Thrombin Generation and other hemostatic parameters in patients with atrial fibrillation in use of warfarin or rivaroxaban.

Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) present hyperactivation of both platelets and coagulation leading to a hypercoagulable state which contributes to an increased risk of thromboembolism. Therefore, one of the main strategies for treatment of AF is prevention of these events through the use of oral anticoagulants (OAC). The aim of this study was to evaluate hemostasis as a whole in patients with non-valvular AF undergoing warfarin or rivaroxaban by thrombin generation test (TGT), in addition to monocyte-platelet aggregates (MPA), glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa), and platelet (PMP) and endothelium (EMP) microparticles, compared to age and sex matched controls. PT/INR for OAC use was also determined. In patients taking OAC, compared to control group, a decrease in TGT (p = 0.000 for all parameters) were observed. Patients taking warfarin showed to be more hypocoagulable, presenting lower levels of ETP (p = 0.000) and peak (p = 0.002) than patients using rivaroxaban. Patients on warfarin use with INR > 3 had also lower levels of ETP (p = 0.01) and peak (p = 0.006). A decrease in ETP (p = 0.03) and peak (p = 0.02) values was also observed in patients using rivaroxaban with PT > 21.4 s. Patients using warfarin (p = 0.000) and rivaroxaban (p = 0.000) presented lower levels of MPA in relation to control group. It was also observed in patients using warfarin, lower GPIIb/IIIa levels in relation to control group (p = 0.011). Patients taking rivaroxaban (p = 0.003) and warfarin (p = 0.001) had higher PMP levels compared to control group. There was no difference in levels of EMP between the groups (p = 0.0536). The present study reinforces the usefulness of OAC in AF, which decisively contribute to a better management of the disease preventing possible complications.

Laboratorial algorithm for serological diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis using rK39-ICT, DAT-LPC and FC-Simplex IgG1.

The performance of distinct serological tests (rK39-ICT, IFAT, DAT-LPC, FC-Simplex IgG1) was assessed and a laboratorial algorithm was proposed for accurate diagnosis of VL. DAT-LPC and FC-Simplex IgG1 showed outstanding accuracy (AUC = 0.93) to identify VL patients. The use of a sequential serological algorithm (rK39-ICT screening followed by DAT-LPC or FC-Simplex IgG1) improved the global accuracy for VL (97.2%) diagnosis. An alternative approach for diagnosis of VL has been also assessed for interchangeable use of serum/whole blood lysate samples in DAT-LPC and FC-Simplex IgG1. Our data showed an outstanding agreement for the results obtained with whole blood lysate samples as compared to serum samples (DAT-LPC =100%; FC-Simplex IgG1 = 99%). Together, these findings provide insights to improve the current overall accuracy of VL diagnosis and present innovative laboratorial tests and alternative samples from use in public health services.

Correlation between active disease and hypercoagulability state in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: This study has investigated whether high levels of Reticulocytes-C4d (R-C4d) and Platelets-C4d (P-C4d) reflecting recent activity in SLE patients are correlated with changes in natural anticoagulation components, coagulation activation and endothelial injury markers. METHODS: This study included three groups: 1) healthy women (control, n = 30); 2) women with low activity of the disease (SLEDAI 2 K ≤ 4, n = 30); 3) women with active disease (moderate or high activity) (SLEDAI 2 K > 4, n = 30). Median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of R-C4d and P-C4d were determined by flow cytometry using double labeling with specific monoclonal antibodies. Endothelial injury and hypercoagulability were evaluated by measuring Thrombomodulin and D-dimer levels. RESULTS: Higher MFI index of R-C4d were related to the recent activity of SLE, and higher expression of P-C4d indicated an elevated risk of thrombotic complications. Increased levels of soluble thrombomodulin and D-dimer were observed in patients with active SLE. CONCLUSION: R-C4d is helpful to monitor early disease activity and PC4-d may be an important tool to detect a prothrombotic phenotype in SLE. Elevated levels of D-dimer and thrombomodulin add value to P-C4d data and corroborate a hypercoagulable profile in women with SLE, contributing to an increased prothrombotic risk associated with inflammation.

Usefulness of FC-TRIPLEX Chagas/Leish IgG1 as confirmatory assay for non-negative results in blood bank screening of Chagas disease.

