CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Knockout of the HuR Gene in U251 Cell Inhibits Japanese Encephalitis Virus Replication.

Human antigen R (HuR) is an RNA-binding protein that regulates the post-transcriptional reaction of its target mRNAs. HuR is a critical factor in cancer development and has been identified as a potential target in many cancer models. It participates in the viral life cycle by binding to viral RNAs. In prior work, we used CRISPR/Cas9 screening to identify HuR as a prospective host factor facilitating Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. The HuR gene was successfully knocked out in U251 cell lines using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system, with no significant difference in cell growth between U251-WT and U251-HuR-KO2 cells. Here, we experimentally demonstrate for the first time that the knockout of the HuR gene inhibits the replication ability of JEV in U251 cell lines. These results play an essential role in regulating the replication level of JEV and providing new insights into virus-host interactions and potential antiviral strategies. It also offers a platform for investigating the function of HuR in the life cycle of flaviviruses.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus upregulates SMPDL3B to promote viral replication by modulating lipid metabolism.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) poses a severe threat to the health of pigs globally. Host factors play a critical role in PRRSV replication. Using PRRSV as a model for genome-scale CRISPR knockout (KO) screening, we identified a host factor critical to PRRSV infection: sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase acid-like 3B (SMPDL3B). Our findings show that SMPDL3B restricted PRRSV attachment, entry, replication, and secretion and that its depletion significantly inhibited PRRSV proliferation, indicating that SMPDL3B plays a positive role in PRRSV replication. Our data also show that SMPDL3B deficiency resulted in an accumulation of intracellular lipid droplets (LDs). The expression level of key genes (ACC, SCD-1, and FASN) involved in lipogenesis was increased, whereas the fundamental lipolysis gene, ATGL, was inhibited when SMPDL3B was knocked down. Overall, our findings suggest that SMPDL3B deficiency can effectively inhibit viral infection through the modulation of lipid metabolism.

Research Note: A recombinant duck-derived H6N2 subtype avian influenza virus can replicate and shed in young chickens and cause disease.

The H6N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is commonly detected in the migratory waterfowl reservoirs. Previously, H6N2 AIV was believed to be nonpathogenic to young chickens and could not infect or shed in their respiratory tract under experimental conditions. However, in present study, a highly recombinant strain of duck-derived H6N2 AIV was discovered and isolated for pathogenicity tests. The results revealed that H6N2 could induce seroconversion in chickens and high morbidity of over 86.7%, along with evident upper respiratory tract hemorrhage. Moreover, 5 substitutions were detected in the upper respiratory tract shedding reisolated virus, with a high viral load in the target organs of infected chickens. In contrast, ducks failed to exhibit any symptoms, pathological lesions, or viral shedding, while demonstrated seroconversion and high viral load in the livers. These findings indicate that H6N2 AIV could also show pathogenicity to chickens under experimental conditions, thereby effectively replicating and shedding in chickens. Therefore, the study provides further elucidations on the pathogenicity of H6N2 AIV.

Evolution of prevalent H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus during 2019 to 2022 for the development of a control strategy in China.

The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (H9N2 AIV) has caused significant losses in chicken flocks throughout China. At present, consensus has been reached that field isolates of H9N2 underwent antigenic drift to evolve into distinct groups with significant antigenic divergence from the commercially available vaccines in China. This project continues to monitor the evolution characteristics of H9N2 hemagglutinin (HA) genes in China over the past 3 yr. The results showed that the current circling H9N2 viruses were diversified into h9.4.2.5 subclade, which was genetically distant from commonly used commercial vaccine strains. Compared with vaccine strains or 2014 strains, more than 42.1% of the variable antigenic sites in recent 3 yr' strains have shown significant changes and these stacked changes have caused significant differences in antigenicity. We constructed a recombinant vaccine strain rCQY-GHHA, which uses A/Chicken/China/SichuanCQY/2014 as the framework and A/Chicken/China/SichuanGH/2020 strain, which meets the recent viral antigenic characteristics, as the HA gene donor. The recombinant strain was prepared as an oil-adjuvant inactivated vaccine following an industrial process. The results of the immune protection experiment showed that the rCQY-GHHA vaccine was better than the commercial vaccine strain SS in reducing the morbidity, pathological lesion, virus shedding, and viral load. These results provide a reference for the control of H9N2 AIV in China.

Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a multi-epitope recombinant toxin antigen of Pasteurella multocida against virulent challenge in mice.

Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) infection frequently results in porcine atrophic rhinitis and swine plague, leading to large economic losses for the swine industry worldwide. P. multocida toxin (PMT, 146 kDa) is a highly virulent key virulence factor that plays a vital role in causing lung and turbinate lesions. This study developed a multi-epitope recombinant antigen of PMT (rPMT) that showed excellent immunogenicity and protection in a mouse model. Using bioinformatics to analyse the dominant epitopes of PMT, we constructed and synthesized rPMT containing 10 B-cell epitopes, 8 peptides with multiple B-cell epitopes and 13 T-cell epitopes of PMT and a rpmt gene (1,974 bp) with multiple epitopes. The rPMT protein (97 kDa) was soluble and contained a GST tag protein. Immunization of mice with rPMT stimulated significantly elevated serum IgG titres and splenocyte proliferation, and serum IFN-γ and IL-12 were upregulated by 5-fold and 1.6-fold, respectively, but IL-4 was not. Furthermore, the rPMT immunization group exhibited alleviated lung tissue lesions and a significantly decreased degree of neutrophil infiltration compared with the control groups post-challenge. In the rPMT vaccination group, 57.1% (8/14) of the mice survived the challenge, similar to the bacterin HN06 group, while all the mice in the control groups succumbed to the challenge. Thus, rPMT could be a suitable candidate antigen for developing a subunit vaccine against toxigenic P. multocida infection.

Pseudorabies virus exploits N6-methyladenosine modification to promote viral replication.

Introduction: Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the pathogenic virus of porcine pseudorabies (PR), belonging to the Herpesviridae family. PRV has a wide range of hosts and in recent years has also been reported to infect humans. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the major pathway of RNA post-transcriptional modification. Whether m6A modification participates in the regulation of PRV replication is unknown. Methods: Here, we investigated that the m6A modification was abundant in the PRV transcripts and PRV infection affected the epitranscriptome of host cells. Knockdown of cellular m6A methyltransferases METTL3 and METTL14 and the specific binding proteins YTHDF2 and YTHDF3 inhibited PRV replication, while silencing of demethylase ALKBH5 promoted PRV output. The overexpression of METTL14 induced more efficient virus proliferation in PRV-infected PK15 cells. Inhibition of m6A modification by 3-deazaadenosine (3-DAA), a m6A modification inhibitor, could significantly reduce viral replication. Results and Discussion: Taken together, m6A modification played a positive role in the regulation of PRV replication and gene expression. Our research revealed m6A modification sites in PRV transcripts and determined that m6A modification dynamically mediated the interaction between PRV and host.

The Plaque Microbiota Community of Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Cubs With Dental Caries.

Dental caries severely hinders efficient access to adequate energy in wildlife. Different food supplies will develop characteristic plaque, and the microorganisms of these plaque are closely related to dental health. Here, plaque samples from panda cubs with caries and caries-free were collected for 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. All sequences clustered into 337 operational taxonomic units (OTUs; 97% identity), representing 268 independent species belonging to 189 genera, 98 families, 51 orders, 24 classes, and 13 phyla. Two groups shared 218 OTUs, indicating the presence of a core plaque microbiome. α diversity analysis showed that the microbial diversity in plaques with caries exceeded that of caries-free. The dominant phyla of plaque microbiota included Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, and Actinobacteria. The dominant genera included unclassified Neisseriaceae, Actinobacillus, Lautropia, Neisseria, Porhyromonas, unclassified Pasteurellaceae, Moraxella, Streptococcus, Bergeywlla and Capnocytophaga. ß diversity analysis showed that the plaque microbial community structure was different between two groups. Using LEfSe analysis, 19 differentially abundant taxa were identified as potential biomarkers. Finally, function predictions analysis showed All the energy related metabolic pathways on KEGG level 2 were enriched in caries-active group. Consistent with the mainstream caries-causing narrative, our results illuminate the lack of information regarding the oral microflora composition and function within giant panda cubs.

