Meningeal lymphatic vessel crosstalk with central nervous system immune cells in aging and neurodegenerative diseases.

Meningeal lymphatic vessels form a relationship between the nervous system and periphery, which is relevant in both health and disease. Meningeal lymphatic vessels not only play a key role in the drainage of brain metabolites but also contribute to antigen delivery and immune cell activation. The advent of novel genomic technologies has enabled rapid progress in the characterization of myeloid and lymphoid cells and their interactions with meningeal lymphatic vessels within the central nervous system. In this review, we provide an overview of the multifaceted roles of meningeal lymphatic vessels within the context of the central nervous system immune network, highlighting recent discoveries on the immunological niche provided by meningeal lymphatic vessels. Furthermore, we delve into the mechanisms of crosstalk between meningeal lymphatic vessels and immune cells in the central nervous system under both homeostatic conditions and neurodegenerative diseases, discussing how these interactions shape the pathological outcomes. Regulation of meningeal lymphatic vessel function and structure can influence lymphatic drainage, cerebrospinal fluid-borne immune modulators, and immune cell populations in aging and neurodegenerative disorders, thereby playing a key role in shaping meningeal and brain parenchyma immunity.

Niraparib for the treatment of metastatic ccRCC in a patient with CDK12 and RAD51C mutations: a case report.

Background: Niraparib, a poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi), has been widely applied in the intervention of epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer. Nevertheless, as of the present moment, there are limited instances demonstrating favorable outcomes stemming from niraparib therapy in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Case presentation: Here, we report a case of a 50-year-old patient with ccRCC who subsequently developed distant metastasis. The patient received monotherapy with pazopanib and combination therapy with axitinib and tislelizumab, demonstrating limited efficacy. Liquid biopsy revealed missense mutations in the CDK12 and RAD51C of the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway, suggesting potential sensitivity to PARPi. Following niraparib treatment, the patient's condition improved, with no significant side effects. Conclusion: In summary, patients with ccRCC harboring HRR pathway gene mutation may potentially benefit from niraparib. This will present more options for ccRCC patients with limited response to conventional treatments.

Ion Migration in Metal Halide Perovskites: Characterization Protocols and Physicochemical Mechanisms.

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have demonstrated considerable promise for a range of photoelectronic applications owing to their prominent photophysical properties. However, MHPs suffer from remarkable ion migration under illumination and bias voltage, which generally poses operational instability of MHP-based devices and restricts their practicality. While numerous chemical strategies have been proposed for manipulating ion migration dynamics, the relevant mechanistic research relatively lags behind, which is nevertheless imperative for guiding ion migration engineering. In this perspective, we first review the well-established experimental techniques for characterizing ion migration in MHP films and photovoltaic devices. For the sake of gaining insights into the underlying mechanism, we also present a series of physical models that elucidate the dynamics of ion migration and the coupling interaction between ions and charge carriers in MHP photovoltaics. Finally, we identify several crucial areas for future investigation, with the aim of advancing both the fundamental and applied research on high-efficiency and high-stability MHP materials and devices.

Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Exosomes Improved The Aged Mouse IVM Oocytes Quality.

During assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment, the aged women, especially those over 35 years old, have fewer mature oocytes and poorer quality of the oocytes comparing with the young women. In vitro maturation (IVM) technology facilitates the usage of immature oocytes, which is clinically important for the aged women. However, the maturation rate is low for the oocytes from the aged women. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes (HUCMSCs-exosomes), as important mediators of intercellular communication, have been widely used to restore ovarian function and improve female fertility. In this study, we isolated HUCMSCs-exosomes and collected the immature germinal vesicle oocytes from the naturally aged mouse model. And we added these HUCMSCs-exosomes to the conventional IVM culture system. The effects of HUCMSCs-exosomes on IVM oocytes were observed and analyzed from multiple aspects including maturation rate, spindle morphology, mitochondria function, and development potential. We found the quality of oocytes was improved by HUCMSCs-exosomes. Based on the results, we propose that HUCMSCs-exosomes may provide a novel and cell free strategy in the improvement of the IVM in elderly infertile women in the future.

Effects of sleep deprivation on anxiety-depressive-like behavior and neuroinflammation.

