Studying ICD-11 Primary Health Care bodily stress syndrome in Brazil: do many functional disorders represent just one syndrome?

Objective: Disorders characterized by "distressing unexplained somatic symptoms" are challenging. In the ICD-11 Primary Health Care (PHC) Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Mental Disorders (ICD-11 PHC), a new category, bodily stress syndrome (BSS), was included to diagnose patients presenting unexplained somatic symptoms. The present study investigated the association of BSS with anxiety, depression, and four subgroups of physical symptoms in a Brazilian primary health care (PHC) sample. Methodology: As part of the international ICD-11 PHC study, 338 patients were evaluated by their primary care physicians, followed by testing with Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule, Version 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). BSS was diagnosed in the presence of at least three somatic symptoms associated with incapacity. The association between anxiety, depression, and four subgroups of physical symptoms with being a BSS case was analyzed. Results: The number of somatic symptoms was high in the overall sample of 338 patients (mean = 8.4), but even higher in the 131 BSS patients (10.2; p < 0.001). Most BSS patients (57.3%) had at least three symptoms from two, three, or four subgroups, and these were associated with anxiety and depression in 80.9% of these patients. The symptom subgroup most strongly associated with "being a BSS" case was the non-specific group (OR = 6.51; 95%CI 1.65-24.34), followed by musculoskeletal (OR = 2,31; 95%CI 1.19-4.72). Conclusion: Somatic symptoms were frequent in a sample of PHC patients in Brazil. In the present sample, one third were BSS cases and met the criteria for at least two symptom subgroups, supporting the hypothesis that different functional symptoms are related to each other.

Studying ICD-11 Primary Health Care bodily stress syndrome in Brazil: do many functional disorders represent just one syndrome?

OBJECTIVE: Disorders characterized by "distressing unexplained somatic symptoms" are challenging. In the ICD-11 Primary Health Care (PHC) Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Mental Disorders (ICD-11 PHC), a new category, bodily stress syndrome (BSS), was included to diagnose patients presenting unexplained somatic symptoms. The present study investigated the association of BSS with anxiety, depression, and four subgroups of physical symptoms in a Brazilian primary health care (PHC) sample. METHODOLOGY: As part of the international ICD-11 PHC study, 338 patients were evaluated by their primary care physicians, followed by testing with Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule, Version 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). BSS was diagnosed in the presence of at least three somatic symptoms associated with incapacity. The association between anxiety, depression, and four subgroups of physical symptoms with being a BSS case was analyzed. RESULTS: The number of somatic symptoms was high in the overall sample of 338 patients (mean = 8.4), but even higher in the 131 BSS patients (10.2; p < 0.001). Most BSS patients (57.3%) had at least three symptoms from two, three, or four subgroups, and these were associated with anxiety and depression in 80.9% of these patients. The symptom subgroup most strongly associated with "being a BSS" case was the non-specific group (OR = 6.51; 95%CI 1.65-24.34), followed by musculoskeletal (OR = 2,31; 95%CI 1.19-4.72). CONCLUSION: Somatic symptoms were frequent in a sample of PHC patients in Brazil. In the present sample, one third were BSS cases and met the criteria for at least two symptom subgroups, supporting the hypothesis that different functional symptoms are related to each other.

Burden of Chronic Viral Hepatitis and Liver Cirrhosis in Brazil - the Brazilian Global Burden of Disease Study.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Data on epidemiology of liver diseases in Brazil is scarce. This study aimed to estimate the burden of chronic viral hepatitis and liver cirrhosis in the country. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The indicator used was disability-adjusted life year (DALY), a sum of years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD). Liver cirrhosis was analyzed in etiologic categories and cirrhosis of viral origin was considered part of the burden of chronic hepatitis. RESULTS: There were 57,380 DALYs (30.3 per 100,000 inhabitants) attributable to chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, with 41,262 DALYs in men. Most burden was caused by YLL (47,015 or 24.8/100,000) rather than YLD (10,365 or 5.5/100,000). Chronic hepatitis C and cirrhosis due to hepatitis C were responsible for 207,747 DALYs (109.6/100,000), of which 137,922 were YLL (72.7/100,000) and 69,825 (36.8/100,000) were YLD, with a higher proportion of DALYs in men (73.9%). Cirrhosis due to alcohol or other causes had a total of 536,169 DALYs (1,4% of total DALYs in Brazil), with 418,272 YLL (341,140 in men) and 117,897 YLD (97,965 in men). Highest DALYs' rates occurred at ages 60-69 in chronic hepatitis and at ages 45-59 in cirrhosis due to alcohol or other causes. CONCLUSION: Chronic viral hepatitis and liver cirrhosis are responsible for a significant burden in Brazil, affecting mainly men and individuals still in their productive years. Most burden is related to non-viral causes of cirrhosis, with a major contribution of alcohol.

