Multiphasic exercise prehabilitation for patients undergoing surgery for head and neck cancer: a hybrid effectiveness-implementation study protocol.

Head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment often consists of major surgery followed by adjuvant therapy, which can result in treatment-related side effects, decreased physical function, and diminished quality of life. Perioperative nutrition interventions and early mobilization improve recovery after HNC treatment. However, there are few studies on prehabilitation that include exercise within the HNC surgical care pathway. We have designed a multiphasic exercise prehabilitation intervention for HNC patients undergoing surgical resection with free flap reconstruction. We will use a hybrid effectiveness-implementation study design guided by the RE-AIM framework to address the following objectives: (1) to evaluate intervention benefits through physical function and patient-reported outcome assessments; (2) to determine the safety and feasibility of the prehabilitation intervention; (3) to evaluate the implementation of exercise within the HNC surgical care pathway; and (4) to establish a post-operative screening and referral pathway to exercise oncology resources. The results of this study will provide evidence for the benefits and costs of a multiphasic exercise prehabilitation intervention embedded within the HNC surgical care pathway. This paper describes the study protocol design, multiphasic exercise prehabilitation intervention, planned analyses, and dissemination of findings. Trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/NCT04598087.

Feasibility and Implementation of an Oncology Rehabilitation Triage Clinic: Assessing Rehabilitation, Exercise Need, and Triage Pathways within the Alberta Cancer Exercise-Neuro-Oncology Study.

Individuals living with and beyond cancer face physical impairment and inactivity in survivorship. Neuro-oncology populations have especially high rates of sedentary behaviour and functional deficits, including impaired balance, motor skills, and cognition. Our purpose was to assess the rehabilitation and exercise needs of patients with brain tumours while examining the feasibility of a rehabilitation triage clinic as a part of the Alberta Cancer Exercise-Neuro-Oncology study, where patients were referred to a triage clinic, where health, neurologic, and functional status was assessed, followed by a referral to one or multiple resources, including exercise, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, or physiatry. Qualitative perception of the triage clinic was collected. Overall, the triage clinic was feasible and safe for participants, facilitating referral into rehabilitation and exercise resources. Pre-determined enrollment and attendance rates were met, but referral rates to the triage clinic were not met. Oncology clinic staff reported forgetting to refer patients or uncertainty of who was appropriate for rehabilitation as barriers. Oncology clinic-based screening may improve the identification of patients who are sedentary or have a physical impairment. A proposed screening tool, the Cancer Rehabilitation and Exercise Screening Tool (CREST), is presented within our Cancer Rehabilitation and Exercise Pathways Model. The CREST can identify patients who are sedentary or have a functional impairment, facilitating referral to appropriate rehabilitation resources and ultimately improving patient recovery and functioning.

Rehabilitation Interventions for Head and Neck Cancer-Associated Lymphedema: A Systematic Review.

Importance: Head and neck cancer-associated lymphedema (HNCaL) affects up to 90% of survivors of head and neck cancer and is a substantial contributor to disability following head and neck cancer treatment. Despite the prevalence and morbidity associated with HNCaL, rehabilitation interventions are not well studied. Objective: To identify and appraise the current evidence for rehabilitation interventions in HNCaL. Evidence Review: Five electronic databases were searched systematically from inception to January 3, 2023, for studies on HNCaL rehabilitation interventions. Study screening, data extraction, quality rating, and risk of bias assessment were performed by 2 independent reviewers. Findings: Of 1642 citations identified, 23 studies (1.4%; n = 2147 patients) were eligible for inclusion. Six studies (26.1%) were randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and 17 (73.9%) were observational studies. Five of the 6 RCTs were published during 2020 to 2022. Most studies had fewer than 50 participants (5 of 6 RCTs; 13 of 17 observational studies). Studies were categorized by intervention type, including standard lymphedema therapy (11 studies [47.8%]) and adjunct therapy (12 studies [52.2%]). Lymphedema therapy interventions included standard complete decongestive therapy (CDT) (2 RCTs, 5 observational studies), modified CDT (3 observational studies), therapy setting (1 RCT, 2 observational studies), adherence (2 observational studies), early manual lymphatic drainage (1 RCT), and inclusion of focused exercise (1 RCT). Adjunct therapy interventions included advanced pneumatic compression devices (APCDs) (1 RCT, 5 observational studies), kinesio taping (1 RCT), photobiomodulation (1 observational study), acupuncture/moxibustion (1 observational study), and sodium selenite (1 RCT, 2 observational studies). Serious adverse events were either not found (9 [39.1%]) or not reported (14 [60.9%]). Low-quality evidence suggested the benefit of standard lymphedema therapy, particularly in the outpatient setting and with at least partial adherence. High-quality evidence was found for adjunct therapy with kinesio taping. Low-quality evidence also suggested that APCDs may be beneficial. Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this systematic review suggest that rehabilitation interventions for HNCaL, including standard lymphedema therapy with kinesio taping and APCDs, appear to be safe and beneficial. However, more prospective, controlled, and adequately powered studies are needed to clarify the ideal type, timing, duration, and intensity of lymphedema therapy components before treatment guidelines can be established.