Regulatory effect of m6 A modification on different viruses.

N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) modification is the most common and reversible posttranscriptional modification of RNA in eukaryotes, which is mainly regulated by methyltransferase, demethylase, and specific binding protein. The replication of the virus and host immune response to the virus are affected by m6 A modification. In different kinds of viruses, m6 A modification has two completely opposite regulatory functions. This paper reviews the regulatory effects of m6 A modification on different viruses and provides a reference for studying the regulatory effects of RNA epitranscriptomic modification.

Molecular and functional characterization of HtrA protein in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A.pleuropneumoniae) causes serious economic loss for the swine industry. A high-temperature requirements A (HtrA)-like protease and its homologs have been reported to be involved in protein quality control and expression of important immunoprotective antigens in many pathogens. In this study, we showed that HtrA of A.pleuropneumoniae exhibited both chaperone and proteolytic activities. Moreover, Outer membrane protein P5 (OmpP5) in A.pleuropneumoniae and Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in porcine lung tissues were first discovered and identified as specific proteolytic substrates for rHtrA. The maximum cleavage activity occurs at 50 ℃ in a time-dependent manner. In addition, rHtrA mainly induced IgG 2a subtype of IgG and Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2) response in a mice model, and promoted a significant proliferation of spleen lymphocytes compare with negative control (P < 0.05). The survival rates of 37.5 % were observed against A.pleuropneumoniae strain. Together, these data demonstrate that rHtrA plays a multi-functional role in A.pleuropneumoniae.

A class â lentogenic newcastle disease virus strain confers effective protection against the prevalent strains.

The traditional vaccine strains, such as LaSota, do not completely prevent the shedding of NDV. An ideal vaccine which could not only prevent the clinical signs, but significantly reduce the shedding of NDV is urgently needed for the eradication of ND. In this study, an NDV isolate APMV-1/Chicken/China (SC)/PT3/2016 (hereafter referred as PT3) was identified as a class Ⅰ NDV and a lentogenic strain. The antigenic relationship between PT3 and 3 other NDV strains, including vaccine strain LaSota and 2 prevalent genotype Ⅶd and Ⅵb strains were analyzed. The protective efficacy of PT3 and LaSota against challenge with genotype Ⅶd and Ⅵb strains were assessed. The antigenic analysis result showed that 4 strains belong to the single serotype and the PT3 antiserum exhibited the highest HI titer against 3 other NDV strains. The results of protective efficacy showed that both of LaSota and PT3 could provide 100% survivability for infected chickens. However, PT3 performed better in inducing higher humoral responses and reducing virus shedding than the LaSota strain. Lentogenic strains from Class I NDV appear to be promising vaccine candidates for the control of ND, and allows for the easy discrimination of field NDV and vaccine strains.

Hsp40 Protein DNAJB6 Interacts with Viral NS3 and Inhibits the Replication of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus.

The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus prevalent in east and southeast Asia, the Western Pacific, and northern Australia. Since viruses are obligatory intracellular pathogens, the dynamic processes of viral entry, replication, and assembly are dependent on numerous host-pathogen interactions. Efforts to identify JEV-interacting host factors are ongoing because their identification and characterization remain incomplete. Three enzymatic activities of flavivirus non-structural protein 3 (NS3), including serine protease, RNA helicase, and triphosphatase, play major roles in the flaviviruses lifecycle. To identify cellular factors that interact with NS3, we screened a human brain cDNA library using a yeast two-hybrid assay, and identified eight proteins that putatively interact with NS3: COPS5, FBLN5, PPP2CB, CRBN, DNAJB6, UBE2N, ZNF350, and GPR137B. We demonstrated that the DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member B6 (DNAJB6) colocalizes and interacts with NS3, and has a negative regulatory function in JEV replication. We also show that loss of DNAJB6 function results in significantly increased viral replication, but does not affect viral binding or internalization. Moreover, the time-course of DNAJB6 disruption during JEV infection varies in a viral load-dependent manner, suggesting that JEV targets this host chaperone protein for viral benefit. Deciphering the modes of NS3-interacting host proteins functions in virion production will shed light on JEV pathogenic mechanisms and may also reveal new avenues for antiviral therapeutics.

