Young infants display heterogeneous serological responses and extensive but reversible transcriptional changes following initial immunizations.

Infants necessitate vaccinations to prevent life-threatening infections. Our understanding of the infant immune responses to routine vaccines remains limited. We analyzed two cohorts of 2-month-old infants before vaccination, one week, and one-month post-vaccination. We report remarkable heterogeneity but limited antibody responses to the different antigens. Whole-blood transcriptome analysis in an initial cohort showed marked overexpression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and to a lesser extent of inflammation-genes at day 7, which normalized one month post-vaccination. Single-cell RNA sequencing in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a second cohort identified at baseline a predominantly naive immune landscape including ISGhi cells. On day 7, increased expression of interferon-, inflammation-, and cytotoxicity-related genes were observed in most immune cells, that reverted one month post-vaccination, when a CD8+ ISGhi and cytotoxic cluster and B cells expanded. Antibody responses were associated with baseline frequencies of plasma cells, B-cells, and monocytes, and induction of ISGs at day 7.

Clinical and molecular characteristics of the 2022 Enterovirus-D68 outbreak among hospitalized children, Ohio, USA.

BACKGROUND: Enterovirus-D68 (EV-D68) has appeared biennially in the United States following the 2014 outbreak. It has gained epidemiologic and clinical relevance and was identified as an important pathogen associated with severe respiratory and central nervous system diseases. We aim to describe the clinical and molecular characteristics of the post-pandemic 2022 Enterovirus-D68 outbreak in children evaluated in a tertiary pediatric hospital in Columbus, Ohio. METHODS: EV-D68 RT-PCR was performed on nasopharyngeal specimens collected during Jun-Nov 2022 from children (<18 years), identified by 1) physician-order or 2) random selection of 10-15 specimens weekly that were Rhinovirus/Enterovirus-positive by physician-ordered respiratory virus panel. Patients who tested positive for EV-D68 were identified and clinical data and outcomes were analyzed. Partial viral VP1 region was sequenced and characterized. RESULTS: Forty-four children positive for EV-D68 were identified, among which 88.6 % of patients presented with respiratory symptoms and 61.4 % required PICU admission. Two patients presented with AFM that was attributed to EV-D68. EV-D68 sequences from 2022 clustered within the B3 subclade. CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of children identified with EV-D68 during the 2022 outbreak had respiratory compromise requiring PICU admission. As the virus continues evolving, it is important to monitor the activity of EV-D68, characterizing these strains clinically and genetically, which will help to understand the viral pathogenicity and virulence.

Early Changes in Interferon Gene Expression and Antibody Responses Following Influenza Vaccination in Pregnant Women.

BACKGROUND: Influenza immunization during pregnancy provides protection to the mother and the infant. Studies in adults and children with inactivated influenza vaccine have identified changes in immune gene expression that were correlated with antibody responses. The current study was performed to define baseline blood transcriptional profiles and changes induced by inactivated influenza vaccine in pregnant women and to identify correlates with antibody responses. METHODS: Pregnant women were immunized with inactivated influenza vaccine during the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 seasons. Blood samples were collected on day 0 (before vaccination) and on days 1 and 7 after vaccination for transcriptional profile analyses, and on days 0 and 30, along with delivery and cord blood samples, to measure antibody titers. RESULTS: Transcriptional analysis demonstrated overexpression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) on day 1 and of plasma cell genes on day 7. Prevaccination ISG expression and ISGs overexpressed on day 1 were significantly correlated with increased H3N2, B Yamagata, and B Victoria antibody titers. Plasma cell gene expression on day 7 was correlated with increased B Yamagata and B Victoria antibody titers. Compared with women who were vaccinated during the previous influenza season, those who were not showed more frequent significant correlations between ISGs and antibody titers. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccination in pregnant women resulted in enhanced expression of ISGs and plasma cell genes correlated with antibody responses. Brief summary: This study identified gene expression profiles of interferon-stimulated genes and plasma cells before vaccination and early after vaccination that were correlated with antibody responses in pregnant women vaccinated for influenza.