First-Year Implementation of the EXercise for Cancer to Enhance Living Well (EXCEL) Study: Building Networks to Support Rural and Remote Community Access to Exercise Oncology Resources.

Barriers to exercise-oncology programs remain for those living with and beyond cancer in rural and remote communities, including geographic isolation and access to programs. The EXercise for Cancer to Enhance Living Well (EXCEL) study was designed to support exercise-oncology implementation in rural and remote communities across Canada. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the first-year reach, adoption, and implementation of the EXCEL study. Reach outcomes included participant characteristics, study enrolment, and referral type (self vs. healthcare-provider [HCP] referral). Adoption outcomes included the number of clinical contacts, trained qualified exercise professionals (QEPs), and QEPs delivering EXCEL exercise classes. Implementation outcomes included retention, adherence, assessment completion rates, and adverse-event reporting. A total of 290 individuals living with cancer enrolled in EXCEL in year one, with an 81.4% retention to the study intervention. Most participants self-referred to EXCEL (75.8%). EXCEL's HCP network consisted of 163 clinical contacts, and the QEP network included 45 trained QEPs, 22 of whom delivered EXCEL classes. Adherence to the exercise intervention was 78.2%, and only one adverse event (mild) was reported. Fitness assessment and patient-reported outcome completion rates were above 85% pre- and post-intervention. EXCEL has developed HCP and QEP networks supporting exercise referral and online delivery, and the intervention is meeting feasibility markers. These implementation findings will inform the continued gathering of feedback across stakeholders to ensure that best evidence informs best practices.

Implementing an exercise oncology model to reach rural and remote individuals living with and beyond cancer: a hybrid effectiveness-implementation protocol for project EXCEL (EXercise for Cancer to Enhance Living Well).

INTRODUCTION: Individuals living with and beyond cancer from rural and remote areas lack accessibility to supportive cancer care resources compared with those in urban areas. Exercise is an evidence-based intervention that is a safe and effective supportive cancer care resource, improving physical fitness and function, well-being and quality of life. Thus, it is imperative that exercise oncology programs are accessible for all individuals living with cancer, regardless of geographical location. To improve accessibility to exercise oncology programs, we have designed the EXercise for Cancer to Enhance Living Well (EXCEL) study. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: EXCEL is a hybrid effectiveness-implementation study. Exercise-based oncology knowledge from clinical exercise physiologists supports healthcare professionals and community-based qualified exercise professionals, facilitating exercise oncology education, referrals and programming. Recruitment began in September 2020 and will continue for 5 years with the goal to enroll ~1500 individuals from rural and remote areas. All tumour groups are eligible, and participants must be 18 years or older. Participants take part in a 12-week multimodal progressive exercise intervention currently being delivered online. The reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance (RE-AIM) framework is used to determine the impact of EXCEL at participant and institutional levels. Physical activity, functional fitness and patient-reported outcomes are assessed at baseline and 12-week time points of the EXCEL exercise intervention. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Board of Alberta. Our team will disseminate EXCEL information through quarterly newsletters to stakeholders, including participants, qualified exercise professionals, healthcare professionals and community networks. Ongoing outreach includes community presentations (eg, support groups, fitness companies) that provide study updates and exercise resources. Our team will publish manuscripts and present at conferences on EXCEL's ongoing implementation efforts across the 5-year study. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04478851.