BACKGROUND: Depression is defined by a persistent low mood and disruptions in sleep patterns, with the WHO forecasting that major depression will rank as the third most prevalent contributor to the global burden of disease by the year 2030. Sleep deprivation serves as a stressor that triggers inflammation within the central nervous system, a process known as neuroinflammation. This inflammatory response plays a crucial role in the development of depression by upregulating the expression of inflammatory mediators that contribute to symptoms such as anxiety, hopelessness, and loss of pleasure. METHODS: In this study, sleep deprivation was utilized as a method to induce anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in mice. The behavioral changes in the mice were then evaluated using the EZM, EPM, TST, FST, and SPT. H&E staining and Nissl staining was used to detect morphological changes in the medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) regions. Elisa to assess serum CORT levels. Detection of mRNA levels and protein expression of clock genes, high mobility genome box-1 (Hmgb1), silent message regulator 6 (Sirt6), and pro-inflammatory factors by RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence techniques. RESULTS: Sleep deprivation resulted in decreased exploration of unfamiliar territory, increased time spent in a state of despair, and lower sucrose water intake in mice. Additionally, sleep deprivation led to increased secretion of serum CORT and upregulation of clock genes, IL6, IL1ß, TNFα, Cox-2, iNOS, Sirt6, and Hmgb1. Sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep deprivation induces anxiety-depressive-like behaviors and neuroinflammation in the brain. Transcription of clock genes and activation of the Sirt6/Hmgb1 pathway may contribute to inflammatory responses in the mPFC.

Unraveling the rapid ion migration in perovskite solar cells by circuit-switched transient photoelectric technique.

Ion migration activated by illumination is a critical factor responsible for the performance decline and stability degradation of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). While ion migration has been widely believed to be much slower than charge transport, recent research suggests that, despite the lack of understanding of the mechanism, it may also be involved in a series of rapid photoelectric responses of PSCs. Here, we report an improved circuit-switched transient photoelectric technique with nanosecond temporal resolution, which enables quantitative characterization of ion migration dynamics in PSCs across a fairly broad time window. Specifically, ion migration occurring within microseconds after illumination (corresponding to a diffusion length of ∼10-7 cm) is unambiguously identified. In conjunction with the composition engineering protocol, we justify that it arises from the short-range migration of halide anions and organic cations around the contact/perovskite interface. The rapid ion migration kinetics revealed in this work strongly complement the well-established ion migration model, which offers new insights into the mechanism of ion-carrier interaction in PSC devices.

The male pachynema-specific protein MAPS drives phase separation in vitro and regulates sex body formation and chromatin behaviors in vivo.

Dynamic chromosome remodeling and nuclear compartmentalization take place during mammalian meiotic prophase I. We report here that the crucial roles of male pachynema-specific protein (MAPS) in pachynema progression might be mediated by its liquid-liquid phase separation in vitro and in cellulo. MAPS forms distinguishable liquid phases, and deletion or mutations of its N-terminal amino acids (aa) 2-9 disrupt its secondary structure and charge properties, impeding phase separation. Maps-/- pachytene spermatocytes exhibit defects in nucleus compartmentalization, including defects in forming sex bodies, altered nucleosome composition, and disordered chromatin accessibility. MapsΔ2-9/Δ2-9 male mice expressing MAPS protein lacking aa 2-9 phenocopy Maps-/- mice. Moreover, a frameshift mutation in C3orf62, the human counterpart of Maps, is correlated with nonobstructive azoospermia in a patient exhibiting pachynema arrest in spermatocyte development. Hence, the phase separation property of MAPS seems essential for pachynema progression in mouse and human spermatocytes.

An integrated approach for improving clinical management of non-obstructive azoospermia.

