ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Intravenous drug users (IDUs) are at increased risk of infective endocarditis (IE). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Episodes of IE in IDUs were retrospectively analyzed in this multicenter study. Cases were collected between 1986 and 1999. Only definite diagnosis according to the Duke criteria were analyzed. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-three cases, including 100 cases in HIV-positive patients, were observed in IDUs. Any right-sided involvement was detected in 167 out of 263 cases (63.5%) and any left-sided involvement in 115 out of 263 cases (43.7%). The tricuspid valve (TV) alone was affected in 135 cases (51.3%), the mitral valve alone in 32 patients (12.1%), the aortic valve alone in 41 cases (15.6%) and the pulmonic valve alone in 3 cases. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 156 cases (59.3%) and Streptococcus spp. in 33 cases (12.5%). No major differences were observed between HIV-negative and HIV-positive patients. Any TV valve involvement was significantly associated with female rather than male gender (p = 0.02). There was a significant association between S. aureus etiology and TV involvement (p < 0.0001). The mortality rate was 16%. On multivariate analysis, only left-side IE (p = 0.0006; OR 5.2; 95% CI 2.0-13.5) and age greater than 35 years (p = 0.0068; OR 3.6; 95% CI 1.4-9.0) were independently associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Infective endocarditis in IDUs is significantly associated with right-side localization (63.5% for any rightsided heart involvement vs 43.7% for any left-sided heart involvement; OR 2.24; 95% CI 1.55-3.23; p < 0.001). S. aureus is the microorganism most frequently isolated and is significantly associated with TV involvement. Any left-side involvement and age greater than 35 years are independently associated with mortality. HIV infection does not appear to have a significant effect on mortality.
Subject(s)
Endocarditis, Bacterial/complications , Endocarditis, Bacterial/mortality , HIV Infections/complications , Heart Valve Diseases/complications , Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications , Adolescent , Adult , Cohort Studies , Endocarditis, Bacterial/physiopathology , Female , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Heart Valve Diseases/microbiology , Humans , Italy/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Retrospective Studies , Sex FactorsSubject(s)
HIV Infections/metabolism , Hepacivirus/drug effects , Hepatitis C/metabolism , Pyrimidinones/toxicity , Ritonavir/toxicity , Adult , Aged , Female , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Hepacivirus/metabolism , Hepatitis C/complications , Hepatitis C/drug therapy , Humans , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Lopinavir , Male , Middle Aged , Pyrimidinones/pharmacokinetics , Ritonavir/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Antiretroviral therapy represents by all means a new branch of anti-infective chemotherapy, and in order to describe the mode of action of antiretrovirals, a series of inferences from anti-bacterial chemotherapy were made. The currently available antiretroviral agents can be classified as time-dependent drugs, and therefore the key pharmacokinetic parameter adopted in their clinical-pharmacological assessment is the concentration at the end of the dosing interval (Ctrough). By focusing on this parameter, the application of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) allows for the successful individual tailoring of the drug dosage in some clinical circumstances, such as treatment of drug-resistant infections, drug-drug interactions and side effects. While this procedure has now been sufficiently standardized for protease inhibitors (PIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), no clinical applications are yet recognized for nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (N/NtRTIs) and fusion inhibitors. The main unfavourable peculiarity of HIV infection, such as the need for lifelong treatment, is one of the reasons why increasing attention is being paid to pharmacological aspects of antiretroviral therapy. Issues like treatment potency, maintenance over time of the immunovirological benefit and long-term side effects require intensive pharmacological investigation in order to obtain the information on which basing the most convenient strategy to be adopted for the therapeutical management of this condition.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Monitoring/methods , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV/drug effects , Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-HIV Agents/analysis , HIV Fusion Inhibitors/administration & dosage , HIV Fusion Inhibitors/analysis , HIV Fusion Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV Fusion Inhibitors/therapeutic use , HIV Protease Inhibitors/analysis , HIV Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Humans , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/analysis , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Anisakis pathology is due mainly to two mechanisms: allergic reactions (from isolated urticaria and angioedema to life-threatening anaphylactic shock associated with gastrointestinal symptoms or 'gastroallergic anisakiasis'), and direct tissue damage, due to invasion of the gut wall, development of eosinophilic granuloma, or perforation (gastric or intestinal anisakiasis). Anisakiasis is a misdiagnosed and underestimated cause of acute abdomen: most patients undergo laparotomy, and virtually no cases are diagnosed before surgery. In some cases, diagnosis is obtained accidentally during other pathologic investigations. We report a case of acute abdomen due to terminal ileum involvement. Microscopic examination of the resected segment showed the presence of helminthic sections consistent with larvae of Anisakis spp. A history of raw fish ingestion was recorded. Histopathologic features are illustrated. A short but up-to-date review of the literature on diagnostic devices (particularly imaging and serology), clinical aspects and therapy is presented.
