC máx ao final do primeiro e segundo TC6, foram 94,1 ± 21,9; 92,3 ± 17,9 bpm e a FC pós percentual da FC máx prevista pré e pós TC6 foram 61,1% ± 17,7%; 59,7% ± 21,5% e 14 (41,2%) pacientes apresentaram dessaturação de O2 no primeiro TC6; 9 (26,5%) no segundo teste. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes com DPOC, apresentam aumento da FC identificado pelo esforço submáximo, por meio do percentual da FC max. Indivíduos com maior comprometimento da função pulmonar apresentaram dessaturação de O2. .

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the behavior of cardiovascular adaptation and peripheral oxygen saturation in individuals with COPD submitted to the six-minute walk test (6MWT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was performed a descriptive study with person with a diagnosis of COPD confirmed by spirometry of both sexes. The Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale and the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) questionnaire were used to assess the magnitude of symptoms. The 6MWT was used to assess effort tolerance. To measure the maximum heart rate (HRmax) predicted for age, specific equations were used for the Brazilian population. RESULTS: 34 individuals with COPD were evaluated, 20 (58.8%) men; FEV1 / FVC ratio was 56.7% ± 10.2% after BD. Fourteen (41.2%) were classified as grade 2 and were classified as grade 2 (MRC scale). The means of the distances covered in the first and second TC6 were 383.5 ± 13.6; 408.6 ± 85.7 meters, corresponding to 70.7%; 75.1% in relation to the predicted value (p = 0.001). The mean maximum heart rate at the end of the first and second 6MWT were 94.1 ± 21.9; 92.3 ± 17.9 bpm and the heart rate post-percentage of the predicted maximum heart rate before and after the 6MWT were 61.1% ± 17.7%; 59.7% ± 21.5% and 14 (41.2%) patients presented O2 desaturation on the 6MWT; 9 (26.5%) in the second test. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with COPD throughout the 6MWT show increased heart rate and O2 desaturation in exercise activity.

Qualidade de vida de idosos hipertensos e diabéticos da comunidade: um estudo observacional / Quality of life of elderly hypertensive and diabetics of the community: an observational study

INTRODUÇÃO: O envelhecimento da população brasileira provocou modificações no perfil das morbidades, aumentando as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT), principalmente hipertensão e diabetes, interferindo na qualidade de vida. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de idosos hipertensos e diabéticos da comunidade, analisar suas correlações e caracterizar o perfil desses idosos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODO: Estudo observacional, transversal, com 108 idosos da comunidade com 60 anos ou mais. Na coleta de dados, aplicaram-se questionários sociodemográficos, antropométricos, de morbidades, avaliação do comprometimento cognitivo, por meio do Mini Exame do Estado Mental, e da qualidade de vida por meio do WHOQOL-OLD. Os dados foram submetidos à estatística descritiva, análise de variância para comparação de médias entre os grupos e correlação de Pearson para testar a associação da qualidade de vida com o quantitativo de DCNT. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi 70±6 anos, predominância do sexo feminino (85,2%); baixa escolaridade (75,8%); baixa renda (51,9%); morando com familiares (80,6%) e casados (46,3%). Em relação às DCNT, 37,0% eram hipertensos, 18,5% diabéticos e 14,8% tinham associação das duas. Os idosos sem DCNT apresentaram médias do WHOQOL-OLD maiores que os demais grupos com pelo menos uma DCNT e houve correlação negativa da quantidade de DCNT e a qualidade de vida. CONCLUSÃO: DCNT influenciam negativamente a qualidade de vida dos idosos, sendo que idosos sem DCNT apresentaram melhor qualidade de vida, comparados aos hipertensos, diabéticos ou com associação de ambas e, o medo de morrer foi a variável que apresentou maior interferência na qualidade de vida dos idosos.

