Effectiveness of instant versus text messaging intervention on antiretroviral therapy adherence among men who have sex with men living with HIV.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of instant versus text messaging intervention (TMI) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV. Methods: This study was conducted in an infectious disease hospital of Jinan, China from October 2020 to June 2021, using non-randomized concurrent controlled design to compare the effectiveness of instant messaging intervention (IMI) versus TMI. The intervention strategies (health messaging, medication reminder, and peer education) and contents were consistent between the two groups, and the difference was service delivery method and type of information. The primary outcome was the proportion of achieving optimal ART adherence, defined as never missing any doses and delayed any doses more than 1 hour. Results: A total of 217 participants (including 72 in TMI group and 145 in IMI group) were included in the study. The proportion of achieving optimal adherence was higher in IMI group than TMI group at the first follow-up (90.2% versus 77.6%, p = 0.021) and second follow-up (86.5% versus 76.6%, p = 0.083). The effect of IMI versus TMI on improving ART adherence was found not to be statistically significant (risk ratio (RR) = 1.93, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.95-3.94) in complete-case analysis. However, when excluding participants who did not adhere to the interventions, a significant improvement was observed (RR = 2.77, 95%CI: 1.21-6.38). More participants in IMI group expressed highly rated satisfaction to the intervention services than those in TMI group (67.3% versus 50.0%). Conclusions: The IMI demonstrated superior efficacy over TMI in improving ART adherence and satisfaction with intervention services. It is suggested that future digital health interventions targeting ART adherence should prioritize instant messaging with multimedia information in areas with Internet access. Trial registration: The study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR), with number [ChiCTR2000041282].

Associations between perceived and actual risk of HIV infection and HIV prevention services uptake among men who have sex with men in Shandong province, China: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Associations between perceived and actual risk of HIV infection and HIV prevention services uptake are inconclusive. This study aimed to evaluate the discrepancy between the perceived and actual HIV risk, and quantify the associations between perceived and actual risk of HIV infection and three HIV prevention services utilization among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Shandong province, China. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Shandong province in June 2021. Participants were eligible if they were born biologically male, aged 18 years or older, had negative or unknown HIV status, and had sex with men in the past year. Participants were recruited online. The discrepancy between their perceived and actual risk of HIV infection was evaluated by calculating the Kappa value. Bayesian model averaging was used to assess the associations between perceived and actual risk of HIV infection and HIV prevention services uptake. RESULTS: A total of 1136 MSM were recruited, most of them were 30 years old or younger (59.9%), single (79.5%), with at least college education level (74.7%). Most participants (97.4%) perceived that they had low risk of HIV infection, and 14.1% were assessed with high actual risk. The discrepancy between their perceived and actual risk of HIV infection was evaluated with a Kappa value of 0.076 (P < 0.001). HIV testing uptake had a weak association with perceived high HIV prevalence among social networks (aOR = 1.156, post probability = 0.547). The perceived high HIV prevalence among national MSM was positive related to willingness to use PrEP (aOR = 1.903, post probability = 0.943) and PEP (aOR = 1.737, post probability = 0.829). Perceived personal risk (aOR = 4.486, post probability = 0.994) and perceived HIV prevalence among social networks (aOR = 1.280, post probability = 0.572) were related to history of using PrEP. Perceived personal risk (aOR = 3.144, post probability = 0.952), actual risk (aOR = 1.890, post probability = 0.950), and perceived risk among social networks (aOR = 1.502, post probability = 0.786) were related to history of using PEP. CONCLUSIONS: There is discordance between perceived and actual personal risk of HIV infection among MSM in China. HIV risk assessment and education on HIV prevalence among MSM should be strengthened to assist high-risk populations aware their risk accurately and hence access HIV prevention services proactively.

The combined effect of air pollution and non-optimal temperature on mortality in Shandong Province, China: establishment of air health index.