A relevant issue in Chagas disease serological diagnosis regards the requirement of using several confirmatory methods to elucidate the status of non-negative results from blood bank screening. The development of a single reliable method may potentially contribute to distinguish true and false positive results. Our aim was to evaluate the performance of the multiplexed flow-cytometry anti-T. cruzi/Leishmania IgG1 serology/(FC-TRIPLEX Chagas/Leish IgG1) with three conventional confirmatory criteria (ELISA-EIA, Immunofluorescence assay-IIF and EIA/IIF consensus criterion) to define the final status of samples with actual/previous non-negative results during anti-T. cruzi ELISA-screening in blood banks. Apart from inconclusive results, the FC-TRIPLEX presented a weak agreement index with EIA, while a strong agreement was observed when either IIF or EIA/IIF consensus criteria were applied. Discriminant analysis and Spearman's correlation further corroborates the agreement scores. ROC curve analysis showed that FC-TRIPLEX performance indexes were higher when IIF and EIA/IIF consensus were used as a confirmatory criterion. Logistic regression analysis further demonstrated that the probability of FC-TRIPLEX to yield positive results was higher for inconclusive results from IIF and EIA/IIF consensus. Machine learning tools illustrated the high level of categorical agreement between FC-TRIPLEX versus IIF or EIA/IIF consensus. Together, these findings demonstrated the usefulness of FC-TRIPLEX as a tool to elucidate the status of non-negative results in blood bank screening of Chagas disease.

Circulating microparticles levels are increased in patients with diabetic kidney disease: A case-control research.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with chronic lowgrade inflammation. Microparticles (MPs) are extracellular microvesicles released during apoptosis and cellular activation. The MP's pro-coagulant and pro-inflammatory activities are involved in endothelial dysfunction observed in T2DM patients. This study aimed to evaluate the circulating MPs profile in T2DM patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and correlate it with clinical and laboratorial parameters. METHODS: MPs derived from platelets (PMPs), leukocytes (LMPs), endothelial cells (EMPs), and expressing tissue factor (TFMPs) were measured by flow cytometry, in plasma of 39 DKD patients and 30 non-diabetic controls. RESULTS: We observed higher PMPs, LMPs, EMPs, and TFMPs (all p<0.0001) levels in case group as compared to controls. For patients with DKD, circulating MPs levels were influenced by gender, but not by obesity status nor by T2DM onset. Fasting glucose and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels showed correlation with circulating MPs levels in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with DKD presented higher circulating MPs levels - PMPs, LMPs, EMPs, and TFMPs - which correlated with metabolic alterations.

IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels/polymorphisms and their association with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in Brazilian individuals

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to investigate the association of plasma TNF-α, IL-6, and lL-10 levels and cytokine gene polymorphisms [TNF-α (-308 G→A), IL-6 (-174 C→G) and IL-10 (-1082 A→G, -819 T→C and -592 A→C)] in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obese patients. Subjects and methods One hundred and two T2DM patients and 62 controls were included in this study. Cytokine plasma levels were measured by the Cytometric Bead Array method. Genotyping was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction. Results IL-6 levels were significantly different between T2DM patients and controls. Interestingly, IL-6 levels were higher in T2DM patients with BMI > 30 kg/m2 compared with other patients and obese controls. The genotype and allele frequencies were similar between patients and controls. In the T2DM group, the SNP IL-10 -819 T/C showed a difference between the cytokine level and genotypes: IL-10 level in the TT genotype was significantly higher when compared to CC genotype. Conclusions These results suggest an association between IL-6 levels and obesity, and IL-10 levels and the SNP -819 T/C in T2DM. Knowledge of these variants in T2DM might contribute to a better understanding of the role of inflammation in the etiology and progression of this disease.

Heparin removal by ecteola-cellulose pre-treatment enables the use of plasma samples for accurate measurement of anti-Yellow fever virus neutralizing antibodies.

Technological innovations in vaccinology have recently contributed to bring about novel insights for the vaccine-induced immune response. While the current protocols that use peripheral blood samples may provide abundant data, a range of distinct components of whole blood samples are required and the different anticoagulant systems employed may impair some properties of the biological sample and interfere with functional assays. Although the interference of heparin in functional assays for viral neutralizing antibodies such as the functional plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT), considered the gold-standard method to assess and monitor the protective immunity induced by the Yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccine, has been well characterized, the development of pre-analytical treatments is still required for the establishment of optimized protocols. The present study intended to optimize and evaluate the performance of pre-analytical treatment of heparin-collected blood samples with ecteola-cellulose (ECT) to provide accurate measurement of anti-YFV neutralizing antibodies, by PRNT. The study was designed in three steps, including: I. Problem statement; II. Pre-analytical steps; III. Analytical steps. Data confirmed the interference of heparin on PRNT reactivity in a dose-responsive fashion. Distinct sets of conditions for ECT pre-treatment were tested to optimize the heparin removal. The optimized protocol was pre-validated to determine the effectiveness of heparin plasma:ECT treatment to restore the PRNT titers as compared to serum samples. The validation and comparative performance was carried out by using a large range of serum vs heparin plasma:ECT 1:2 paired samples obtained from unvaccinated and 17DD-YFV primary vaccinated subjects. Altogether, the findings support the use of heparin plasma:ECT samples for accurate measurement of anti-YFV neutralizing antibodies.

IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels/polymorphisms and their association with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in Brazilian individuals.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the association of plasma TNF-α, IL-6, and lL-10 levels and cytokine gene polymorphisms [TNF-α (-308 G→A), IL-6 (-174 C→G) and IL-10 (-1082 A→G, -819 T→C and -592 A→C)] in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obese patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred and two T2DM patients and 62 controls were included in this study. Cytokine plasma levels were measured by the Cytometric Bead Array method. Genotyping was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: IL-6 levels were significantly different between T2DM patients and controls. Interestingly, IL-6 levels were higher in T2DM patients with BMI > 30 kg/m2 compared with other patients and obese controls. The genotype and allele frequencies were similar between patients and controls. In the T2DM group, the SNP IL-10 -819 T/C showed a difference between the cytokine level and genotypes: IL-10 level in the TT genotype was significantly higher when compared to CC genotype. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest an association between IL-6 levels and obesity, and IL-10 levels and the SNP -819 T/C in T2DM. Knowledge of these variants in T2DM might contribute to a better understanding of the role of inflammation in the etiology and progression of this disease.

Association of Haemostatic and Inflammatory Biomarkers with Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

This study aimed at investigating the association between haemostatic biomarkers, proinflammatory, and anti-inflammatory cytokines with chronic kidney disease in type 1 diabetic patients. Patients were divided into two groups: with nephropathy (albuminuria ≥ 30 mg/g and/or GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), n = 65; and without nephropathy (albuminuria < 30 mg/g and GFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), n = 60. INF-γ, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α plasma levels were determined by flow cytometry. VWF, ADAMTS13 antigen, and D-Dimer plasma levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and ADAMTS13 activity was assessed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay. Elevated levels of INF-γ, VWF, ADAMTS13 antigen, D-Dimer, and reduced ADAMTS13 activity/antigen ratio were observed in patients with nephropathy as compared to those without nephropathy (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, resp.). Cytokines and haemostatic biomarkers remained associated with nephropathy after adjustments (use of statin, acetylsalicylic acid, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, and angiotensin antagonist). INF-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 significantly correlated with haemostatic biomarkers. Inflammatory and hypercoagulability status are associated with nephropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus and an interrelationship between them may play an important role in pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.

FC-TRIPLEX Chagas/Leish IgG1: a multiplexed flow cytometry method for differential serological diagnosis of chagas disease and leishmaniasis.

Differential serological diagnosis of Chagas disease and leishmaniasis is difficult owing to cross-reactivity resulting from the fact that the parasites that cause these pathologies share antigenic epitopes. Even with optimized serological assays that use parasite-specific recombinant antigens, inconclusive test results continue to be a problem. Therefore, new serological tests with high sensitivity and specificity are needed. In the present work, we developed and evaluated the performance of a new flow cytometric serological method, referred to as FC-TRIPLEX Chagas/Leish IgG1, for the all-in-one classification of inconclusive tests. The method uses antigens for the detection of visceral leishmaniasis, localized cutaneous leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease and is based on an inverted detuned algorithm for analysis of anti-Trypanosomatidae IgG1 reactivity. First, parasites were label with fluorescein isothiocyanate or Alexa Fluor 647 at various concentrations. Then serum samples were serially diluted, the dilutions were incubated with suspensions of mixed labeled parasites, and flow cytometric measurements were performed to determine percentages of positive fluorescent parasites. Using the new method, we obtained correct results for 76 of 80 analyzed serum samples (95% overall performance), underscoring the outstanding performance of the method. Moreover, we found that the fluorescently labeled parasite suspensions were stable during storage at room temperature, 4 °C, and -20 °C for 1 year. In addition, two different lots of parasite suspensions showed equivalent antigen recognition; that is, the two lots showed equivalent categorical segregation of anti-Trypanosomatidae IgG1 reactivity at selected serum dilutions. In conclusion, we have developed a sensitive and selective method for differential diagnosis of Chagas disease, visceral leishmaniasis, and localized cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Kinetics of mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells mobilization by G-CSF and its impact on the cytokine microenvironment in primary cultures.