INTRODUCTION: With the aging of the Brazilian population, there was a change in the morbidity profile, with a consequent increase in chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCD) OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of life of elderly diabetic and hypertensive in the community and characterize the profile of these elderly people. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 108 elderly subjects were investigated in a cross-sectional observational study. Data collection included questionnaires containing sociodemographic, anthropometric and self-reported morbidity data, as well as the evaluation of cognitive impairment through the Mini Mental State Examination and quality of life through the WHOQOL-OLD. Data were submitted to descriptive statistics, analysis of variance for comparison of means between groups and Pearson correlation to test the association of quality of life with the quantitative of CNCD. RESULTS: Mean age 70 ± 6, predominantly female (85.2%); low schooling (75.8%); low income (51.9%); living with relatives (80.6%) and married (46.3%). They were hypertensive (37.0%), diabetics (18.5%) and both (14.8%). Elderly non-CNCD had WHOQOL-OLD averages higher than the other groups with at least one CNCD, and there was a moderate and statistically significant negative association of the amount of CNCD and quality of life. CONCLUSION: CNCD negatively influence the quality of life of the elderly, and the elderly without chronic disease presented better quality of life when compared to the elderly with the presence of hypertension, diabetes or both, and the fear of dying was the variable that presented greater interference in the quality of life of the elderly.

Effect of a home-based exercise program on functional mobility and quality of life in elderly people: protocol of a single-blind, randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Elderly people have high rates of functional decline, which compromises independence, self-confidence, and quality of life (QoL). Physical exercise leads to significant improvements in strength, balance, functional mobility, and QoL, but there is still reduced access to this therapeutic strategy due to difficulties in locomotion to training centers or lack of adaptation to the exercise environment. METHODS/DESIGN: The purpose of this clinical trial will be to verify the effect of a progressive and semi-supervised, home-based exercise program on the functional mobility, and in the QoL of sedentary elderly people. This is a protocol of a consecutive, single-center, single-blind, and randomized controlled trial. The design, conduct, and report follows the SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) guidelines. Sedentary elderly people will be enrolled, and randomly allocated into two groups. The intervention group will perform exercises in their own home and the control group will not perform exercises. The evaluations will occur at study enrollment and after 3 months of intervention, and will be performed using the functional mobility Timed Up & Go (TUG) test and sociodemographic and QoL questionnaires. In the statistical analysis, comparisons of mean and correlation analyses will be performed. The primary expected outcome is the improvement in functional mobility verified through the TUG test and the secondary outcome is the improvement in QoL verified by the WHOQOL-OLD. DISCUSSION: The lack of scientific evidence demonstrating the benefits of semi-supervised home exercise on functional mobility and QoL in elderly people represents an obstacle to the development of guidelines for clinical practice and for policy-makers. The World Health Organization highlighted the importance of musculoskeletal health programs for elderly people, and the exercise program described in this protocol was designed to be viable, easy to implement, and inexpensive, and could be performed at the home of elderly subjects after receiving only guidelines and follow-up via periodic visits. Based on these facts, we hope that this study will demonstrate that a well-structured, home-based exercise program can be effective in improving functional mobility and QoL of sedentary elderly people, even without constant supervision during exercise. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (ReBEC), Identifier: RBR-3cqzfy . Registered on 2 December 2016.

Prevalência de sarcopenia na Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica: revisão sistemática / Prevalência de sarcopenia na Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica: revisão sistemática Prevalence of sarcopenia in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: systematic review