PURPOSE: The air health index (AHI) captures the combined effects of air pollution and non-optimal temperatures and helps assess the atmospheric environment's overall health risk. Shandong Province is a crucial industrial base in China, and the health effects of air pollution and non-optimal temperature cannot be ignored. To construct an AHI for Shandong Province and assess the district-level mortality burden due to AHI in the study area. METHODS: Daily district-specific mortality, meteorological, and air pollution data over 2013-2018 were collected in Shandong Province, China. The AHI construction eventually incorporated PM2.5 and NO2, O3, and non-optimal temperatures. Attributable fraction (AF) and attributable number (AN) were used to estimate the district-specific mortality burden attributable to AHI. RESULTS: The average AHI value observed in Shandong Province was 6. Our research revealed a positive association between the total AHI and total mortality, with an overall trend of a slow increase followed by a rapid increase. The exposure-response curves, when stratified by gender, age, and cause of death, were approximately consistent with the overall trend. The provincial attributable fraction (AF) was 5.31% (95% CI 4.58%, 5.91%), and the attributable number (AN) was 188,246 (95% CI 162,396, 209,533). Overall, higher ANs mainly appeared in the southwestern area, while higher values of AF were observed in the central-eastern and central-northern areas. CONCLUSIONS: The air health index performs well in predicting death burden and can convey health risks related to exposure to the ambient environment to the public.

HIV Status Disclosure and Associated Characteristics Among HIV-Positive MSM Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in Jinan, China.

Disclosure of HIV status offers potential benefits to individuals and is also good for public health. Limited studies have been conducted to gain insight into the current situation and associated factors of HIV disclosure among HIV-positive Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM) in the era of "treat all." We carried out a cross-sectional study among MSM receiving antiretroviral therapy from October 2020 to January 2021 at a hospital in Jinan, China. We used univariate and multivariable logistic regression to examine the factors associated with general disclosure and disclosure to family, friends, and sexual partners. Of the 585 participants recruited, 62.2% reported HIV disclosure, among which 25.3% had disclosed their status to family members, 25.3% had disclosed it to friends, and 28.4% had disclosed it to partners. The findings suggest that HIV disclosure is more likely to occur among individuals who are younger, married/cohabiting, and who self-identify as homosexual/bisexual. Participants with higher education levels or personal monthly incomes are less likely to disclose their HIV status. Furthermore, related factors of disclosure vary across the types of disclosure targets. Given the positive outcomes of disclosure, interventions and implementation research to facilitate it are urgently needed for MSM.

HIV infection disclosure, treatment self-efficacy and quality of life in HIV-infected MSM receiving antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND: Research on the relationship between disclosure of HIV status to male sexual partners (HIV disclosure) and quality of life (QOL) revealed complex and even contradictory results. The impact of HIV disclosure on various domains of QOL and the mediation effect between them are unclear. The purposes of this study were to explore the impact of HIV disclosure on QOL among men who have sex with men (MSM), and whether HIV treatment self-efficacy mediated these relationships. METHODS: The data came from a baseline survey on the design of a randomized control trial conducted in Shandong, China. A total of 579 MSM patients were included. SPSS 24.0 was used to conduct independent samples t test, one-way analysis of variance and nonparametric tests and the PROCESS macro was used to conduct mediation analysis. RESULTS: Among 579 participants, 16.06% disclosed their HIV infection status to their male sexual partners. The effect of HIV disclosure on QOL was mediated by treatment self-efficacy. Self-efficacy played partial mediating role in social relationships, meaning that HIV disclosure had both direct and indirect effects on this factor. In the overall QOL and domains of physical, psychological, independence, and environment, HIV disclosure had an indirect effect only through self-efficacy and no significant effect on the spirituality domain. CONCLUSIONS: The results emphasize the importance of HIV disclosure and self-efficacy on the QOL of MSM patients and suggest that health care providers should assist MSM patients in deciding whether to disclose their HIV status during daily medical services.

Impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) duration on ART adherence among men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV in Jinan of China.

BACKGROUND: Consistent and complete adherence is considered an essential requirement for patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of ART duration on ART adherence, identify the trend of complete adherence, and compare the factors associated with ART adherence between short-term and long-term ART group among men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV in Jinan of China. METHODS: MSM living with HIV aged 18 or above and currently on ART were recruited from October to December 2020 using convenience sampling. Univariate and multivariable logistic regressions were used to evaluate the impact of ART duration on adherence and compare factors associated with ART adherence between subgroups. The Mann-Kendall test was used to identify the trend of complete adherence. RESULTS: A total of 585 participants were included in analysis, consisting of 352 on short-term ART (ART initiation ≤ 3 years) and 233 on long-term ART (ART initiation > 3 years). Significant difference of complete ART adherence between short-term and long-term ART group was detected (79.8% vs. 69.1%, P = 0.003). Multivariable analysis showed that men with longer ART duration were less likely to report complete ART adherence (AOR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.81-0.95). A descending trend of complete adherence was identified (Z = 1.787, P = 0.037). Alcohol use and lack of medication reminders were barriers to complete adherence for both of the subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Sustained efforts to encourage maintaining adherence for a lifetime are necessary, especially for those on long-term ART. Future interventions should be tailored to subgroups with different ART duration and individuals with specific characteristics.

Biliary Drainage Reduces Intestinal Barrier Damage in Obstructive Jaundice by Regulating Autophagy.

This study aims to investigate the mechanism by which biliary drainage reduces intestinal barrier damage in obstructive jaundice (OJ). A biliary drainage model was established in rats with OJ to detect changes in inflammatory factors and diamine oxidase (DAO), a marker of intestinal mucosal damage. The expression of autophagy-related genes in the intestinal mucosa after biliary drainage was detected using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The rats were separated into two groups that received the autophagy activator rapamycin (RAPA) or the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) to further investigate whether biliary drainage could alleviate the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, mitochondrial complex IV damage, and thus barrier damage in rats with OJ. The expression levels of inflammatory factors and the serum DAO content were increased in rats with OJ (P < 0.05). Biliary drainage further induced autophagy, reduced the expression levels of inflammatory factors, decreased the serum DAO content (P < 0.05), and improved intestinal mucosal damage. Administration of RAPA to OJ rats with biliary drainage increased autophagy (P < 0.05); decreased inflammatory factor secretion (P < 0.05), the serum DAO content (P < 0.05), oxidative stress (P < 0.05), and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV damage (P < 0.05); and ameliorated intestinal mucosal injury in OJ rats. When OJ rats were treated with 3-MA, intestinal mucosal injury, intestinal mitochondrial injury, and oxidative stress were all aggravated (P < 0.05). Biliary drainage can reduce the expression of inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial injury by inducing intestinal mucosal autophagy in OJ rats, thus suggesting its role in the alleviation of intestinal mucosal injury.

Association between ambient cold exposure and mortality risk in Shandong Province, China: Modification effect of particulate matter size.