A Qualitative Study of Patient and Healthcare Provider Perspectives on Building Multiphasic Exercise Prehabilitation into the Surgical Care Pathway for Head and Neck Cancer.

Head and neck cancer (HNC) surgical patients experience a high symptom burden. Multiphasic exercise prehabilitation has the potential to improve patient outcomes, and to implement it into the care pathway, the perspectives of patients and healthcare providers (HCPs) must be considered. The purpose of this study was thus to gather feedback from HNC surgical patients and HCPs on building exercise into the standard HNC surgical care pathway. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients and HCPs as part of a feasibility study assessing patient-reported outcomes, physical function, and in-hospital mobilization. Interview questions included satisfaction with study recruitment, assessment completion, impact on clinical workflow (HCPs), and perceptions of a future multiphasic exercise prehabilitation program. This study followed an interpretive description methodology. Results: Ten patients and ten HCPs participated in this study. Four themes were identified: (1) acceptability and necessity of assessments, (2) the value of exercise, (3) the components of an ideal exercise program, and (4) factors to support implementation. Conclusion: These findings highlight the value of exercise across the HNC surgical timeline from both the patient and the HCP perspective. Results have informed the implementation of a multiphasic exercise prehabilitation trial in HNC surgical patients.

Tailoring the Evidence for Exercise Oncology within Breast Cancer Care.

Exercise is safe and effective for those living with and beyond breast cancer, with evidence supporting exercise guidelines, and position statements from international organizations. Despite the clearly recognized benefits of exercise for these individuals, many do not participate or maintain recommended exercise levels throughout the breast cancer continuum, highlighting the lack of translation from research into practice. In addition, discerning how exercise can be tailored to address breast cancer-related impairments, so that individuals are able to participate safely and effectively, has also not been studied extensively. Thus, we propose that implementing exercise screening, triage, and referral pathways across the breast cancer continuum may allow for increased accessibility and adoption among those living with and beyond breast cancer. This paper provides an overview of exercise prescription tailoring for common breast cancer and treatment-related impairments, proposes a simplified screening tool for identifying physical activity and movement-related impairments, and considers how best to channel evidence into practice via proposed implementation pathways that may better connect individuals living with and beyond breast cancer with exercise oncology resources through screening, triage, and referral.

Physical activity RX: development and implementation of physical activity counselling and prescription learning objectives for Canadian medical school curriculum.

Physical activity is an important component of health and well-being, and is effective in the prevention, management, and treatment of numerous non-communicable chronic diseases. Despite the known health benefits of physical activity in all populations, most Canadians do not meet physical activity recommendations. Physicians play a key role in assessing, counselling, and prescribing physical activity. Unfortunately, many barriers, including the lack of adequate education and training, prevent physicians from promoting this essential health behaviour. To support Canadian medical schools in physical activity curriculum development, a team of researchers, physicians, and exercise physiologists collaborated to develop a key set of learning objectives deemed essential to physician education in physical activity counselling and prescription. This commentary will review the newly developed Canadian Physical Activity Counselling Learning Objectives and give case examples of three Canadian medical schools that have implemented these learning objectives.