INTRODUÇÃO: DPOC está associada a um processo inflamatório sistêmico que pode causar sarcopenia, redução da função e massa muscular, embora sua frequência e intensidade não seja completamente conhecida em portadores dessa enfermidade. OBJETIVO: descrever a prevalência e métodos de identificação da sarcopenia na DPOC através de uma revisão sistemática. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Revisão sistemática utilizando a metodologia PICO e palavras-chave (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Sarcopenia). Foram incluídos estudos publicados que estimaram a prevalência de sarcopenia na DPOC. Excluídos aqueles cujo método não detalhou o diagnóstico da sarcopenia. RESULTADOS: A pesquisa resultou inicialmente em 897 artigos. Desses, 877 foram excluídos, sendo 20 selecionados (15 transversais, cinco longitudinais, um caso/controle). As amostras variaram de 57 a 2.582 participantes, a maioria (70%) conduzida em ambulatório. Um estudo foi de base populacional. A idade média foi de 66 anos. A prevalência de sarcopenia na DPOC variou (4,4% a 86,5%). Os métodos diagnósticos utilizados para determinar massa muscular foram o Dual X-ray Absorptiometry, a bioimpedância e as equações de referência. A força muscular foi estimada utilizando-se a preensão manual em dinamômetros portáteis ou a flexão/extensão do joelho através do dinamômetro isocinético. A capacidade funcional foi avaliada pelo teste de caminhada dos seis minutos ou através do teste de velocidade da marcha. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de sarcopenia na DPOC encontrada nos estudos (4,4 a 86,5%) é muito variável. Influenciada não somente pela característica do paciente, mas também pelo local, delineamento e método diagnóstico utilizado. Uma padronização de métodos parece ser necessária para se uniformizar condutas na literatura. [AU]

COPD is associated with a systemic inflammatory process that can cause sarcopenia, reduced function and muscle mass, although its frequency and intensity is not completely known in patients with this disease. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence and methods of identifying sarcopenia in COPD through a systematic review. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Systematic review using the PICO methodology and keywords (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Sarcopenia). We included published studies that estimated the prevalence of sarcopenia in COPD. Excluding those whose method did not detail the diagnosis of sarcopenia. RESULTS: The search resulted initially in 897 articles. Of these, 877 were excluded, of which 20 were selected (15 transverse, five longitudinal, one case / control). Samples ranged from 57 to 2,582 subjects, the majority (70%) conducted on an outpatient basis. One study was population-based. The mean age was 66 years. The prevalence of sarcopenia in COPD varied (4.4% to 86.5%). The diagnostic methods used to determine muscle mass were Dual X-ray Absorptiometry, bioimpedance and reference equations. Muscle strength was estimated using manual gripping on portable dynamometers or knee flexion / extension through the isokinetic dynamometer. Functional capacity was assessed by the six-minute walk test or gait speed test. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of sarcopenia in COPD found in the studies (4.4 to 86.5%) is very variable. Influenced not only by the patient's characteristic, but also by the location, design and diagnostic method used. A standardization of methods seems to be necessary to standardize conducts in the literature. [AU]

Association of sleep quality with excessive daytime somnolence and quality of life of elderlies of community.

BACKGROUND: The progressive increase in the elderly population contributes to the fact that studies on human aging have important attention of health professionals and government agents, since they present a great challenge regarding public health. Our objective is to characterize the profile of older people with poor sleep quality and analyze possible associations with excessive daytime somnolence, quality of life and functional mobility. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study, involving elderlies of the community, with the questionnaires Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale, WHOQOL-OLD and application of the Timed Up and Go test - TUG. Descriptive statistics, Student's t test for paired samples and Pearson's correlation coefficient (p ≤ 0.05) were used. RESULTS: We recruited 131 elderly people, predominantly female (87%); mean age 68 ± 7 years, low per capita income (84.8% ≤ 2 minimum wage), low education (86.3% ≤ 3 years of study), and mostly staying with relatives (67.9%), married (39.7%) or amassed (35.9%). Seventy-one percent of the sample is above normal weight, 90.1% of women have an abdominal circumference ≥ 80 cm and a high prevalence of chronic and psychosocial diseases was identified in the self-report, and the risk of obstructive sleep apnea in 38.2%. The mean PSQI, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, WHOQOL-OLD and TUG were equal to, respectively, 11.2 ± 3.2; 8.32 ± 2.2; 84.8 ± 10.2 and 8.97 ± 2. An association of sleep quality with excessive daytime somnolence and quality of life, while not with functional mobility, was observed. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study allowed to identify a sleep quality associated with excessive daytime somnolence and quality of life and also to characterize the profile of elders with poor sleep quality.