Introduction: Numerous studies have reported the modification of particulate matters (PMs) on the association between cold temperature and health. However, it remains uncertain whether the modification effect may vary by size of PMs, especially in Shandong Province, China where the disease burdens associated with cold temperature and PMs are both substantial. This study aimed to examine various interactive effects of cold exposure and ambient PMs with diameters ≤1/2.5 µm (PM1 and PM2.5) on premature deaths in Shandong Province, China. Methods: In the 2013-2018 cold seasons, data on daily mortality, PM1 and PM2.5, and weather conditions were collected from the 1822 sub-districts of Shandong Province. A time-stratified case-crossover study design was performed to quantify the cumulative association between ambient cold and mortality over lag 0-12 days, with a linear interactive term between temperature and PM1 and PM2.5 additionally added into the model. Results: The mortality risk increased with temperature decline, with the cumulative OR of extreme cold (-16.9°C, the 1st percentile of temperature range) being 1.83 (95% CI: 1.66, 2.02), compared with the minimum mortality temperature. The cold-related mortality risk was 2.20 (95%CI: 1.83, 2.64) and 2.24 (95%CI: 1.78, 2.81) on high PM1 and PM2.5 days, which dropped to 1.60 (95%CI: 1.39, 1.84) and 1.60 (95%CI: 1.37, 1.88) on low PM1 and PM2.5 days. PM1 showed greater modification effect for per unit concentration increase than PM2.5. For example, for each 10?g/m3 increase in PM1 and PM2.5, the mortality risk associated with extreme cold temperature increased by 7.6% (95% CI: 1.3%, 14.2%) and 2.6% (95% CI: -0.7%, 5.9%), respectively. Discussion: The increment of smaller PMs' modification effect varied by population subgroups, which was particularly strong in the elderly aged over 75 years and individuals with middle school education and below. Specific health promotion strategies should be developed towards the greater modification effect of smaller PMs on cold effect.

Association between shift work or long working hours with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies.

This meta-analysis investigates the relationship between both shift work and long working hours and risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS). PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were searched from the outset to December 10, 2019. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. A total of 36 (30 cross-sectional, 5 cohort, and a nested case-control) studies, involving 274,263 participants, were included. The pooled odds ratio of shift work and development of MetS was 1.35 (95% confidence interval: 1.24-1.48), and the pooled odds ratio of long working hours and development of MetS was 1.19 (95% confidence interval: 0.97-1.46). In the subgroup analysis stratified by gender, the pooled odds ratios for male and female shift workers were 1.25 (95% confidence interval: 1.14-1.37) and 1.47 (95% confidence interval: 1.18-1.82), respectively. The dose-response (number of years of shift work and development of MetS) analysis showed the pooled odds ratio for 5 years of shift work was 1.07 (95% confidence interval: 1.05-1.09) and for 10 years of shift work 1.11 (95% confidence interval: 1.06-1.15). Our meta-analysis confirmed shift work is significantly associated with risk of metabolic syndrome, but the relationship between long working hours and MetS was not substantiated. Additionally, there was a nonlinear dose-response relationship between the number of years of shift work and risk of MetS, showing positive relationship to about 20 years of shift work but not for longer than 20 years. Prospective cohort studies regarding specific shift work schedules are needed to confirm these results.

Diagnostic Performance of Intestinal Fusobacterium nucleatum in Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence has supported the link of intestinal Fusobacterium nucleatum infection to colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the value of F. nucleatum as a biomarker in CRC detection has not been fully defined. In order to reduce the random error and bias of individual research, this meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of intestinal F. nucleatum in CRC patients and provide evidence-based data to clinical practice. METHODS: An article search was performed from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases up to December 2017, using the following key words: "Fusobacterium nucleatum", "Fusobacterium spp.", "Fn", "colorectal cancer(s)", "colorectal carcinoma(s)", "colorectal neoplasm(s)", and "colorectal tumor(s)". Articles on relationships between F. nucleatum and CRC were selected according to the preestablished inclusion and exclusion criteria. This meta-analysis was performed using STATA 12.0 software, which included mapping of forest plots, heterogeneity tests, meta-regression, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias. The sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR), negative LR, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) of each eligible study were summarized. RESULTS: Finally, data for 1198 participants (629 CRC and 569 healthy controls) in 10 controlled studies from seven articles were included. The summary receiver operator characteristic curve was mapped. The diagnostic performance of intestinal F. nucleatum infection on CRC was as follows: the area under the curve: 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83-0.89), the pooled sensitivity: 0.81 (95% CI: 0.64-0.91), specificity: 0.77 (95% CI: 0.59-0.89), and DOR: 14.00 (95% CI: 9.00-22.00). CONCLUSION: Intestinal F. nucleatum is a valuable marker for CRC diagnosis.