L'activité physique est une composante importante de la santé et du bien-être, et elle est efficace dans la prévention, la prise en charge et le traitement de nombreuses maladies chroniques non transmissibles. Malgré les bienfaits qu'on lui reconnaît pour la santé des populations, la plupart des Canadiens ne suivent pas les recommandations en matière d'exercice. Les médecins jouent un rôle clé dans l'évaluation, le counseling et la prescription de l'activité physique, mais de nombreux obstacles, dont le manque de formation adéquate, les empêchent de promouvoir cette habitude de vie essentielle pour la santé. Afin d'aider les facultés de médecine canadiennes dans l'élaboration de leur cursus sur l'activité physique, une équipe composée de chercheurs, de médecins et de physiologistes de l'exercice a collaboré à la définition d'un ensemble d'objectifs d'apprentissage jugés indispensables à la formation des médecins pour qu'ils puissent offrir des conseils sur l'activité physique et la prescrire. Ce commentaire passe en revue les nouveaux objectifs d'apprentissage en matière de counseling en activité physique et donne des exemples de cas de trois facultés de médecine canadiennes qui ont mis en œuvre ces objectifs d'apprentissage.

ACE-Neuro: A tailored exercise oncology program for neuro-oncology patients - Study protocol.

Background: Patients with primary brain tumours (i.e., neuro-oncology patients) lack access to exercise oncology and wellness resources. The purpose of the Alberta Cancer Exercise - Neuro-Oncology (ACE-Neuro) study is to assess the feasibility of a tailored neuro-oncology exercise program for patients across Alberta, Canada. The primary outcome is to assess the feasibility of ACE-Neuro. The secondary outcome is to examine preliminary effectiveness of ACE-Neuro on patient-reported outcomes and functional fitness. Methods: Neuro-oncology patients with a malignant or benign primary brain tumour that are pre, on, or completed treatment, are >18 years, and able to consent in English are eligible to participate in the study. Following referral from the clinical team to cancer rehabilitation and the study team, participants are triaged to determine their appropriateness for ACE-Neuro and other cancer rehabilitation services (including physiatry, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and exercise physiology). In ACE-Neuro, participants complete a tailored 12-week exercise program with pre-post assessments of patient-reported outcomes and functional fitness, and objective physical activity tracked across the 12-week program. ACE-Neuro includes individual and group-based exercise sessions, as well as health coaching. Conclusion: We are supporting ACE-Neuro implementation into clinical cancer care, with assessment of needs enabling a tailored exercise prescription.

The feasibility of patient-reported outcomes, physical function, and mobilization in the care pathway for head and neck cancer surgical patients.

BACKGROUND: Head and neck cancer (HNC) patients are an understudied population whose treatment often includes surgery, causing a wide range of side effects. Exercise prehabilitation is a promising tool to optimize patient outcomes and may confer additional benefits as a prehabilitation tool. The primary objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of measuring patient-reported outcomes (PROs), physical function, and in-hospital mobilization across the HNC surgical timeline in advance of a future prehabilitation trial. The secondary objective was to examine potential changes in these outcomes across the surgical timeline. METHODS: HNC patients scheduled to undergo oncologic resection with free-flap reconstruction completed assessments of PROs and physical function at three timepoints across the surgical timeline (baseline, in-hospital, and postsurgical/outpatient). Mobilization was measured during the in-hospital period. The feasibility of recruitment and measurement completion was tracked, as were changes in both PROs and physical function. RESULTS: Of 48 eligible patients, 16 enrolled (recruitment rate of 33%). The baseline and in-hospital PROs were completed by 88% of participants, while the outpatient assessments were completed by 81% of participants. The baseline and in-hospital assessment of physical function were completed by 56% of participants, and 38% completed the outpatient assessment. Measuring in-hospital mobilization was completed for 63% of participants. CONCLUSION: Measuring PROs and in-hospital mobilization is feasible across the surgical timeline in HNC; however, the in-person assessment of physical function prior to surgery was not feasible. A multidisciplinary collaboration between exercise specialists and clinicians supported the development of new clinical workflows in HNC surgical care that will aid in the implementation of a future prehabilitation trial for this patient population.

Physical Activity for Individuals Living with Advanced Cancer: Evidence and Recommendations.