BACKGROUND: Non-obstructive azoospermia is the most severe form of male infertility. A testicular biopsy is required for the diagnosis of non-obstructive azoospermia, and the causal factors for non-obstructive azoospermia remain unknown. OBJECTIVES: To reduce the risk of multiple biopsies and identify factors that contribute to non-obstructive azoospermia, we proposed an integrated approach for the preoperative diagnosis and clinical management of non-obstructive azoospermia by applying the chromosome-spreading technique and whole-exome sequencing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July 2020 and December 2022, after ruling out definitive obstructive azoospermia and non-obstructive azoospermia patients with testicular volume < 6 mL, 20 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia who underwent preoperative testicular diagnostic biopsy using testicular sperm aspiration were subjected to retrospective analysis. RESULTS: Microscopic examination identified four patients with sperm cells, and 16 without sperm cells. Routine pathological analysis classified one patient as normal spermatogenesis, three as hypospermatogenesis, five as maturation arrest, nine as Sertoli cell-only, and two as unable to judge. With chromosome-spreading technology using routine cell suspension samples for microscopic examination, 18 patient diagnoses were validated, and two patients without a definitive diagnosis were supplemented. Detection of the Y chromosome and a well-organized whole-exome sequencing analysis revealed potential genetic factors. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The full use of testicular biopsy is beneficial for the diagnosis of azoospermia, as it avoids the risk of multiple biopsies. Moreover, in combination with whole-exome sequencing, clinicians can obtain more information regarding the pathogenesis of non-obstructive azoospermia, which may guide treatment.

Association of Placental Tissue Metabolite Levels with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: a Metabolomics Study.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the metabolic characteristics of placental tissue in patients diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was employed to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the metabolites in placental tissues obtained from 25 healthy pregnant women and 25 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM. Multilevel statistical methods are applied to process intricate metabolomics data. Meanwhile, we applied machine learning techniques to identify biomarkers that could potentially predict the risk of long-term complications in patients with GDM as well as their offspring. We identified 1902 annotated metabolites, out of which 212 metabolites exhibited significant differences in GDM placentas. In addition, the study identifies a set of risk biomarkers that effectively predict the likelihood of long-term complications in both pregnant women with GDM and their offspring. The accuracy of this panel was measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), which was found to be 0.992 and 0.960 in the training and validation sets, respectively. This study enhances our understanding of GDM pathogenesis through metabolomics. Furthermore, the panel of risk markers identified could prove to be a valuable tool in predicting potential long-term complications for both GDM patients and their offspring.

The Science Underlying Giant Panda Conservation Translocations.

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is the flagship species of animal conservation worldwide, and the number of captive pandas reached 673 in 2021. According to the Fourth National Survey Report on the Giant Panda, there are 1864 wild pandas, segregated into 33 local populations, and 25 of these populations are too small to be self-sustaining. In addition to the conservation and restoration of panda habitats, conservation translocations, an approach that has been shown to be effective in slowing or reversing biodiversity loss, are highly desirable for panda conservation. The captive-bred panda population has grown rapidly, laying the foundation for releasing captive-bred pandas into the wild. This paper reviews the scientific advances in conservation translocations of pandas. Studies have shown that before translocation conservation programs are implemented, we should determine what factors are causing the depletion of the original population at the release site. The selection of suitable release sites and individuals will help to improve the survival rate of released individuals in the wild. Pre-release training and post-release monitoring are essential to ensure successful releases. We also see the great potential for increasing applications of Adaptive Management to improve the success of giant panda conservation translocation programs. This review provides theoretical guidance for improvement of the success rate in conservation translocations for captive pandas, and uses the panda as a model species to provide a global reference for the conservation translocations of rare and endangered species.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Reveals Stage-Specific Metabolic Signatures of Ankylosing Spondylitis.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of chronic rheumatic immune disease, and the crucial point of AS treatment is identifying the correct stage of the disease. However, there is a lack of effective diagnostic methods for AS staging. The primary objective of this study was to perform an untargeted metabolomic approach in AS patients in an effort to reveal metabolic differences between patients in remission and acute stages. Serum samples from 40 controls and 57 AS patients were analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty-four kinds of differential metabolites were identified between the healthy controls and AS patients, mainly involving valine/leucine/isoleucine biosynthesis and degradation, phenylalanine/tyrosine/tryptophan biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, etc. Furthermore, the levels of fatty acids (linoleate, dodecanoate, hexadecanoate, and octadecanoate), amino acids (serine and pyroglutamate), 2-hydroxybutanoate, glucose, etc., were lower in patients in the acute stage than those in the remission stage, which may be associated with the aggravated inflammatory response and elevated oxidative stress in the acute stage. Multiple stage-specific metabolites were significantly correlated with inflammatory indicators (CRP and ESR). In addition, the combination of serum 2-hydroxybutanoate and hexadecanoate plays a significant role in the diagnosis of AS stages. These metabolomics-based findings provide new perspectives for AS staging, treatment, and pathogenesis studies.