Applying a health system perspective to the evolving Farmácia Popular medicines access programme in Brazil.

The Farmácia Popular Program (FPP) launched a subsidy system in Brazil, but in coexistence with the ongoing regular governmental access to medicines (Unified Health System (SUS) dispensings) mechanisms, causing overlaps in terms of financing and target population. This characteristic is quite different from most countries with medicines cost-sharing schemes. This paper aims to analyse the FPP under a health systems perspective considering the different health system levels. We analysed the findings from the study 'Impact of consecutive subsidies policies on access to and use of medicines in Brazil - ISAUM-Br', designed with the objective of describing and evaluating the impact of the government medicines subsidy policies implemented between 2004 and 2011. Patient share of copayment increased with the implementation of the intervention, which decreased the reference price and decreased with SNP (Saúde Não Tem Preço; zero copayment for patients). There was an increased number of FPP dispensations over time, but SUS dispensings remained the most important source for medicines, especially for hypertension and diabetes. FPP allowed the establishment of a well-designed pharmaceutical information system in the country. Despite the improvement on control mechanism, fraud remained a problem. There were important effects on the pharmaceutical market and sales of generic medicines. FPP has proven to be a very important policy for promoting access to medicines for hypertension and diabetes in Brazil. Examining this policy with a health system perspective has allowed us to highlight many of its important consequences, including for the first time a broad and consistent information system on access to medicines in the country.

Pharmaceutical services for endemic situations in the Brazilian Amazon: organization of services and prescribing practices for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum non-complicated malaria in high-risk municipalities.

BACKGROUND: In spite of the fact that pharmaceutical services are an essential component of all malaria programmes, quality of these services has been little explored in the literature. This study presents the first results of the application of an evaluation model of pharmaceutical services in high-risk municipalities of the Amazon region, focusing on indicators regarding organization of services and prescribing according to national guidelines. METHODS: A theoretical framework of pharmaceutical services for non-complicated malaria was built based on the Rapid Evaluation Method (WHO). The framework included organization of services and prescribing, among other activities. The study was carried out in 15 primary health facilities in six high-risk municipalities of the Brazilian Amazon. Malaria individuals ≥ 15 years old were approached and data was collected using specific instruments. Data was checked by independent reviewers and fed to a data bank through double-entry. Descriptive variables were analyzed. RESULTS: A copy of the official treatment guideline was found in 80% of the facilities; 67% presented an environment for receiving and prescribing patients. Re-supply of stocks followed a different timeline; no facilities adhered to forecasting methods for stock management. No shortages or expired anti-malarials were observed, but overstock was a common finding. On 86.7% of facilities, the average of good storage practices was 48%. Time between diagnosis and treatment was zero days. Of 601 patients interviewed, 453 were diagnosed for Plasmodium vivax; of these, 99.3% received indications for the first-line scheme. Different therapeutic schemes were given to Plasmodium falciparum patients. Twenty-eight (4.6%) out of 601 were prescribed regimens not listed in the national guideline. Only 5.7% individuals received a prescription or a written instruction of any kind. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that while diagnostic procedure is well established and functioning in the Brazilian malaria programme, prescribing is still an activity that is actually not performed. The absence of physicians and poor integration between malaria services and primary health services make for the lack of a prescription or written instruction for malaria patients throughout the Brazilian Amazon. This fact may lead to a great number of problems in rational use and in adherence to medication.

Common mental disorders in Petrópolis-RJ: a challenge to integrate mental health into primary care strategies.

