Marine ecological security shelter in China: Concept, policy framework, mechanism and implementation obstacles.

Building a marine ecological security shelter (MESS) has become the main strategy to adapt marine ecological threats in China. As China's marine policy lacks a robust framework document, it is necessary to consider whether the policy system can effectively support the construction of MESS. However, the linkage between the construction measures of MESS and related policies is not clear. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the concept of MESS and its connection with policy, by adopting the policy content analysis method to analyze the evolution process of MESS-related policy system. The legislative shortcomings and implementation obstacles of the MESS-related policy system are then summarized and discussed. The results show that from 1981 to 2021 the MESS-related policy system has been continuously improved. However, the policy system's support and guarantee capacity for building MESS still needs to be improved. (1) Due to the lack of basic laws and special laws, the coordination among governance subjects and among policies lacks legislative guarantee. (2) The construction of MESS continues the inter-regional and inter-department administrative barriers in collaborative governance of marine environment. To establish an effective collaborative governance model, it is essential to improve the governance structure and mechanism. (3) The government-led governance pattern faces the problem of mechanism failure. The command and control instrument accounts for more than 82%, and the public and enterprises lack strong policy guarantees to participate in marine governance. (4) The policy system's adaptability to emerging threats must be improved. Marine policies rarely involve emerging threats such as climate change and new pollutants. Meanwhile, the real-time supervision and monitoring mechanism is weak. The real-time supervision is only accounting for about 10%. Generally speaking, as a complex and long-term system engineering, the construction of MESS will inevitably encounter contradictions in politics, culture, and economy. China should deepen the construction of marine ecological civilization and form a governance concept based on ecosystems. Overall, this paper helps to understand the internal connection between MESS and policy comprehensively and provides a new perspective for improving China's marine governance capacity.

Effectively compound the heterojunction formed by flower-like Bi2S3 and g-C3N4 to enhance photocatalytic activity.

In this study, the flower-shaped Bi2S3/g-C3N4-2.6 heterojunction obtained by solvothermal method and its photocatalytic degradation efficiency of rhodamine B (RhB) and tetracycline (TC) in aqueous solution within 40 min is as high as 98.8% and 94.6%. For RhB degradation, the photocatalytic reaction rate constant (k) of Bi2S3/g-C3N4-2.6 is approximately 1.8 and 45.5 times that of Bi2S3 and g-C3N4. For TC, k is 3.1 and 2.4 times that of Bi2S3 and g-C3N4, respectively. The key to determining the high catalytic activity of Bi2S3/g-C3N4 lies in the formation of a good heterojunction between Bi2S3 and g-C3N4, which accelerates the electron transfer rate between the heterojunction interface and effectively avoids electron-hole recombination. The effects of catalyst dosage, different pH values, inorganic anions, and capture agents on the photodegradation performance of RhB were investigated. The results show that the catalyst dosage is 1.33 g/L, and the solution pH is in the range of 5-9, which has the best removal effect on pollutants, and the isolation of holes (h+) with strong oxidizing ability promotes the collapse of pollutant molecules. Combined with electrochemical tests, a possible degradation mechanism was advised.

Complete mitogenome of Calliptamus barbarus Costa (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and its phylogeny in Acridoidea.

Calliptamus barbarus Costa is a species in genus Calliptamus, belonging to the Calliptaminae, Acrididae, Orthoptera. In the present study, the mitogenome of C. barbarous was determined and annotated to better identify C. barbarous and other related species. The mitogenome was 15,686 bp in length and encoded 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region. The nucleotide composition analysis of the mitogenome showed a strong bias of A/T, with A+T content of 72.7%, being similar to other reported mitogenomes. All the 13-PCGs used typical start codons of ATN and stop codons of TAA/G. All of the transfer RNA genes had typical clover-leaf structure except the missing dihydrouidine (DHU) arm of tRNASer1. Interestingly, we observed two overlapped but conserved regions between ATP8 and ATP6 genes, ND4 and ND4L genes. The results of Ka/Ks implied that CytB is more conservative than COX1. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 13-PCGs from 30 species indicated strong support for the monophyly of Acridoidea and represented the main topology as follows: (Oedipodinae+ (Acridinae+ (Gomphocerinae +((Calliptaminae+Catantopinae) +(Oxyinae+Melanoplinae))))). The phylogenetic relationship indicated that the molecular taxonomy of C. barbarous was consistent with the current morphological classification. The data in the present study will further enrich the mitogenome database of Acridoidea and provided useful clues for further research of C. barbarous on the mitogenome evolution and diversification of Calliptamus.

Bibliometric analysis of phosphogypsum research from 1990 to 2020 based on literatures and patents.

The demand together with the urgency of phosphogypsum (PG) treatment will pose significant challenges for many countries. This research aims to explore the research progress of PG, including basic status, cooperation situation, research fields, and development trends, based on the Web of Science database through bibliometric analysis of publications (articles and patents) from 1990 to 2020. The results show that academic research on PG originated early, but the number of patents grew quickly. China is a global leader in terms of the number of publications and plays a significant role in international cooperation. The knowledge of PG has remained concentrated in the fields of natural radioactivity, cement paste backfilling, soil, crystal morphology, and synthetic gas. However, academic hotspots focus on the microstructure of chemical processes and various environmental impacts; patents and hot technologies are based on the production of refractory materials, ceramics, surface materials, cement mortar, and composite materials. The academic frontiers of PG will be centered on exploiting the methods of recovering rare earth elements from PG, the conditions of ion solidification/stabilization in PG, the impact of reaction conditions on product quality, and the reaction mechanism at the micro-level. The frontiers of patents need to focus on the improvement of manufacturing equipment, new wall materials, and chemically modified polymer materials. Envisaging the number of articles and patents to be published in the future, architectural research has a large room for improvement. This paper conducts an in-depth analysis of PG and provides information on the technological development prospects and opportunities, which is helpful for researchers engaged in PG management.

The Extraction of Ocean Tidal Loading from ASAR Differential Interferograms.

The spatiotemporal crustal non-tectonic deformation caused by ocean tidal loading (OTL) can reach the centimeters scale in coastal land areas. The temporal variation of the site OTL displacements can be estimated by the global positioning system (GPS) technique, but its spatial variation needs to be further determined. In this paper, in order to analyze the spatial characteristics of the OTL displacements, we propose a multi-scale decomposition method based on signal spatial characteristics to derive the OTL displacements from differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (D-InSAR) measurements. The method was tested using long-term advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) data and GPS reference site data from the Los Angeles Basin in the United States, and we compared the results with the FES2014b tide model. The experimental results showed that the spatial function of the OTL displacements in an ASAR image can be represented as a higher-order polynomial function, and the spatial trends of the OTL displacements determined by the InSAR and the GPS techniques are basically consistent with the FES2014b tide model. The root-mean-square errors of the differences between the spatial OTL displacements of these two methods and the FES2014b tide model are less than 0.8 mm. The results indicate that the OTL displacement extracted from InSAR data can accurately reflect the spatial characteristics of the OTL effect, which will help to improve the spatial resolution and accuracy of the OTL displacement in coastal areas.