Single-cell characterization of self-renewing primary trophoblast organoids as modeling of EVT differentiation and interactions with decidual natural killer cells.

BACKGROUND: Extravillous trophoblast cell (EVT) differentiation and its communication with maternal decidua especially the leading immune cell type natural killer (NK) cell are critical events for placentation. However, appropriate in vitro modelling system and regulatory programs of these two events are still lacking. Recent trophoblast organoid (TO) has advanced the molecular and mechanistic research in placentation. Here, we firstly generated the self-renewing TO from human placental villous and differentiated it into EVTs (EVT-TO) for investigating the differentiation events. We then co-cultured EVT-TO with freshly isolated decidual NKs for further study of cell communication. TO modelling of EVT differentiation as well as EVT interaction with dNK might cast new aspect for placentation research. RESULTS: Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was applied for comprehensive characterization and molecular exploration of TOs modelling of EVT differentiation and interaction with dNKs. Multiple distinct trophoblast states and dNK subpopulations were identified, representing CTB, STB, EVT, dNK1/2/3 and dNKp. Lineage trajectory and Seurat mapping analysis identified the close resemblance of TO and EVT-TO with the human placenta characteristic. Transcription factors regulatory network analysis revealed the cell-type specific essential TFs for controlling EVT differentiation. CellphoneDB analysis predicted the ligand-receptor complexes in dNK-EVT-TO co-cultures, which relate to cytokines, immunomodulation and angiogenesis. EVT was known to affect the immune properties of dNK. Our study found out that on the other way around, dNKs could exert effects on EVT causing expression changes which are functionally important. CONCLUSION: Our study documented a single-cell atlas for TO and its applications on EVT differentiation and communications with dNKs, and thus provide methodology and novel research cues for future study of human placentation.

Minimal residual disease in solid tumors: an overview.

Minimal residual disease (MRD) is termed as the small numbers of remnant tumor cells in a subset of patients with tumors. Liquid biopsy is increasingly used for the detection of MRD, illustrating the potential of MRD detection to provide more accurate management for cancer patients. As new techniques and algorithms have enhanced the performance of MRD detection, the approach is becoming more widely and routinely used to predict the prognosis and monitor the relapse of cancer patients. In fact, MRD detection has been shown to achieve better performance than imaging methods. On this basis, rigorous investigation of MRD detection as an integral method for guiding clinical treatment has made important advances. This review summarizes the development of MRD biomarkers, techniques, and strategies for the detection of cancer, and emphasizes the application of MRD detection in solid tumors, particularly for the guidance of clinical treatment.

In situ effects of microplastics on the decomposition of aquatic macrophyte litter in eutrophic shallow lake sediments, China.

The toxicity of microplastics (MPs) to aquatic organisms has been extensively studied recently. However, few studies have investigated the effects of MPs in sediments on aquatic ecosystem functioning. In the present study, we conducted an in situ experiment to explore the concentration-dependent effects (0.025%, 0.25%, 2.5%) and size-dependent effects (150-300 µm and 500-1000 µm) of polypropylene microplastics (PP MPs) on Vallisneria natans litter decomposition dynamics, in particular, the process associated with macroinvertebrates, microorganisms, as well as microalgae and/or cyanobacteria. The results showed that exposure to high concentrations and large sizes of PP MPs can accelerate leaf litter biomass loss and nutrition release. Moreover, microbial respiration, microalgal and/or cyanobacteria chlorophyll-a were also significantly affected by PP MPs. However, PP MPs have no effect on the abundance of associated macroinvertebrate during the experiment, despite the collection of five macroinvertebrate taxa from two functional feeding groups (i.e., collectors and scrapers). Therefore, our experiment demonstrated that PP MPs may enhance leaf litter decomposition through effected microbial metabolic activity, microalgal and/or cyanobacteria biomass in the sedimentary lake. Overall, our findings highlight that PP MPs have the potential to interfere with the basic ecological functions such as plant litter decomposition in aquatic environments.

Distinct aneuploid evolution of astrocytoma and glioblastoma during recurrence.