OBJECTIVE: Common mental disorders are present in more than 50% of patients attending primary care clinics. The main objectives of this study were to detect whether there is any special group of patients within the Family Health Strategy that should be considered to be in greater risk for common mental disorders and to recommend alternative interventions to aid these patients. METHOD: In 2002, a cross-sectional study on common mental disorders seen at Family Health Strategy centers was conducted in Petrópolis, State of Rio de Janeiro. RESULTS: Common mental disorders were associated with women (OR = 2.90; 95% CI 1.82-4.32), younger than 45 years of age (OR = 1.43; 95% CI 1.02-2.01), with a monthly per capita family income of less than US$40.00 (OR = 1.68; 95% CI 1.20-2.39), and without a partner (OR = 1.71; 95% CI 1.22-2.39). Illiteracy was associated with common mental disorders among patients who were not extremely poor. Social support networks such as going often to church (OR = 0.62; 95% CI 0.43-0.89); participating in artistic and sporting activities (OR = 0.42; 95% CI 0.26-0.70) and having at least four trusted relatives or friends (OR = 0.53; 95% CI 0.31-0.91) was inversely associated with common mental disorders. DISCUSSION: Poor women with little social support represent a special group at risk for common mental disorders in the primary care setting. Some countries have developed special interventions to treat patients with common mental disorders in primary care. CONCLUSION: Mental health care programs could include evidence-based psychosocial interventions to assist women in overcoming the vicious circle of poverty and dealing with their mental disorders.

Psychometric evaluation of the SF-36 (v.2) questionnaire in a probability sample of Brazilian households: results of the survey Pesquisa Dimensões Sociais das Desigualdades (PDSD), Brazil, 2008.

BACKGROUND: In Brazil, despite the growing use of SF-36 in different research environments, most of the psychometric evaluation of the translated questionnaire was from studies with samples of patients. The purpose of this paper is to examine if the Brazilian version of SF-36 satisfies scaling assumptions, reliability and validity required for valid interpretation of the SF-36 summated ratings scales in the general population. METHODS: 12,423 individuals and their spouses living in 8,048 households were selected from a stratified sample of all permanent households along the country to be interviewed using the Brazilian SF-36 (version 2). Psychometric tests were performed to evaluate the scaling assumptions based on IQOLA methodology. RESULTS: Data quality was satisfactory with questionnaire completion rate of 100%. The ordering of the item means within scales clustered as hypothesized. All item-scale correlations exceeded the suggested criteria for reliability with success rate of 100% and low floor and ceiling effects. All scales reached the criteria for group comparison and factor analysis identified two principal components that jointly accounted for 67.5% of the total variance. Role emotional and vitality were strongly correlated with physical and mental components, respectively, while social functioning was moderately correlated with both components. Role physical and mental health scales were, respectively, the most valid measures of the physical and mental health component. In the comparisons between groups that differed by the presence or absence of depression, subjects who reported having the disease had lower mean scores in all scales and mental health scale discriminated best between the two groups. Among those healthy and with one, two or three and more chronic illness, the average scores were inverted related to the number of diseases. Body pain, general health and vitality were the most discriminating scales between healthy and diseased groups. Higher scores were associated with individuals of male sex, age below 40 years old and high schooling. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian version of SF-36 performed well and the findings suggested that it is a reliable and valid measure of health related quality of life among the general population as well as a promising measure for research on health inequalities in Brazil.

Common mental disorders in Petrópolis-RJ: a challenge to integrate mental health into primary care strategies / Transtornos mentais comuns em Petrópolis-RJ: um desafio para a integração da saúde mental com a estratégia de saúde da família