Systems immunology: Beyond antibody titers.

Despite the evident success of currently available vaccines to prevent infectious diseases, we still lack a full understanding of the mechanisms by which vaccines induce protective immune responses. Systems immunology applies multifaceted analytical tools to better understand the immune responses to vaccines by deep characterization of the cellular components, regulatory pathways, antibody responses and immune gene profiles with the ultimate goal of identifying the complex cellular, genetic and regulatory factors and mechanisms that contribute to effective and protective immune responses.

Differences in antibody responses between trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine and live attenuated influenza vaccine correlate with the kinetics and magnitude of interferon signaling in children.

BACKGROUND: Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) are effective for prevention of influenza virus infection in children, but the mechanisms associated with protection are not well defined. METHODS: We analyzed the differences in B-cell responses and transcriptional profiles in children aged 6 months to 14 years immunized with these 2 vaccines. RESULTS: LAIV elicited a significant increase in naive, memory, and transitional B cells on day 30 after vaccination, whereas TIV elicited an increased number of plasmablasts on day 7. Antibody titers against the 3 vaccine strains (H1N1, H3N2, and B) were significantly higher in the TIV group and correlated with number of antibody-secreting cells. Both vaccines induced overexpression of interferon (IFN)-signaling genes but with different kinetics. TIV induced expression of IFN genes on day 1 after vaccination in all age groups, and LAIV induced expression of IFN genes on day 7 after vaccination but only in children <5 years old. IFN-related genes overexpressed in both vaccinated groups correlated with H3N2 antibody titers. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that LAIV and TIV induced significantly different B-cell responses in vaccinated children. Early induction of IFN appears to be important for development of antibody responses.

Proposed short-term model of acute allergic response, without adjuvant use, in the lungs of mice.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a short-term protocol using subcutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin, without the use of adjuvants, would induce an eosinophilic response in the lungs of mice similar to that observed in previous, well-established protocols. METHODS: Adult female BALB/c mice were randomized and divided into groups according to the number of sensitizations with ovalbumin and the number/dosage of intranasal ovalbumin challenges. The short-term protocol (10 days) consisted of one sensitization with ovalbumin and three ovalbumin challenges (100 µg). Total and differential cell counts in BAL fluid, levels of eosinophil peroxidase in lung tissue, and histopathological examination of the lungs were performed 24 h after the last ovalbumin challenge. RESULTS: No significant differences were found among the groups regarding the variables studied. The short-term protocol, as well as the other protocols studied, induced an eosinophilic response similar to that obtained in the positive control. CONCLUSIONS: Subcutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin and without the use of adjuvants resulted in a significant allergic response in the lungs of mice, even in the short-term protocol group. Our findings suggest that this short-term protocol can be used as a first-line pre-clinical test for the study of new medications, reducing the costs and observation periods.

Proposta de um modelo murino de curta duração de resposta pulmonar alérgica aguda sem utilização de adjuvante / Proposed short-term model of acute allergic response, without adjuvant use, in the lungs of mice