Acute oral toxicity test and assessment of combined toxicity of cadmium and aflatoxin B1 in kunming mice.

Cadmium and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are both common and widespread pollutants in food and feed. There are several reports on toxicity induced by Cadmium or AFB1 alone, but few address the toxicity caused by co-exposure to the two substances. In this study, 42 female and 42 male Kunming (KM) mice were divided into seven groups to test the acute oral toxicity of CdCl2 and AFB1, using Karber's method. The combined toxicity was assessed using the Keplinger evaluation system. Acute toxicity symptoms, deaths, and body and organ weights were evaluated, and hematological, blood biochemical, and histopathological analyses were conducted. The results revealed the following median lethal doses (LD50): LD50(Female KM mice) = 62.56 mg/kg; LD50(Male KM mice) = 48.79 mg/kg; LD50(KM mice)=55.27 mg/kg. The combined toxicity of AFB1 and CdCl2 showed an additive effect in mice, and an increase in the mixed dose of AFB1 and CdCl2 resulted in greater toxicity. These results demonstrated that the combined toxicity of AFB1 and CdCl2 was greater than the toxicities of the individual components in mice; thus, this may cause particular challenges when addressing these hazards in food and feed and the associated risk to human and animal health.

Preparation and protective efficacy of a chicken embryo kidney cell-attenuation GI-19/QX-like avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine.

Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious disease, and hazardous to the poultry industry. Immune failure often occurs due to the emergence of new serotypes or field strains antigenically different from the vaccine strains. To prepare a candidate vaccine against the prevalent avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in China, the GI-19/QX-like field isolate Sczy3 was selected as the progenitor strain and attenuated via passaging in chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells for 100 times. The 100th generation of CEK-adapted strain, designated SczyC100, was safe to use on one-day old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken as determined by pathogenicity and virulence reversion test. The efficacies of SczyC100 and two commonly used commercial vaccines (H120 and 4/91) against prevalent GI-19/QX and GI-7/TWI type virulent strains were evaluated. Sczy3C100 effectively reduced the morbidity, mortality, mean lesion scores (MLSs), and viral load of trachea of chickens challenged by GI-19/QX and GI-7/TWI strains. CEK-adapted SczyC100 is therefore a potential vaccine candidate for the control of IB in China.

Isolation and molecular characterization of prevalent Fowl adenovirus strains in southwestern China during 2015-2016 for the development of a control strategy.

Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) has caused significant losses in chicken flocks throughout China in recent years. However, the current understanding of the genetic and pathogenic characteristics of the FAdV epidemic in southwestern China remains poorly understood. In this study, a total of 22 strains were isolated from liver samples of diseased chickens from farms in southwestern China. Phylogenetic analysis based on the hexon loop-1 gene showed that the 22 isolates were clustered into four distinct serotypes: FAdV serotype 4 (FAdV-4) (86.4%, 19/22), FAdV-2 (4.5%, 1/22), FAdV-8a (4.5%, 1/22), and FAdV-8b (4.5%, 1/22). FAdV-4 was the predominant serotype in southwestern China. Pathogenicity testing showed that the FAdV-4 serotype strain CH/GZXF/1602 and FAdV-8a strain CH/CQBS/1504 were pathogenic to chickens, with mortality rates reaching as high as 80% and 20%, respectively. The primary clinical feature observed following infection with strain CH/GZXF/1602 (FAdV-4) was hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome, and that of strain CH/CQBS/1504 (FAdV-8a) was inclusion body hepatitis. Conversely, the FAdV-2 serotype strain CH/GZXF/1511 and FAdV-8b serotype strain CH/CQBS/1512 was not observed to be pathogenic in chickens. Then, CH/GZXF/1602 (FAdV-4) was selected for the preparation of an inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine. Immune studies on Partridge Shank broilers showed that a single dose immunization at 17 days of age could not only protect against homologous challenge with virulent FAdV-4 but also provided protection against clinical disease following challenge with the heterologous FAdV-8b virulent strain until 70 days of age. The characterization of newly prevalent FAdV strains provides a valuable reference for the development of an efficacious control strategy.