OBJECTIVE: Common mental disorders are present in more than 50 percent of patients attending primary care clinics. The main objectives of this study were to detect whether there is any special group of patients within the Family Health Strategy that should be considered to be in greater risk for common mental disorders and to recommend alternative interventions to aid these patients. METHOD: In 2002, a cross-sectional study on common mental disorders seen at Family Health Strategy centers was conducted in Petrópolis, State of Rio de Janeiro. RESULTS: Common mental disorders were associated with women (OR = 2.90; 95 percent CI 1.82-4.32), younger than 45 years of age (OR = 1.43; 95 percent CI 1.02-2.01), with a monthly per capita family income of less than US$40.00 (OR = 1.68; 95 percent CI 1.20-2.39), and without a partner (OR = 1.71; 95 percent CI 1.22-2.39). Illiteracy was associated with common mental disorders among patients who were not extremely poor. Social support networks such as going often to church (OR = 0.62; 95 percent CI 0.43-0.89); participating in artistic and sporting activities (OR = 0.42; 95 percent CI 0.26-0.70) and having at least four trusted relatives or friends (OR = 0.53; 95 percent CI 0.31-0.91) was inversely associated with common mental disorders. DISCUSSION: Poor women with little social support represent a special group at risk for common mental disorders in the primary care setting. Some countries have developed special interventions to treat patients with common mental disorders in primary care. CONCLUSION: Mental health care programs could include evidence-based psychosocial interventions to assist women in overcoming the vicious circle of poverty and dealing with their mental disorders.

OBJETIVO: Transtornos mentais comuns estão presentes em cerca de 50 por cento dos pacientes atendidos nas unidades de atenção primária. Os principais objetivos deste estudo foram investigar a presença de grupos especiais de pacientes na Estratégia de Saúde da Família que devam ser considerados como em maior risco para transtornos mentais comuns e recomendar intervenções alternativas que auxiliem estes pacientes. MÉTODO: Em 2002, um estudo de corte transversal sobre transtornos mentais comuns foi realizado nas unidades do Programa de Saúde da Família em Petrópolis-RJ. RESULTADOS: A presença de transtornos mentais comuns estava associada a ser mulher (OR = 2,90; 95 por cento CI 1,82-4,32), ter menos de 45 anos (OR = 1,43; 95 por cento CI 1,02-2,01), com uma renda per capita familiar menor que U$40,00 (OR = 1,68; 95 por cento CI 1,20-2,39) e sem companheiro (OR = 1,71; 95 por cento CI 1,22-2,39). Analfabetismo se associava a transtornos mentais comuns em pacientes que não eram extremamente pobres. Redes de suporte social, tais como frequentar regularmente a igreja (OR = 0,62; 95 por cento CI 0,43-0,89), participar de atividades esportivas e artísticas (OR = 0,42; 95 por cento CI 0,26-0,70) e ter pelo menos quatro amigos ou parentes em quem se podia confiar (OR = 0,53; 95 por cento CI 0,31-0,91) estavam inversamente associadas a ter transtornos mentais comuns. DISCUSSÃO: Existe um grupo de risco especial para transtornos mentais comuns na atenção primária: mulheres, pobres, com pouco suporte social. Intervenções especiais para que sejam cuidadas na atenção primária têm sido desenvolvidas em outros países. CONCLUSÃO: Intervenções terapêuticas com comprovada evidência científica para apoiar essas mulheres a romper o círculo vicioso de pobreza e transtornos mentais podem ser inseridas nas ações de saúde mental.

[Use of hospital mortality rates following myocardial revascularization surgery to monitor hospital care]. / Aplicação da mortalidade hospitalar após a realização de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio para monitoramento do cuidado hospitalar.

Brazilian hospitals performing coronary artery by-pass graft surgery (CABG) from 1996 to 1998 and covered by the Ministry of Health were ranked according to their risk-adjusted hospital mortality rates. Seventy-six hospitals that performed more than 150 CABGs (total of 38,962 surgical interventions) were classified as low or high outliers according to the ratio between observed and expected hospital mortality rates. Overall hospital mortality rate was 7.20%. The rate was 3.48% among patients treated in the low outliers and 13.96% among the high outliers. The methodology was useful for discriminating Brazilian hospitals according to their post-CABG mortality rates and may be a useful tool for identifying hospitals with possible quality-of-care problems.