Astrocytoma and glioblastoma (GB) are reclassified subtypes of adult diffuse gliomas based on distinct isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation in the fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System. The recurrence of gliomas is a common and inevitable challenge, and analyzing the distinct genomic alterations in astrocytoma and GB could provide insights into their progression. This study conducted a longitudinal investigation, utilizing whole-exome sequencing, on 65 paired primary/recurrent gliomas. It examined chromosome arm aneuploidies, copy number variations (CNVs) of cancer-related genes and pathway enrichments during the relapse. The veracity of these findings was verified through the integration of our data with multiple public resources and by corroborative immunohistochemistry (IHC). The results revealed a greater prevalence of aneuploidy changes and acquired CNVs in recurrent lower grade astrocytoma than in relapsed grade 4 astrocytoma and GB. Larger aneuploidy changes were predictive of an unfavorable prognosis in lower grade astrocytoma (P < 0.05). Further, patients with acquired gains of 1q, 6p or loss of 13q at recurrence had a shorter overall survival in lower grade astrocytoma (P < 0.05); however, these prognostic effects were confined in grade 4 astrocytoma and GB. Moreover, acquired gains of 12 genes (including VEGFA) on 6p during relapse were associated with unfavorable prognosis for lower grade astrocytoma patients. Notably, elevated VEGFA expression during recurrence corresponded to poorer survival, validated through IHC and CGGA data. To summarize, these findings offer valuable insights into the progression of gliomas and have implications for guiding therapeutic approaches during recurrence.

Premature aging of skeletal stem/progenitor cells rather than osteoblasts causes bone loss with decreased mechanosensation.

A distinct population of skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) has been identified that is indispensable for the maintenance and remodeling of the adult skeleton. However, the cell types that are responsible for age-related bone loss and the characteristic changes in these cells during aging remain to be determined. Here, we established models of premature aging by conditional depletion of Zmpste24 (Z24) in mice and found that Prx1-dependent Z24 deletion, but not Osx-dependent Z24 deletion, caused significant bone loss. However, Acan-associated Z24 depletion caused only trabecular bone loss. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) revealed that two populations of SSPCs, one that differentiates into trabecular bone cells and another that differentiates into cortical bone cells, were significantly decreased in Prx1-Cre; Z24f/f mice. Both premature SSPC populations exhibited apoptotic signaling pathway activation and decreased mechanosensation. Physical exercise reversed the effects of Z24 depletion on cellular apoptosis, extracellular matrix expression and bone mass. This study identified two populations of SSPCs that are responsible for premature aging-related bone loss. The impairment of mechanosensation in Z24-deficient SSPCs provides new insight into how physical exercise can be used to prevent bone aging.

Hesperetin attenuates cognitive dysfunction via SIRT6/NLRP3 pathway in scopolamine-induced mice.

Neuroinflammation is a critical feature in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hesperetin can exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and other neuroprotective effects. In this study, the scopolamine (SCOP)-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice model was used to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of hesperetin. Behavioral tests (Morris water maze, open field, and novel object recognition tests) were conducted to evaluate the effect of hesperetin on cognitive dysfunction behaviors. Nissl staining and Immunofluorescence were used to evaluate hippocampal neuronal damage and microglial activation in mice. The levels of proinflammatory factors, oxidant stress, and the cholinergic neurotransmitter were detected by real-time quantitative fluorescence PCR (RT-qPCR) or biochemical reagent kits. Western blotting was used to detect the relative protein expression of the sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) / NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) pathway. Results showed that hesperetin could ameliorate SCOP-induced cognitive impairment and neuronal damage, and regulate the levels of cholinergic neurotransmitters in the hippocampal of AD mice. Hesperetin could also enhance antioxidant defense by regulating the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Hesperetin exerted anti-neuroinflammation effects through inhibiting of microglia activation and down-regulating the mRNA transcript levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Meanwhile, hesperetin could attenuate the expression of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), and caspase-1 p20 and upregulate the expression of SIRT6 in SCOP-induced mice. Overall, our study suggested that hesperetin might ameliorate SCOP-induced cognitive dysfunction by improving cholinergic system dysfunction and suppressing oxidative stress and attenuating neuroinflammation via SIRT6/NLRP3 pathway in mice.

New technology for preparing energetic materials by nanofiltration membrane (NF): rapid and efficient preparation of high-purity ammonium dinitramide (ADN).