In this study, we demonstrate that G-CSF administration triggers distinct kinetics of stem cell-SC mobilization with early raise of hematopoietic-HSC and late increase of mesenchymal-MSC in bone marrow-BM and peripheral blood-PB. The cytokine microenvironment observed following primary cultures showed an overall G-CSF dose-dependent profile with a clear mixed pro-inflammatory/regulatory pattern. Moreover, primary cultures performed at the peak of MSC/HSC ratio, showed distinct cytokine patterns, with higher IL-10, TNF-α and IL-17A observed for BM and enhanced IL-10, IL-2 and IFN-γ for PB harvested cells. Positive correlation was observed between BM-MSC and the levels of TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-17A whereas negative correlation was found between IL-10 and BM-HSC. An opposite association was observed between IL-10 and PB-HSC. Our results support the hypothesis that MSC and HSC harvested from BM and PB display differential functional properties that should be considered when electing the SC sources available for cell therapy applied in clinical protocols.

Marcadores de inflamação na morbidade da malária por Plasmodium vivax: contribuição de micropartículas, ácidos nucléicos circulantes e polimorfismos genéticos do hospedeiro vertebrado / Markers of inflammation in the morbidity of Plasmodium vivax malaria: contribution of microparticles circulating nucleic acids and genetic polymorphisms of the vertebrate host

Os estudos sobre os mecanismos patogênicos que levam à malária grave foram durante muitos anos restritos basicamente ao Plasmodium falciparum. Entretanto, o número de casos de P. vivax vem aumentando em todo o mundo, incluindo aqueles de malária grave. Evidências recentes sugerem que a infecção pelo P. vivax induz uma resposta imune inflamatória mais intensa que aquela induzida pelo P. falciparum. Diante disso, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (i) investigar mediadores plasmáticos relacionados à inflamação que poderiam ser utilizados como marcadores de morbidade da malária por P. vivax; (ii) identificar indivíduos geneticamente susceptíveis e/ou resistentes à malária clínica. Na busca de biomarcadores, a hipótese investigada foi a de que as micropartículas (MPs) – vesículas resultantes da ativação e/ou apoptose celular – e os ácidos nucléicos circulantes (CNAs) estariam associados à infecção pelo P. vivax. Em pacientes bem caracterizados clinicamente foi possível demonstrar que as MPs, de diferentes origens, estavam significativamente aumentadas na malária por P. vivax, sendo as MPs de origem plaquetária associadas à sintomatologia da doença. Os níveis de CNAs plasmáticos estavam aumentados nos pacientes infectados pelo P. vivax sendo estes níveis associados ao espectro clínico da doença. Um achado interessante no presente trabalho foi que os níveis de CNAs também correlacionaram- se com a trombocitopenia. Um resultado de grande importância foi que os níveis de MPs e CNAs no plasma retornaram aos valores basais após o tratamento antimalárico específico, o que sugere que ambos os fatores podem ser bons marcadores de morbidade por P. vivax.Na segunda parte do estudo, buscou- se a associação entre os polimorfismos genéticos de citocinas (MIF, TNF-α, IL-10 e TGF-β) e de glicoproteínas plaquetárias (GPIa/IIa e GPIIb/IIIa) com as complicações clínicas e hematológicas da infecção pelo P. vivax. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram associações entre os polimorfismos dos genes GPIa/IIa, TNF-α, MIF e IL-10 e alterações clínicas e hematológicas na malária causada pelo P. vivax. Em resumo, os dados apresentados reforçam a influência de múltiplos genes do hospedeiro vertebrado na malária por P. vivax. Espera-se que os resultados observados no presente trabalho possam contribuir no esclarecimento dos mecanismos envolvidos na patogenia do P. vivax.