OBJECTIVES: To provide health and fitness professionals with screening, triage, prescription, and physical activity recommendations to better serve individuals living with advanced cancer. A call to action regarding next steps to improve research and knowledge translation is also outlined, ensuring the growing number of those with advanced cancers are supported in their efforts to adopt and adhere to active lifestyles. DATA SOURCES: Sources include published literature, physical activity guidelines, and expert opinion from physical medicine and rehabilitation physicians, exercise physiologists, and health and exercise psychology researchers. CONCLUSION: Individuals with advanced cancer who engage in regular physical activity report improved function, fatigue management, and quality of life, while objective testing shows improvements in fitness and physical function. Although there are no clear activity guidelines or recommendations for this population, patients must avoid inactivity to gain health benefits and minimize deconditioning. For most patients with advanced cancer, physical activity prescriptions should focus on maintaining fitness and functional independence, and specific modifications based on common comorbidities must be considered. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Evidence supports the use of physical activity for the management of symptoms experienced by those with advanced cancers. Understanding the benefits of physical activity for patients with advanced cancer is important because health care providers play a key role in the adoption and adherence of physical activity among patients.

Feasibility of a multimodal exercise, nutrition, and palliative care intervention in advanced lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Advanced lung cancer patients face significant physical and psychological burden leading to reduced physical function and quality of life. Separately, physical activity, nutrition, and palliative symptom management interventions have been shown to improve functioning in this population, however no study has combined all three in a multimodal intervention. Therefore, we assessed the feasibility of a multimodal physical activity, nutrition, and palliative symptom management intervention in advanced lung cancer. METHODS: Participants received an individually tailored 12-week intervention featuring in-person group-based exercise classes, at-home physical activity prescription, behaviour change education, and nutrition and palliative care consultations. Patients reported symptom burden, energy, and fatigue before and after each class. At baseline and post-intervention, symptom burden, quality of life, fatigue, physical activity, dietary intake, and physical function were assessed. Post-intervention interviews examined participant perspectives. RESULTS: The multimodal program was feasible, with 44% (10/23) recruitment, 75% (75/100) class attendance, 89% (8/9) nutrition and palliative consult attendance, and 85% (17/20) assessment completion. Of ten participants, 70% (7/10) completed the post-intervention follow-up. Participants perceived the intervention as feasible and valuable. Physical activity, symptom burden, and quality of life were maintained, while tiredness decreased significantly. Exercise classes prompted acute clinically meaningful reductions in fatigue, tiredness, depression, pain, and increases in energy and well-being. CONCLUSION: A multimodal physical activity, nutrition, and palliative symptom management intervention is feasible and shows potential benefits on quality of life that warrant further investigation in a larger cohort trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04575831 , Registered 05 October 2020 - Retrospectively registered.

A Review of Perforator Flaps for Burn Scar Contractures of Joints.

OBJECTIVE: Perforator flaps are one possible surgical treatment for burn scar contractures; however, a review of evidence on this topic is lacking. METHODS: MEDLINE was searched for articles related to perforator flaps for burn contractures. Following title and abstract screen, full texts were searched to identify articles describing perforator flaps for burn scar joint contractures. Data were extracted and summarized descriptively. Only articles that contained ≥10 patients with burn scar contracture were considered. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-eight articles were identified, of which 17 met criteria for review. Of these, 16 were low-quality case series, while 1 was an open randomized controlled trial. In total, perforator flaps were performed on 339 patients (age range: 3-75 years), with the most common contracture locations being cervical (n = 218) and knee (n = 41). Nine of the 17 articles described a rehabilitation strategy. In general, functional outcomes were excellent, with the majority of patients experiencing return of normal joint range of motion and no recontracture. Compared to full-thickness skin grafts, perforator flaps showed greater improvements in joint range of motion. Cosmetically, perforator flaps were shown to have good color match with surrounding tissue, good contour around anatomical landmarks, and improved overall patient appearance. The most common complications were marginal flap necrosis (n = 26 patients) and venous congestion (n = 17 patients). CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary evidence from low-quality case series and 1 high-quality trial suggests perforator flaps may be successful for resurfacing released burn scar contractures; however, there is a need for additional trials comparing perforator flaps to other approaches.