The development of environment-friendly and non-toxic green energetic materials and their safe, environmentally friendly, and economical production is very important to the national economy and national security. As an innovative, efficient, and environmentally friendly energetic material, the preferred preparation method of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is the nitro-sulfur mixed acid method, which has the advantages of high yield, simple method, and easy access to raw materials. However, the large number of inorganic salt ions introduced by this method limits the large-scale production of ADN. Nanofiltration (NF) has been widely used in various industrial processes as a separation method with high separation efficiency and simple operation. In this study, NF was used for the desalination and purification of ADN synthesized by the mixed acid method. The effects of NF types, operation process (pressure, temperature, and feed solution concentration) on desalination efficiency, and membrane flux during purification were examined. The results showed that 600D NF could achieve the efficient desalination and purification of ADN. It was verified that the highest desalination and purification efficiency was achieved at 2 MPa pressure, 25 °C, and 1 time dilution of the feed solution, and the membrane flux of the desalination and purification process was stable. Under the optimized process conditions, the removal rate of inorganic salts and other impurities reached 99% (which can be recycled), the purity of ADN reached 99.8%, and the recovery rate reached 99%. This process has the potential for the large-scale production of ADN and provides a new process for the safe, efficient, and cheap preparation of energetic materials.

HrTPS12 gene dramatically enhanced insect resistance of sea buckthorn to infection by fruit fly (Rhagoletis batava obseuriosa Kol.).

BACKGROUND: Terpenoids emitted from plants are important for regulating plant-insect interaction. However, it is still unclear how terpenoids affect the host defense system. There are few reports of terpenoids' involvement in the mechanisms that regulate woody plants' insect resistance. RESULTS: The (E)-ß-ocimene of terpenes was only found in RBO-resist leaves, and its content was higher than that of other type terpenes. Further, we also found (E)-ß-ocimene had a significant avoidance effect on RBO and reached 87.5% of the highest avoidance rate. Meanwhile, overexpression of HrTPS12 in Arabidopsis increased the HrTPS12 expression level, (E)-ß-ocimene content, and enhanced the defense against RBO. However, silencing HrTPS12 in sea buckthorn revealed that the expression levels of HrTPS12 and (E)-ß-ocimene significantly decreased, causing the attraction effect on RBO. CONCLUSION: HrTPS12 was an up-regulator, which improves sea buckthorn resistance to RBO by regulating the synthesis of volatile (E)-ß-ocimene. These results provide in-depth information about the interaction between RBO and sea buckthorn and provide a theoretical basis for developing plant-based insect repellents that can be used to manage RBO. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

The attractive host volatiles can enhance oviposition of Anoplophora glabripennis on a non-host tree.

BACKGROUND: The Asian longhorned beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis, is a serious wood borer of hardwood trees. Populus deltoides 'Shalinyang' (PdS) is attractive to ALB adults for oviposition but highly resistant to their offspring. Investigation of the chemicals regulating ALB oviposition is scarce in previous studies until now. To determine which chemicals emitted by PdS were attractive and induced oviposition behavior by ALB on non-host poplar tree species, we first: collected and identified the bio-active volatiles produced by PdS using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and coupled gas chromatography-electroantennographic detector (GC-EAD); then evaluated which chemicals were attractive in a Y-tube olfactometer bioassay; and finally screened key compounds affecting ALB oviposition using a 'chemical-stimulated oviposition on non-host tree' bioassay. RESULTS: (E)-2-Hexenal, hexyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenol acetate, 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexenol, ß-caryophyllene, and salicylaldehyde emitted from PdS were attractive to ALB. When (E)-2-hexenal, 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexenol acetate, and (Z)-3-hexenol were applied to the non-host tree Populus tomentosa, oviposition by ALB females was significantly increased. Furthermore, the mean number of oviposition pits increased as the (Z)-3-hexenol concentrations increased. Further tests on synergy between pairs of chemicals showed that (Z)-3-hexenol stimulated production of the most oviposition pits, but that the percentage of effective oviposition pits (those containing an egg and larva and not empty) decreased. CONCLUSION: (Z)-3-Hexenol is the main chemical component inducing ALB oviposition. These results increase understanding about the oviposition behavior of ALB and could help improve management strategies that regulate ALB behavior by planting mixed-species forests resistant to ALB. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.