ABSTRACT
Nocturia is the complaint that an individual has to wake up at night one or more times to urinate. It is a frequent condition among older adults and entails detrimental effects with regard to sleeping, sexual activity, comfort, depression, mental function and vitality. It is clinically important to distinguish it from global polyuria, defined as a urinary rate ≥ 125 ml/h (3000 ml/day), as well as from nocturnal polyuria, which is an abnormally large volume of urine during sleep associated with a decreased daytime urine production. A Frequency Volume Chart (FVC), overnight water deprivation test with renal concentrating capacity test, and the nocturnal bladder capacity index are some of the methods that help establish the underlying pathology of this condition and hence define an adequate treatment plan.
Subject(s)
Nocturia , Humans , Aged , Nocturia/diagnosis , Nocturia/etiology , Nocturia/therapy , Polyuria/etiology , Polyuria/complications , Urinary Bladder , Sleep , AlgorithmsABSTRACT
Organ crosstalk allows the interaction between systems to adapt to a constant changing environment, maintaining homeostasis. The process of placentation and the new hormonal environment during pregnancy trigger physiological changes that modulate kidney function to control extracellular volume, acid-base balance and filtration of metabolic waste products. The bidirectional communication means that acute or chronic dysfunction of one organ can compromise the other. Abnormal placentation in pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders such as pre-eclampsia and HELLP (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count) syndrome leads to the release of antiangiogenic factors that may cause kidney injury (thrombotic microangiopathy, glomeruloendotheliosis, mesangiolysis and vasoconstriction of peritubular vessels). These hypertensive disorders are a key cause of kidney injury in gestation, which increases maternal morbimortality and adverse foetal outcomes. Conversely, prior kidney injury or causes of kidney injury (diabetes, lupus, glomerulonephritis or other forms of chronic kidney disease) increase the risk of developing hypertensive pregnancy disorders, providing a baseline higher risk. Inherited kidney diseases are a special concern, given the potential for genetic predisposition to kidney disease in the foetus. Understanding the bidirectional potential for compromise from placenta to kidney and vice versa provides a better framework to limit damage to both organs and improve maternal and foetal outcomes.
ABSTRACT
La Vitamina D es un micronutriente esencial que obtenemos a partir de la síntesis dérmica tras la radiación solar ultravioleta. Diferentes estudios han evidenciado que la vitamina D tiene diversos efectos a nivel del sistema inmune, y cumple un rol esencial en la respuesta ante infecciones virales respiratorias. A partir de un caso clínico real, en contexto de la actual pandemia de COVID-19, revisamos la evidencia disponible y encontramos que no existen pruebas que respaldan la suplementación con vitamina D para prevenir la infección o los desenlaces adversos de esta enfermedad. (AU)
Vitamin D is an essential micronutrient that we obtain from dermal synthesis following solar ultraviolet radiation. Different studies have shown that vitamin D has various effects on the immune system and plays an essential role in the response to respiratory viral infections. Based on a real clinical case, in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, we reviewed the available evidence and found that there is no proof to support vitamin D supplementation to prevent the infection or the adverse outcomes of this disease. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Vitamin D , COVID-19 , Primary Health Care , Vitamin D Deficiency , Dietary Supplements , Pandemics , Systematic Reviews as Topic , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
The kidney plays a crucial role in controlling the blood volume and pressure, electrolyte and acid-base balance, erythropoietin secretion, as well as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity. All these renal activities have important repercussion in the organism, explaining why morbidity and mortality rates are high in patients with significant renal dysfunction. In this sense, there are renal-induced liver damages in acute kidney injury, as well as liver-induced renal damages in hepatic disease. Ischemia, reperfusion, cytokine outflow, pro-inflammatory cascades, metabolic acidosis, oxidative stress, and changes in enzymatic and metabolic pathways provide the bases for this bidirectional kidney-liver damage. In conclusion, knowing the characteristics of this kidney-liver crosstalk is crucial for handling the complications induced by this vicious circle.