Safety and efficacy of a novel three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging model for uterine incision in placenta previa.

OBJECTIVE: To assess a novel three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) model for determining position of uterine incision during cesarean delivery among patients with placenta previa. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted among women with singleton pregnancies complicated by placenta previa who delivered by cesarean at a hospital in China between January 1, 2014, and January 1, 2016. Patients chose whether to undergo 3D MRI modeling to guide uterine incision (study group) or the standard intervention (control group). Medical records were reviewed to collect data on maternal, neonatal, and operative characteristics. RESULTS: Among 134 women enrolled, 45 were in the study group and 89 in the control group. When compared with the control group, patients in the study group experienced less intraoperative blood loss (678.65 ± 649.54 vs 933.96 ± 695.25 mL; P=0.042) and shorter operative times (65.13 ± 27.38 vs 86.88 ± 54.43 minutes; P=0.013). Fewer patients in the study group received transfusions (11 [24%] vs 38 [43%]; P=0.038). No between-group differences were found for hysterectomy rate, hospitalization days and cost, or neonatal outcomes. CONCLUSION: Uterine incision guided by a 3D MRI model could improve maternal outcomes during cesarean delivery, including reductions in intraoperative blood loss, transfusion frequency, and operative time.

Evaluation of a modified "Triple-P" procedure in women with morbidly adherent placenta after previous caesarean section.

AIM: To describe a modified "Triple-P" procedure and evaluate its outcome in women with morbidly adherent placenta (MAP) after previous caesarean section (CS). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of 96 women with MAP after CS was recruited with 45 women receiving the modified "Triple-P" procedure as study group and the other 51 cases receiving the conventional managements as the control. The maternal outcomes were compared. RESULTS: The modified "Triple-P" procedure was described in step by step. Women in study group demonstrated reduction of blood loss, transfusion blood volume and operation time, as well as less hospital days and lower hospitalization cost (P < 0.05). In addition, there was no difference in uterine healing rate, hysterectomy rate, and ICU transferring rate (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our modified "Triple-P" procedure for MAP after previous CS maintained the advantages of Chandraharan's "Triple-P" procedure in preservation of uterus for further fertility, less intraoperative blood loss, shorter hospital stays, and lower hospitalization cost but also advanced in feasibility and convenience during introducing into routine clinical practice.

Expression of Wnt and Notch signaling pathways in inflammatory bowel disease treated with mesenchymal stem cell transplantation: evaluation in a rat model.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of Wnt and Notch signaling pathway-related genes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with mesenchymal stem cell transplantation (MSCT). METHODS: TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid) was used to establish IBD in a rat model. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were transplanted via tail vein transfusion. Saline water was used in a control group. The expression of Wnt and Notch main signaling molecules was screened by gene chips and verified by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the IBD rat model on day 14 and day 28 after transplantation. RESULTS: The IBD rat models were successfully established and MSCs were transplanted into those models. Genome-wide expression profile chips identified a total of 388 differentially expressive genes, of which 191 were upregulated and 197 were downregulated in the MSC-transplanted group in comparison with the IBD control group. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction results showed that the level of Olfm4 mRNA expression in the IBD group (2.54±0.20) was significantly increased compared with the MSCT group (1.39±0.54) and the normal group (1.62±0.25) (P <0.05). The Wnt3a mRNA was more highly expressed in IBD rats (2.92±0.94) and decreased in MSCT rats (0.17±0.63, P <0.05). The expression of GSK-3ß mRNA was decreased in the setting of inflammation (0.65±0.04 versus 1.00±0.01 in normal group, P <0.05) but returned to normal levels after MSCT (0.81±0.17). The expression of ß-catenin was observed to increase in IBD tissues (1.76±0.44) compared with normal tissues (1.00±0.01, P <0.05), but no difference was found in the MSCT group (1.12±0.36). Wnt11 declined at 14 days and returned to normal levels at 28 days in the IBD group; in comparison, a significantly lower expression was found in MSCT rats. There were no differences in the expression of Fzd3, c-myc, TCF4, and Wnt5a in inflammation, but all of those genes declined after MSCT treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The canonical Wnt and Notch signaling pathways are activated in IBD and may be suppressed by stem cell transplantation to differentiate into intestinal epithelium after MSCT. Moreover, the non-canonical Wnt signaling may be inhibited by canonical Wnt signaling in the setting of inflammation and may also be suppressed by MSCT.