Genetic and antigenic evolution of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in domestic chickens in southwestern China, 2013-2016.

H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has caused significant losses in chicken flocks throughout china in recent years. There is a limited understanding of the genetic and antigenic characteristics of the H9N2 virus isolated in chickens in southwestern China. In this study a total of 12 field strains were isolated from tissue samples from diseased chickens between 2013 and 2016. Phylogenetic analysis of the Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) nucleotide sequences from the 12 field isolates and other reference strains showed that most of the isolates in the past four years could be clustered into a major branch (HA-branch A and NA-branch I) in the Clade h9.4.2 lineages. These sequences are accompanied by nine and seven new amino acids mutations in the HA and NA proteins, respectively, when compared with those previous to 2013. In addition, four new isolates were grouped into a minor branch (HA-branch B) in the Clade h9.4.2 lineages and two potential N-glycosylation sites were observed due to amino acid mutations in the HA protein. Three antigenic groups (1-3), which had low antigenic relatedness with two commonly used vaccines in China, were identified among the 12 isolates by antigenMap analysis. Immunoprotection testing showed that those two vaccines could efficiently prevent the shedding of branch A viruses but not branch B viruses. In conclusion, these results indicate the genotype of branch B may become epidemic in the next few years and that a new vaccine should be developed for the prevention of H9N2 AIV.

Relationship between drug resistance and the clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat-associated protein genes cas1 and cas2 in Shigella from giant panda dung.

BACKGROUND: To detect drug resistance in Shigella obtained from the dung of the giant panda, explore the factors leading to drug resistance in Shigella, understand the characteristics of clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and assess the relationship between CRISPR and drug resistance. METHODS: We collected fresh feces from 27 healthy giant pandas in the Giant Panda Conservation base (Wolong, China). We identified the strains of Shigella in the samples by using nucleotide sequence analysis. Further, the Kirby-Bauer paper method was used to determine drug sensitivity of the Shigella strains. CRISPR-associated protein genes cas1 and cas2 in Shigella were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the PCR products were sequenced and compared. RESULTS: We isolated and identified 17 strains of Shigella from 27 samples, including 14 strains of Shigella flexneri, 2 strains of Shigella sonnei, and 1 strain of Shigella dysenteriae. Further, drug resistance to cefazolin, imipenem, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was identified as a serious problem, as multidrug-resistant strains were detected. Further, cas1 and cas2 showed different degrees of point mutations. CONCLUSION: The CRISPR system widely exists in Shigella and shares homology with that in Escherichia coli. The cas1 and cas 2 mutations contribute to the different levels of resistance. Point mutations at sites 3176455, 3176590, and 3176465 in cas1 (a); sites 3176989, 3176992, and 3176995 in cas1 (b); sites 3176156 and 3176236 in cas2 may affect the resistance of bacteria, cause emergence of multidrug resistance, and increase the types of drug resistance.

Identification of novel and differentially expressed MicroRNAs in goat enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) post-transcriptionally regulate a variety of genes involved in eukaryotic cell growth, development, metabolism and other biological processes, and numerous miRNAs are implicated in the initiation and progression of cancer. Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA), an epithelial tumor induced in goats and sheep by enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV), is a chronic, progressive, contact transmitted disease. METHODS: In this work, small RNA Illumina high-throughput sequencing was used to construct a goat nasal miRNA library. This study aimed to identify novel and differentially expressed miRNAs in the tumor and para-carcinoma nasal tissues of Nanjiang yellow goats with ENA. RESULTS: Four hundred six known miRNAs and 29 novel miRNAs were identified. A total of 116 miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in para-carcinoma nasal tissues and ENA (54 downregulated; 60 upregulated; two only expressed in control group); Target gene prediction and functional analysis revealed that 6176 non-redundancy target genes, 1792 significant GO and 97 significant KEGG pathway for 121 miRNAs (116 significant expression miRNAs and five star sequence) were predicted. GO and KEGG pathway analysis revealed the majority of target genes in ENA are involved in cell proliferation, signal transduction and other processes associated with cancer. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first large-scale identification of miRNAs in Capra hircus ENA and provides a theoretical basis for investigating the complicated miRNA-mediated regulatory networks involved in the pathogenesis and progression of ENA.