OBJETIVO: Determinar se um protocolo curto de sensibilização com ovalbumina subcutânea, sem adjuvante, induziria uma resposta pulmonar eosinofílica em pulmões de camundongos similar àquela encontrada em protocolos previamente estabelecidos. MÉTODOS: Fêmeas adultas de camundongos BALB/c foram randomizadas e divididas em grupos de acordo com o número de sensibilizações com ovalbumina e o número/dosagem de provocação intranasal. O protocolo curto (10 dias) consistiu de uma sensibilização e três provocações com ovalbumina (100 µg). A contagem total e diferencial de células no lavado broncoalveolar, o nível de peroxidase eosinofílica no tecido pulmonar e o exame histopatológico dos pulmões foram realizados 24 h após a última provocação. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos em relação às variáveis estudadas. O protocolo curto, assim como os outros protocolos estudados, induziu uma resposta eosinofílica pulmonar semelhante àquela do grupo controle positivo. CONCLUSÕES: A sensibilização por ovalbumina subcutânea sem o uso de adjuvante resultou em uma significativa resposta pulmonar alérgica em ratos, mesmo no grupo de protocolo curto. Nossos achados sugerem que esse protocolo curto pode ser utilizado como teste pré-clínico de primeira linha para a pesquisa de novos fármacos, reduzindo custos e o tempo de observação.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a short-term protocol using subcutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin, without the use of adjuvants, would induce an eosinophilic response in the lungs of mice similar to that observed in previous, well-established protocols. METHODS: Adult female BALB/c mice were randomized and divided into groups according to the number of sensitizations with ovalbumin and the number/dosage of intranasal ovalbumin challenges. The short-term protocol (10 days) consisted of one sensitization with ovalbumin and three ovalbumin challenges (100 µg). Total and differential cell counts in BAL fluid, levels of eosinophil peroxidase in lung tissue, and histopathological examination of the lungs were performed 24 h after the last ovalbumin challenge. RESULTS: No significant differences were found among the groups regarding the variables studied. The short-term protocol, as well as the other protocols studied, induced an eosinophilic response similar to that obtained in the positive control. CONCLUSIONS: Subcutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin and without the use of adjuvants resulted in a significant allergic response in the lungs of mice, even in the short-term protocol group. Our findings suggest that this short-term protocol can be used as a first-line pre-clinical test for the study of new medications, reducing the costs and observation periods.

Novas alternativas para protocolos com modelos murinos de asma / New alternatives for protocols with murine models of asthma

Objetivos: Testar alternativas de protocolos com modelos animais de asma aguda e crônica que apresentem características mais próximas da doença em humanos, utilizando ovalbumina livre de adjuvante.Métodos: Foram utilizadas fêmeas adultas de camundongos BALB/c, divididas em grupos de acordo com as sensibilizações com ovalbumina. O modelo agudo utilizou duas doses de ovalbumina subcutânea, sem adjuvante, com intervalo de sete dias, com posterior desafio intranasal durante três dias, comparado ao protocolo padrão que utiliza três doses de ovalbumina intraperitoneal, no período de sensibilização. O modelo crônico também utilizou ovalbumina subcutânea livre de adjuvante para sensibilização, com intervalo de 14 dias e posterior desafio intranasal, três vezes por semana, durante oito semanas. Contagem total e diferencial de células no lavado broncoalveolar e análise histológica dos pulmões foram realizadas 24 horas após o último desafio com ovalbumina.Resultados: Nos dois modelos estudados, agudo e crônico, observou-se uma resposta eosinofílica pulmonar semelhante entre os grupos. A contagem de células e a análise histológica do tecido pulmonar não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os grupos estudados.Conclusões: O uso de sensibilização subcutânea em modelo murino com ovalbumina, sem adjuvante (alum), resulta em significativa resposta inflamatória pulmonar alérgica, com predomínio de eosinófilos, podendo ser uma opção futura para experimentos mais próximos ao modelo humano, tanto na fase aguda, como na fase crônica da doença.

Aims: To test alternative protocols using animal models of acute and chronic asthma, with features closer to human disease, using ovalbumin without adjuvant. Methods: Adult female BALB/c mice were used and divided into groups according to sensitization with ovalbumin. The acute model used two doses of ovalbumin subcutaneously without adjuvant, on days 0 and 7, and after intranasal challenge for consecutives three days, compared with a standard protocol using three doses of ovalbumin for sensitization. The chronic model also used ovalbumin subcutaneously for sensitization, adjuvant-free, on days 0 and 14, and after intranasal challenge, for eight consecutive weeks. Total and differential cell counts from bronchoalveolar lavage and histopathology of the lungs were performed 24 hours after the last ovalbumin challenge. Results: In both models of protocols studied, acute and chronic, we have observed similar allergic pulmonary response between the groups. Cell counts and histological analysis of lung tissue showed no significant difference between groups. Conclusions: Use of sensitization in murine model with ovalbumin subcutaneously, with no adjuvant (alum), resulted in an expected allergic pulmonary response, with predominant eosinophils. These protocols may be a future option to animal models of asthma closer to the human disease, both in the acute and chronic patterns.