Marcadores de inflamação na morbidade da malária por Plasmodium vivax: contribuição de micropartículas, ácidos nucléicos circulantes e polimorfismos genéticos do hospedeiro vertebrado

Os estudos sobre os mecanismos patogênicos que levam à malária grave foram durante muitos anos restritos basicamente ao Plasmodium falciparum. Entretanto, o número de casos de P. vivax vem aumentando em todo o mundo, incluindo aqueles de malária grave. Evidências recentes sugerem que a infecção pelo P. vivax induz uma resposta imune inflamatória mais intensa que aquela induzida pelo P. falciparum. Diante disso, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (i) investigar mediadores plasmáticos relacionados à inflamação que poderiam ser utilizados como marcadores de morbidade da malária por P. vivax; (ii) identificar indivíduos geneticamente susceptíveis e/ou resistentes à malária clínica. Na busca de biomarcadores, a hipótese investigada foi a de que as micropartículas (MPs) – vesículas resultantes da ativação e/ou apoptose celular – e os ácidos nucléicos circulantes (CNAs) estariam associados à infecção pelo P. vivax

Em pacientes bem caracterizados clinicamente foi possível demonstrar que as MPs, de diferentes origens, estavam significativamente aumentadas na malária por P. vivax, sendo as MPs de origem plaquetária associadas à sintomatologia da doença. Os níveis de CNAs plasmáticos estavam aumentados nos pacientes infectados pelo P. vivax sendo estes níveis associados ao espectro clínico da doença. Um achado interessante no presente trabalho foi que os níveis de CNAs também correlacionaram- se com a trombocitopenia. Um resultado de grande importância foi que os níveis de MPs e CNAs no plasma retornaram aos valores basais após o tratamento antimalárico específico, o que sugere que ambos os fatores podem ser bons marcadores de morbidade por P. vivax.Na segunda parte do estudo, buscou- se a associação entre os polimorfismos genéticos de citocinas (MIF, TNF-α, IL-10 e TGF-β) e de glicoproteínas plaquetárias (GPIa/IIa e GPIIb/IIIa) com as complicações clínicas e hematológicas da infecção pelo P. vivax. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram associações entre os polimorfismos dos genes GPIa/IIa, TNF-α, MIF e IL-10 e alterações clínicas e hematológicas na malária causada pelo P. vivax. Em resumo, os dados apresentados reforçam a influência de múltiplos genes do hospedeiro vertebrado na malária por P. vivax. Espera-se que os resultados observados no presente trabalho possam contribuir no esclarecimento dos mecanismos envolvidos na patogenia do P. vivax

Caracterização do gene que codifica a enzima álcool desidrogenase (TcADH) e associação da sua baixa expressão com o fenótipo de resistência in vitro do Trypanosoma cruzi ao benzonidazol / Characterization of the gene that codifies the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenases (TcADH) and association of its low expression with phenotype of resistance in vitro of the Trypanosoma cruzi to benzonidazole

Álcool desidrogenases (ADH) pertencem a um grupo de enzimas que catalizam aoxidação reversível de etanol a acetaldeído, com conseqüente redução de NAD. O gene TcADHque codifica a ADH do T. cruzi, foi selecionado pela metodologia microarray por apresentarum nivel de transcrição 4 vezes menor na população do parasito com resistência induzida invitro ao BZ (17LER) quando comparado com seu par sensível (17WTS). A TcADH codificauma proteína de 393 aminoácidos que apresenta um domínio conservado “iron-containingalcohol desidrogenase”. A análise da estrutura primária mostrou que a TcADH é mais parecidacom as ADHs de organismos procariotos do que com seus ortólogos identificados emLeishmania. A atividade enzimática da TcADH foi menor nas cepas de T. cruzi com resistênciainduzida in vitro ao BZ (17 LER). Análises de Western blot mostraram que o anticorpopoliclonal anti-TcADH reconheceu um polipeptídeo de 41,7 kDa em todas as cepas do T. cruzianalisadas. O nível de expressão desse polipeptídeo foi 2 x menor na cepa do T. cruzi 17LERquando comparado com seu par 17WTS, confirmando os dados da atividade enzimática.Ensaios de imunolocalização por microscopia confocal revelaram que a enzima TcADH estápresente no cinetoplasto do parasito. Análise de Northern blot mostrou que a sonda do geneTcADH reconheceu um transcrito de 1,9 Kb com a mesma intensidade para todas amostras doT. cruzi analisadas com exceção da população 17LER que foi 2 vezes menor. Análisequantitativa por PCR em tempo real (qPCR) também mostrou um nível de mRNA 2,5 vezesmenor na população 17LER. Quantificação do número de cópias desse gene por qPCR, mostrouser o mesmo para todas as cepas do T. cruzi analisadas. Neste trabalho, o gene TcADH foicaracterizado pela primeira vez em T. cruzi e foi observado uma menor expressão da enzimaTcADH na população do T. cruzi com resistência induzida in-vitro ao BZ.