ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine the intraocular pressure (IOP), the ultrasonographic and echobiometric findings in the eyes of juvenile Yacare caiman (Caiman yacare). ANIMALS: Twenty-two healthy caimans from a breeding farm in Brazilian Pantanal. PROCEDURES: Intraocular pressure was measured under physical restraint and topical anesthesia by applanation tonometry. Five individual measurements of each eye were recorded by the same examiner. B-mode ultrasonography was performed with a 10-MHz linear transducer, and the anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous depth, and axial globe length were measured. Unpaired and paired t-tests were used to assess data. Pearson's test was used to assess correlations between IOP and ocular structures (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Mean ± SD IOP of the 44 eyes studied was 9.56 ± 2.69 mmHg, (range 5.4-15.6 mmHg). IOP did not differ significantly between right and left eyes or between genders (P > 0.05). Echobiometric measurements did not differ significantly between eyes and genders (P > 0.05). Intraocular structures measured in male and female subjects were, respectively, 2.61 ± 0.13 and 2.55 ± 0.18 mm for anterior chamber depth, 7.60 ± 0.17 and 7.54 ± 0.20 mm for lens thickness, 6.83 ± 0.20 and 6.90 ± 0.22 mm for vitreous chamber depth, and 17.55 ± 0.25 and 17.54 ± 0.29 mm for axial globe length. Correlations were not observed (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Reference values of tonometry and distances of intraocular structures of Yacare caiman were described. IOP did not correlate with echobiometric measurements in this crocodilian. The ultrasonographic appearance was similar to other domestic and wild species.
Subject(s)
Alligators and Crocodiles/anatomy & histology , Alligators and Crocodiles/physiology , Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological/veterinary , Eye/anatomy & histology , Eye/diagnostic imaging , Intraocular Pressure/physiology , Animals , Female , Male , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the progression of lesions in different stages of osteoarthritis (OA) experimental by radiography (RX), computed tomography (CT), macroscopic and histopathology, linking these different diagnostic methods, helped to provide information that helps the best time for the therapeutic approach. Four experimental periods were delineated at 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after induction of OA, known as PI, PII, PIII and PIV, respectively, each with six animals. We evaluated the five compartments of the femorotibial joint: medial femoral condyle (MFC), lateral femoral condyle (LFC), medial tibial plateau (MTP), lateral tibial plateau (LTP) and femoral trochlea (FT). Therefore we established an index by compartment (IC) and by adding such an index was estimated joint femorotibial (IFT). It was observed that the CFM was the compartment with the highest IC also differed significantly (p<0.05) from other compartments. Compartments showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between the PI and PII, however contrary fact occurred between the PII and PIII (p<0.05), PIII and PIV (p<0.01) and between PI and PIV (p<0.001). Similarly the IFT, showed a significant difference in the animals of PIV compared to PI (p<0.001), PII (p<0.001) and PIII (p<0.01), and there was no statistical difference (p> 0.05) between the PI and PII. In the variation of the average interval between periods, there was a higher value between the PIII PIV and for the other intervals of time periods (PI, PII, and PIII-PII). However, these intervals showed no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Through the RX, CT, macroscopic and histopathological findings, we found similar patterns among individuals within the same period demonstrating a gradual progression of the disease. These results show that between 3 and 6 weeks progression of the lesion is slower and probably also can be reversed in comparison to other ranges where proved further progression between 9 and 12 weeks after induction of trauma OA. These results may provide a better therapeutic approach aimed at reversing the lesions in early stages of OA. We conclude that the interconnection of the four diagnostic methods individually classified into scores, which were unified in both indices in the evaluation by the femorotibial joint compartment and may represent a diagnostic condition closer to the true condition of the injury and its progression.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a progressão das lesões em diferentes períodos da osteoartrite (OA) experimental em coelhos, através da radiografia (RX), tomografia computadorizada (TC), macroscopia e histopatologia, interligar estes diferentes métodos diagnósticos, bem como trazer informações que ajudem na decisão do melhor momento para a abordagem terapêutica. Foram delineados quatro períodos experimentais às 3, 6, 9 e 12 semanas após a indução da OA, denominados como PI, PII, PIII e PIV, respectivamente, cada qual com seis animais. Foram avaliados os cinco compartimentos da articulação femorotibial: côndilo femoral medial (CFM), côndilo femoral lateral (CFL), platô tibial medial (PTM), platô tibial lateral (PTL) e tróclea femoral (TF). Por conseguinte, estabeleceu-se um índice por compartimento (IC) e através da soma destes foi obtido um índice da articulação femorotibial (IFT). Observou-se que, o CFM foi o compartimento com maior valor de IC, além disso, diferiu significativamente (p<0,05) dos demais compartimentos. Os compartimentos não apresentaram diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre o PI e o PII, no entanto fato contrário ocorreu entre o PII e o PIII (p<0,05), PIII e PIV (p<0,01) e entre o PI e PIV (p<0,001). Similarmente o IFT, apresentou diferença significativa nos animais do PIV em relação ao PI (p<0,001), ao PII (p<0,001) e ao PIII (p<0,01), e não houve diferença estatística (p>0,05) entre o PI e PII. Na variação média dos intervalos entre os períodos, observou-se um maior valor entre o PIII e o PIV em relação aos outros intervalos de períodos (PI-PII e PII-PIII). No entanto, estes intervalos não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa (p>0.05). Através do RX, TC, macroscopia e histopatológico, verificamos padrões similares entre os indivíduos dentro do mesmo período demonstrando assim uma gradual progressão da doença. Tais resultados evidenciam que entre as 3 e 6 semanas a progressão da lesão é mais lenta e muito provavelmente ainda pode ser reversível em comparação aos outros intervalos onde se comprovou uma maior progressão entre as 9 e 12 semanas após a indução traumática da OA. Estes resultados podem propiciar uma melhor abordagem terapêutica objetivando a reversão das lesões em fases iniciais da OA. Concluímos que, a interligação dos quatro métodos diagnósticos, individualmente classificados em escores e que foram unificados em índices tanto na avaliação por compartimento quanto pela articulação femorotibial pode representar uma condição diagnóstica mais próxima à verdadeira condição da lesão quanto de sua progressão.