Modelos murinos para pesquisas em asma: uma análise crítica atualizada / Murine models for asthma research: An updated critical analysis

Objetivos: discutir as vantagens e limitações de pesquisas com modelos murinos em asma e suas aplicações mais imediatas.Fonte de Dados: foi realizada revisão da literatura no PubMed. Os descritores utilizados foram: mice, asthma, animal model e murine model. Síntese dos Dados: modelos experimentais murinos têm sido muito utilizados para elucidar a fisiopatogenia da asma brônquica e para avaliar novos alvos terapêuticos. Diversas críticas surgiram nos últimos anos em relação aos modelos utilizados. Os modelos animais diferem bastante da asma em humanos, particularmente em relação à utilização de adjuvante, via de administração e dose dos alergenos, além do tipo de resposta inflamatória pulmonar.Conclusões: novos modelos experimentais devem reproduzir da forma mais próxima possível as características da asma em humanos. Embora o modelo murino apresente inúmeras vantagens em relação a outros modelos animais, as limitações inerentes a esse tipo de estudo devem ser levadas em consideração no momento da extrapolação dos resultados para a doença em humanos.

Aims: To discuss the advantages and limitations of studies using murine models in asthma and the most immediate applications. Source of Data: A review of the literature using PubMed database was performed. The keywords used were: mice, asthma, animal model and murine model. Summary of Findings: Experimental models have been used to elucidate the pathophysiology of asthma and to evaluate new therapeutic targets. Several limitations related to the models currently used have emerged in recent years. Animal models are very different from the human asthma, particularly regarding to the use of adjuvant, administration route, dose of allergen and the type of pulmonary inflammatory response. Conclusions: New experimental models must reproduce the characteristics of human asthma as close as possible. Although murine models show several advantages in relation to other animals, the inherent limitations of this type of study must be considered before the extrapolation of results to human pathology.

Tratamento dos cânceres glóticos iniciais / Treatment of early glottic cancers

Os carcinomas glóticos são os tumores mais comuns da laringe. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica a respeito dos achados clínicos, do estadiamento e do tratamento destes tumores.

Refluxo laringofaríngeo / Laryngopharyngeal reflux

Revisão sobre o refluxo laringofaríngeo, abrangendo sua relação com o refluxo gastroesofágico, suas manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico e tratamento.

Otite externa maligna / Malignant external otitis

A otite externa maligna é uma forma rara de infecção necrotizante do meato auditivo externo, cujo diagnostico e tratamento continua sendo um desafio. Neste artigo serão detalhadas as características clínicas e os métodos diagnósticos e terapêuticos atualmente disponíveis para esta doença.

[Hepatic myelolipoma. Diagnosis and treatment]. / Mielolipoma hepático: diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Myelolipoma is a very uncommon tumor and is extremely rare in the liver. Patients are usually asymptomatic and preoperative diagnosis is often difficult. We report a new case of hepatic myelolipoma and review all the cases previously reported in the literature. Clinicopathologic and radiologic findings, as well as therapeutic options, are discussed.

Mielolipoma hepático: diagnóstico y tratamiento / Hepatic myelolipoma. Diagnosis and treatment

El mielolipoma es un tumor muy poco frecuente y su localización hepática resulta excepcional. Suele cursar de forma asintomática y su diagnóstico preoperatorio puede ser complicado. A continuación se presenta un nuevo caso de mielolipoma hepático y se hace una revisión de todos los casos descritos previamente en la literatura médica, en los que se destacan las características clinicopatológicas y radiológicas de estos tumores así como las posibilidades terapéuticas (AU)

Myelolipoma is a very uncommon tumor and is extremely rare in the liver. Patients are usually asymptomatic and preoperative diagnosis is often difficult. We report a new case of hepatic myelolipoma and review all the cases previously reported in the literature. Clinicopathologic and radiologic findings, as well as therapeutic options, are discussed (AU)