The hospital care and outcomes of long-term care patients treated by paramedics during an emergency call: exploring the potential impact of 'treat-and-refer' pathways and community paramedicine.

INTRODUCTION: Adults living in long-term care (LTC) are at increased risk of harm when transferred to the emergency department (ED), and programs targeting treatment on-site are increasing. We examined characteristics, clinical course, and disposition of LTC patients transported to the ED to examine the potential impact of alternative models of paramedic care for LTC patients. METHODS: We conducted a health records review of paramedic and ED records between April 1, 2016, and March 31, 2017. We included emergency calls originating from LTC centers and patients transported to either ED campus of The Ottawa Hospital. We excluded scheduled or deferrable transfers, and patients with Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale of 1. We categorized patients into groups based on care they received in the ED. We calculated standardized differences to examine differences between groups. RESULTS: We identified four groups: (1) patients requiring no treatment or diagnostics in the ED (7.9%); (2) patients receiving ED treatment within current paramedic directives and no diagnostics (3.2%); (3) patients requiring diagnostics or ED care outside current paramedic directives (54.9%); and (4) patients requiring admission (34.1%). CONCLUSION: This study found 7.9% of LTC patients transported to the ED did not receive diagnostics, medications, or treatment, and overall 11.1% of patients could have been treated by paramedics within current medical directives using 'treat-and-refer' pathways. This group could potentially expand utilizing community paramedics with expanded scopes of practice.

RéSUMé: INTRODUCTION: Les adultes qui vivent dans des établissements de soins de longue durée (SLD) courent un risque accru de subir des préjudices lorsqu'ils sont transférés à l'urgence (SU), et les programmes ciblant le traitement sur place augmentent. Nous avons examiné les caractéristiques, l'évolution clinique et la disposition des patients en SLD transportés à l'urgence afin d'examiner l'impact potentiel des modèles alternatifs de soins paramédicaux pour les patients en SLD. MéTHODES: Nous avons effectué un examen des dossiers médicaux des paramédics et des SU entre le 1er avril 2016 et le 31 mars 2017. Nous avons inclus les appels d'urgence provenant des centres de soins de longue durée et les patients transportés à l'un ou l'autre des campus de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa. Nous avons exclu les transferts planifiés ou reportables et les patients ayant un score d'acuité au triage canadien de 1. Nous avons catégorisé les patients en groupes en fonction des soins reçus à l'urgence. Nous avons calculé des différences normalisées pour examiner les différences entre les groupes. RéSULTATS: Nous avons identifié 4 groupes : 1) les patients qui n'ont pas besoin de traitement ou de diagnostic à l'urgence (7,9 %); 2) les patients qui reçoivent un traitement à l'urgence selon les directives actuelles des ambulanciers et aucun diagnostic (3,2 %); 3) les patients qui ont besoin de diagnostics ou de soins à l'urgence en dehors des directives actuelles des ambulanciers (54,9 %); et 4) patients nécessitant une admission (34,1 %). CONCLUSION: Cette étude a révélé que 7,9 % des patients en SLD transportés à l'urgence n'ont pas reçu de diagnostic, de médicaments ou de traitement et, dans l'ensemble, 11,1 % des patients auraient pu être traités par des ambulanciers paramédicaux selon les directives médicales actuelles en utilisant les voies de traitement et d'aiguillage. Ce groupe pourrait potentiellement prendre de l'expansion en utilisant des ambulanciers paramédicaux communautaires avec des champs de pratique élargis.

How safe are paediatric emergency departments? A national prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the high number of children treated in emergency departments, patient safety risks in this setting are not well quantified. Our objective was to estimate the risk and type of adverse events, as well as their preventability and severity, for children treated in a paediatric emergency department. METHODS: Our prospective, multicentre cohort study enrolled children presenting for care during one of 168 8-hour study shifts across nine paediatric emergency departments. Our primary outcome was an adverse event within 21 days of enrolment which was related to care provided at the enrolment visit. We identified 'flagged outcomes' (such as hospital visits, worsening symptoms) through structured telephone interviews with patients and families over the 21 days following enrolment. We screened admitted patients' health records with a validated trigger tool. For patients with flags or triggers, three reviewers independently determined whether an adverse event occurred. RESULTS: We enrolled 6376 children; 6015 (94%) had follow-up data. Enrolled children had a median age of 4.3 years (IQR 1.6-9.8 years). One hundred and seventy-nine children (3.0%, 95% CI 2.6% to 3.5%) had at least one adverse event. There were 187 adverse events in total; 143 (76.5%, 95% CI 68.9% to 82.7%) were deemed preventable. Management (n=98, 52.4%) and diagnostic issues (n=36, 19.3%) were the most common types of adverse events. Seventy-nine (42.2%) events resulted in a return emergency department visit; 24 (12.8%) resulted in hospital admission; and 3 (1.6%) resulted in transfer to a critical care unit. CONCLUSION: In this large-scale study, 1 in 33 children treated in a paediatric emergency department experienced an adverse event related to the care they received there. The majority of events were preventable; most were related to management and diagnostic issues. Specific patient populations were at higher risk of adverse events. We identify opportunities for improvement in care.

The Safety and Effectiveness of On-Site Paramedic and Allied Health Treatment Interventions Targeting the Reduction of Emergency Department Visits by Long-Term Care Patients: Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Programs that seek to avoid emergency department (ED) visits from patients residing in long-term care facilities are increasing. We sought to identify existing programs where allied healthcare personnel are the primary providers of the intervention and, to evaluate their effectiveness and safety. METHODS: We systematically searched Medline, CINAHL and EMBASE with terms relating to long-term care, emergency services, hospitalization and allied health personnel. We reviewed 11,176 abstracts and included 22 studies in our narrative synthesis, which we grouped by intervention category. RESULTS: We found five categories of interventions including: 1) use of advanced practice nursing; 2) a program called Interventions to Reduce Acute Care Transfers (INTERACT); 3) end-of-life care; 4) condition specific interventions; and 5) use of extended care paramedics. Among studies measuring that outcome, 13/13 reported a decrease in ED visits, and 16/17 reported a decrease hospitalization in the intervention groups. Patient adverse events such as functional status and relapse were seldom reported (6/22) as were measures of emergency system function such as crowding/inability of paramedics to transfer care to the ED (1/22). Only 4/22 studies evaluated patient mortality and 3/4 found a non-statistically significant worsening. CONCLUSION: We found five types of programs/interventions which all demonstrated a decrease in ED visits or hospitalization. However, most studies were observational and few assessed patient safety. Many identified programs focused on increased primary care for patients, and interventions addressing acute care issues, such as community paramedics, deserve more study.