The crisis of the thesis of climatic pessimism: malaria and the climatic question.

The publication of Boudin's Traité de Geographie et de Statistique médicale (1857) and the creation in 1908 of the Institut de Pathologie Exotique by Laveran, correspond to two entirely different manners of considering tropical diseases and adaptability (or acclimatation) to the Tropics, directly associated with the idea of capability or incapability of Europeans to resist tropical diseases. We analyse the way perspectives have changed with respect to the influence that climate, particularly tropical, exert on the body of individuals and on populations used to live under temperate climatic conditions. The manner the concepts of medical geography, climatic pessimism and individual acclimatation get articulated with the discovery of tropical diseases, their aetiological agents and their localisation, particularly malaria, can only be understood by also analysing how the problems generated by the diversity of races and migration phenomena have been envisaged.

[Poison and the mosquito: epistemological aspects of the etiology and prophylactics of yellow fever]. / El veneno y el mosquito: aspectos epistemológicos de la etiología y la profilaxis de la fiebre amarilla.

The strategies against yellow fever developed by Argentina and Brazil were discussed at the Second Medical Congress of Latin America which was held in Buenos Aires in 1904. The study of the controversy between physicians from Argentina and Brazil around the existing explanatory models of this illness and the international prophylactic strategies in use at the time enables an epistemological understanding of the breakthrough brought about by the emergence of medicine of vectors. This chapter of Latin American medicine history constitutes a unique opportunity to analyze that reorganization of knowledge, which permitted the inclusion of intermediary living beings into the medical and epidemiological discourse.

[Public and private in times of the pest]. / Lo publico y lo privado en tiempos de peste.

The paper explores how Hannah Arendt's oppositions public-private and intimate-social can be used as an analytical tool to better understand a very concrete, extreme situation: the state of emergency triggered when an epidemiological outbreak hits a city, totally altering its inhabitants lives. Studied observation of what specific individuals (be they imagined or real) feel and think during times of epidemic is an underutilized tool that may prove helpful in studying epidemics themselves. Focusing on Camus' "The pest" and events in the city of Oran, the article looks at how victims of the plague felt about their public or private lives and their intimate and social ties.

[Georges Canguilhem and the epistemological status of the concept of health]. / Georges Canguilhem y el estatuto epistemológico del concepto de salud.

Taking as a point of departure Canguilhem's view on the epistemological status of the concept of health, the article examines current begemonic concepts which see health as a question of balance and adjustment to the environment-including herein the conceptualization posed by the World Health Organization and the broad definition laid out during the 8th Health Conference. The basic goal of this examination is to show that what is defined in discursive statements constitutes an ongoing interaction with the metadiscursive statements more closely related to the world of institutions and institutional action. It is therefore argued that the adoption of a particular notion of health implies the selection of a particular direction in health care policies as well as the application of a particular set of intervention strategies regarding the lives and bodies of subjects.