Chryseobacterium chengduensis sp. nov. isolated from the air of captive giant panda enclosures in Chengdu, China.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated 25-1(T), was isolated from the air inside giant panda enclosures at the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, China. Strain 25-1(T) grew optimally at pH 7.0-8.0, at 28-30 °C and in the presence of NaCl concentrations from 0.0% to 0.5 %. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain 25-1(T) belongs to the genus Chryseobacterium within the family Flavobacteriaceae and is related most closely to C. carnis G81(T) (96.4% similarity), C. lathyri RBA2-6(T) (95.8% similarity), and C. zeae JM1085(T) (95.8% similarity). Its genomic DNA G+C molar composition was 36.2%. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0 (44.0%), iso-C17:0 3OH (19.8%) and C16:1 ω7c/16:1 ω6c (12.7%). The only isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 6 (MK-6). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified amino lipids and two unidentified lipids. The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain 25-1(T) and C. lathyri RBA2-6(T) was 38%. Phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic characteristics indicated that strain 25-1(T) is a novel member of the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the name C. chengduensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 25-1(T) (CCTCC AB2015133(T)=DSM 100396(T)).

Phylogenetic and antigenic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus in southwestern China, 2012-2016.

The aim of this study was to decipher the molecular epidemiological and antigenic characteristics of infectious bronchitis virus strains (IBVs) isolated in recent years in southwestern China. A total of 24 field strains were isolated from diseased chickens between 2012 and 2016. Phylogenetic analysis based on S1 nucleotide sequences showed that 16 of the 24 isolates were clustered into four distinct genotypes: QX (37.5%), TW (16.7%, TWI and TWII), Mass (8.3%), and J2 (4.2%). The QX genotype was still the prevalent genotype in southwestern China. Recombination analysis of the S1 subunit gene showed that eight of the 24 field strains were recombinant variants that originated from field strains and vaccine strains. A new potential recombination hotspot [ATTTT(T/A)] was identified, implying that recombination events may become more and more common. The antigenicity of ten IBVs, including seven field strains and commonly used vaccine strains, were assayed with a viral cross-neutralization assay in chicken embryonated kidney cells (CEK). The results showed that the ten IBVs could be divided into four serotypes (Massachusetts, 793B, Sczy3, and SCYB). Sczy3 and 793B were the predominant serotypes. Six of the seven field isolates (all except for cK/CH/SCYB/140913) cross-reacted well with anti-sera against other field strains. In conclusion, the genetic and antigenic features of IBVs from southwestern China in recent years have changed when compared to the previous reports. The results could provide a reference for vaccine development and the prevention of infectious bronchitis in southwestern China.

Research progress in applying proteomics technology to explore early diagnosis biomarkers of breast cancer, lung cancer and ovarian cancer.

According to the China tumor registry 2013 annual report , breast cancer, lung cancer, and ovarian cancer are three common cancers in China nowadays, with high mortality due to the absence of early diagnosis technology. However, proteomics has been widespreadly implanted into every field of life science and medicine as an important part of post-genomics era research. The development of theory and technology in proteomics has provided new ideas and research fields for cancer research. Proteomics can be used not only for elucidating the mechanisms of carcinogenesis focussing on whole proteins of the tissue or cell, but also seeking the biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy of cancer. In this review, we introduce proteomics principles, covering current technology used in exploring early diagnosis biomarkers of breast cancer, lung cancer and ovarian cancer.