Aplicação da mortalidade hospitalar após a realização de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio para monitoramento do cuidado hospitalar / Use of hospital mortality rates following coronary artery bypass graft surgery to monitor hospital care

Este estudo classificou os hospitais vinculados ao Sistema Unico de Saúde (SUS) do Brasil com base no desempenho para a realização de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, entre 1996 e 1998, com o uso da taxa de mortalidade hospitalar ajustada pelo risco de morrer. Foram estudados 76 hospitais (58,00 por cento do total) que realizaram mais de 150 cirurgias no período, correspondentes a 38.962 cirurgias (92,10 por cento do total), que foram classificados como desviantes altos ou baixos, de acordo com a razão entre o número observado e o esperado de óbitos para cada hospital. A taxa global de mortalidade hospitalar foi de 7,20 por cento. Para o grupo de pacientes operados nos hospitais desviantes baixos, foi de 3,48 por cento, e, de 13,96 por cento para os desviantes altos. A metodologia tem utilidade para discriminar os hospitais brasileiros com relação à mortalidade pós cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio e pode ser um instrumento útil para identificação daqueles que possam apresentar problemas de qualidade.

Avaliação da relação entre volume de procedimentos e a qualidade do cuidado: o caso de cirurgia coronariana no Brasil / Volume and quality of care in coronary artery bypass grafting in Brazil

O volume de procedimentos médicos geralmente apresenta-se negativamente associado com a taxa de mortalidade hospitalar. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar nos hospitais brasileiros a existência ou não dessa associação no caso das cirurgias de revascularização do miocárdio (CRVM), financiadas pelo Ministério da Saúde (MS). Analisaram-se as CRVM realizadas de 1996 a 1998. Os dados foram obtidos por intermédio do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS. O procedimento estatístico utilizado foi análise de sobrevida (modelo de Cox). Os hospitais foram agrupados em classes de volume de CRVM. O modelo foi ajustado pelo perfil de gravidade (risco de morrer) dos pacientes. Foram pagas 41.989 CRVM pelo MS entre janeiro de 1996 e dezembro de 1998, realizadas em 131 hospitais. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 7,2 por cento. Observou-se um gradiente crescente nas taxas à medida que diminuiu o volume. No grupo de hospitais do SUS com maior volume de CRVM os pacientes operados apresentaram menor risco de morrer do que no de hospitais com menor volume de cirurgias. Recomenda-se que o SUS deva estimular a concentração regionalizada dos serviços para a realização de CRVM.

[Volume and quality of care in coronary artery bypass grafting in Brazil]. / Avaliação da relação entre volume de procedimentos e a qualidade do cuidado: o caso de cirurgia coronariana no Brasil.

There is often a negative association between the volume of medical procedures and hospital mortality rates. The objective of this study is to determine whether this association is observed in Brazilian hospitals performing coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG) that were financed by the Ministry of Health. CABG surgeries performed from 1996 to 1998 were analyzed. Data were collected from the Ministry of Health Hospital Information System. The statistical procedure utilized was the Cox survival analysis. Hospitals were grouped in classes of volume of CABG performed. The model was adjusted to the severity of cases (risk of dying). From January 1996 to December 1998 the Ministry of Health reimbursed 41,989 CABG procedures in 131 hospitals. The overall hospital mortality rate was 7.2%. A gradient was observed in the mortality rates. The severity-adjusted risk of dying in the group of hospitals performing more procedures was lower than in the group performing fewer operations. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health strongly consider regionalized concentration of services to perform CABG.

Proposta de integraçäo de Dados do sistema de informaçoës hospitalares do sistema único de saúde (SIH-SUS) para pesquisa / A proposal to integrate data from the hospitais information system of the unfied health system (SIH-SUS) for research use

Nesta nota técnica apresenta-se um método para a criação de banco de dados gerado dos arquivos do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH-SUS), colocados à disposição em CD-ROM pelo Ministério da Saúde. O banco de dados resultante deste processo contém dados que estão dispersos em vários arquivos com estrutura e objetivos diversos. Neste exemplo específico utilizaram-se os seguintes arquivos mensais: Movimento de AIH (MA); Movimento de Prestadores (MT) e Procedimentos Autorizados (PA)

Presented in this technical report is a method to develop a database originating from files of the Ministry of Health Hospital Admission Information System (SIH-SUS - Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde), which are available to the public on CD-ROM. This database contains data from different files, each with a different structure and objective. In this example, three files were utilized on a monthly basis: Hospital Admission Authorizations( AIH -MA); information of health services covenant to SUS (MT) and Authorized Proceedures (PA)