ABSTRACT
International aid health programs directed at the poorest play an undoubtedly constructive role in relieving acute human suffering. These programs may, however, be counterproductive and even harmful if they obscure the need to eliminate social inequities, which are the primary cause of health inequities. The present article reviews the effectiveness of two state programs that received support from international aid to (a) improve food security in rural households and vulnerable urban groups in Colombia (1996-2005) and (b) develop a local health system in the northern area of San Salvador, El Salvador (1992-1997). International aid supports successful healthcare programs, such as food programs, could generate dependency in its beneficiaries. Factors extrinsic to cooperation (political and economic factors of the context) may affect the programs and generate social conflicts. This is the case of the program to improve access to food by subsistence production in rural areas of Colombia, which failed to reach the small farmers and benefited agricultural export production owned by wealthier groups, or interventions designed to improve health among the poorest in El Salvador.
Subject(s)
Delivery of Health Care , Food Supply , Poverty , Colombia , El Salvador , Humans , International Cooperation , Program EvaluationABSTRACT
Pregnancy is often associated with oxidative stress (OS) and lower antioxidant defences, which are both implicated in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia, free radical-induced birth defects, and abortions, as well as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), where products of lipid peroxidation are increased. The molecular target(s) of increased oxygen free radicals and consequent lipid peroxidation in the human placenta remains ill defined. The human syncytiotrophoblast (hST) expresses abundant polycystin-2 (PC2, TRPP2), a TRP-type Ca(2+)-permeable non-selective cation channel. Here, we explored the effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on PC2 channel activity of term hST. Apical membranes of the hST were reconstituted in a lipid bilayer chamber. Addition of either hydrogen-peroxide (H(2)O(2)) or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) to the cis chamber (intracellular side) rapidly and completely inhibited PC2-mediated cation channel activity in reconstituted hST vesicles. A dose-response titration with increasing concentrations of H(2)O(2) gave an IC(50)=131 nM. The effect of H(2)O(2) on the isolated protein from in vitro transcribed/translated material was significantly different. H(2)O(2) inhibited PC2 cation channel activity, with a much lower affinity (IC(50)=193 microM). To correlate these findings with H(2)O(2)-induced lipid peroxidation, TBARS where measured in hST apical membranes incubated with H(2)O(2). Increased TBARS by exposure of hST apical membranes to H(2)O(2) (625 microM) returned to control value in the presence of catalase (167 microg/ml). Taken together these data indicate that ROS affect PC2 channel function by targetting both membrane lipids and the channel protein. Thus, OS in human pregnancy may be linked to dysregulation of channels such as PC2, which allow the transport of Ca(2+) into the placenta. Oxidative complications in pregnancy may implicate dysfunctional cation transfer between mother and fetus.
Subject(s)
Reactive Oxygen Species/pharmacology , TRPP Cation Channels/antagonists & inhibitors , Term Birth/metabolism , Trophoblasts/drug effects , Electrophysiology , Female , Humans , Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Potassium Channels/metabolism , Potassium Channels/physiology , Pregnancy , Spheroids, Cellular/drug effects , Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism , TRPP Cation Channels/metabolism , Trophoblasts/metabolism , tert-Butylhydroperoxide/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Com o objetivo de determinar o estado nutricional das crianças de 0 a 6 anos do Jardim Uniäo da Vitória, Zona Sul de Londrina, analisou-se uma amostra de 241 crianças entre 0 a 6 anos de idade atendidas na Unidade Básica de Saúde Orlando Cestari, localizada no Jardim Uniäo da Vitória. Os dados antropométricos (peso e altura) e outros obtidos através de um questionário contendo informaçöes sobre o nível de escolaridade, renda familiar, realizaçäo de pré-natal pelas mäes, uso de drogas e tabaco na gravidez, baixo peso ao nascer, ocorrência de hospitalizaçäo por infecçäo nos últimos 12 meses, foram analisados estatisticamente pelo Teste do Qui- quadrado ou Teste Exato de Fisher. Os resultos obtidos demonstraram que 33 por cento das crianças apresentam desnutriçäo. Os fatores associados na determinaçäo da desnutriçäo da populaçäo estudada foram o baixo peso ao nascer em menores de 12 meses e maior número de hospitalizaçöes por infecçäo