[Reconstruction of a digital three-dimensional model of fetal heart].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the methods for constructing the digital three-dimensional model of fetal heart. METHODS: Original two-dimensional CT image data sets were collected from 4 abortion fetuses with fetal malformations but not heart malformation or chromosomal abnormalities. The three-dimensional fetal heart model was reconstructed using Mimics14.0 software. RESULTS: In the reconstructed three-dimensional fetal heart, the left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle, the ascending aorta, the main pulmonary and their branches, the superior cava and inferior vena cava were marked with different colors, and these structures could be displayed individually or with other structures. This model also allowed three-dimensional arbitrary scaling, shifting or rotation at any angle, and the diameter of the each vessel could be measured with the software. CONCLUSION: The fetal heart model can be successfully reconstructed from the CT datasets using three-dimensional reconstruction software to facilitate clinical and anatomical teaching.

[Polymorphisms of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene K469E and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 gene C373G in patients with preeclampsia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distributions of genotypic and allelic frequencies of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) gene K469E and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) gene C373G in patients with preeclampsia. METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing were used for detecting ICAM-1 gene K469E and PECAM-1 gene C373G genotypes in 110 women with preeclampsia and 110 normotensive pregnant women in comparison with their clinical characteristics. ESULTS: The distributions of observed and expected genotype frequencies were consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No significant differences were found in the genotype and allele frequencies of ICAM-1 gene K469E between the two groups (P>0.05), but the CC and the CG genotype frequencies of PECAM-1 gene C373G were significantly different between them (P<0.05). The relative risk for preeclampsia of CG genotype was 1.959 folds of that in CC genotype carriers (OR=1.959, 95%CI: 1.090-3.520, P=0.024), and this association still existed after adjustment for age, gravidity, parity and BMI in logistic regression models. The C373G allele frequencies showed no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The CG genotype of PECAM-1 gene C373G genetically predispose the carriers to preeclampsia, while ICAM-1gene K469E polymorphisms is not associated with preeclampsia.

[Study of reconstruction of digital three-dimensional model of normal human placental vascular network based on MRI data in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reconstruction of digital three-dimensional (3D) model of normal human placental vascular network based on MRI data in vitro. METHODS: Six full term placentas were collected, casted with modified self-curing denture base resin and scanned by T1 e-THRIVE high resolution magnetic resonance imaging. MRI images were imported into Mimics 14.0 software for 3D reconstruction, and the 3D model was compared with placental vascular casting model. RESULTS: (1) The placental vascular network could be obtained on MR 2D images. The 3D model were reconstructed successfully, which showed clear, realistic images. The 3D model could be zoomed and revolved from any direction to observe the branches of arteries and veins. (2) The umbilical vein and 2 umbilical arteries could be seen in the 3D model. In the root of the umbilical cord, the umbilical vein divided into 5-7 branches. While the 2 umbilical arteries anatomoses to form blood sinus and then devided into sub-branches. All the peripheral vessels ended in chorionic plate with abundant sub-branches. (3) When compared with the casting of placental arterial-venous vascular network, the morphology, structure, angle and trend of vessels in 3D model was consistent with the casting network. CONCLUSIONS: Reconstruction of digital 3D model of normal human placental vascular network based on MRI in vitro is a new and promising method for the study of placental vasculature. It has better vascular exposure, free rotation, radiation-free. It provides a promising base for the study of placental vasculature in vivo in the future.