OBJECTIF: Les lambeaux perforateurs font partie des traitements chirurgicaux des contractures des cicatrices de brûlure, mais il n'y a pas d'analyse des données probantes sur le sujet. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Les chercheurs ont effectué une recherche dans MEDLINE pour extraire les articles liés aux lambeaux perforateurs pour les contractures causées par des brûlures. Après un filtrage en fonction des titres et des résumés, ils ont fouillé les textes intégraux et retenu les articles décrivant les lambeaux perforateurs pour corriger les contractures causées par des cicatrices de brûlure. Ils ont extrait les données et procédé à un résumé descriptif. Ils n'ont évalué que les articles portant sur au moins dix patients ayant des contractures causées par des cicatrices de brûlure. RÉSULTATS: Les chercheurs ont extrait 248 articles, dont 17 respectaient les critères d'analyse. De ce nombre, 16 étaient des séries de cas de faible qualité et un, un essai aléatoire et contrôlé ouvert. Au total, 339 patients (de trois à 75 ans) ont reçu des lambeaux perforateurs, et les contractures étaient surtout situées dans la région du cou (n = 218) et du genou (n = 41). Neuf des 17 articles décrivaient une stratégie de réadaptation. En général, les résultats fonctionnels étaient excellents, car la majorité des patients retrouvaient une amplitude de mouvements normale et n'avaient plus de contractures. Par rapport aux greffes cutanées pleine épaisseur, les lambeaux perforateurs assuraient une plus grande amélioration de l'amplitude du mouvement articulaire. Sur le plan esthétique, les lambeaux perforateurs assuraient un bel appariement de couleur par rapport aux tissus avoisinants, un beau contour des repères anatomiques et une amélioration globale de l'apparence. Les principales complications étaient une nécrose du lambeau marginal (n = 26 patients) et une congestion veineuse (n = 17 patients). CONCLUSIONS: D'après les données probantes préliminaires de séries de cas de faible qualité et d'un essai de haute qualité, les lambeaux perforateurs peuvent être utiles pour le resurfaçage de contractures causées par des cicatrices de brûlure. D'autres études devront être réalisées pour comparer les lambeaux perforateurs à d'autres approches.

Newsletter 2018: Clinician Investigator Trainee Association of Canada (CITAC).

Message from the President: Optimism for the Future The Clinician-Investigator Trainee Association of Canada (CITAC) was established in 2006 to address issues relevant to Canadian trainees seeking dual training in medicine and research. As clinician-investigator (CI) trainees, we comprise but a fraction (less than 5%) of all medical trainees. Our 'bilingual' careers render our individual paths less straightforward and more challenging. As a community, we have had to confront several disappointments, perhaps most notably the cessation of funding support for MD/PhD programs in 2015, previously offered by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). Despite these individual and collective challenges, I remain optimistic and incredibly excited about our future. In my own work, I am reminded constantly that being trusted with the dual responsibility of patient care and innovation in medicine is a privilege to be cherished, rather than a burden to be feared. That which makes our path doubly challenging also makes it doubly rewarding. The progress that CITAC has made over the years only adds to my optimism, and I wish to take this opportunity to remind you of how far we have come and how much further we hope to go.

The Need for an Executive Leadership Curriculum in Scientist-Clinician Training Programs.

The health of Canadians depends on effective leadership among health care providers to facilitate the translation of new health discoveries into clinical practice. Clinician-scientists play an important role in bridging the gap between research and clinical practice, and require effective leadership skills to advance clinical practice successfully. To accelerate the leadership development in clinician scientist trainees, with the aim of developing strong leaders in administration and health advocacy, the Leaders in Medicine (LIM) training program at the University of Calgary created an Executive Leadership Coaching Program involving three phases: 1) an evidence-based evaluation tool, the Core Values IndexTM (CVI), that was used to identify the key drivers behind how individuals can be most effective in making their contribution; 2) small group workshops to debrief the results of the CVI assessment; and 3) one-on-one executive coaching sessions to facilitate the discovery, development and deployment of individual leadership capabilities. Coaching in leadership strategies enables clinician-scientist trainees to lead, influence, manage and deliver science-based improvements into the practice of medicine. We strongly recommend that other Canadian scientist-clinician training programs consider opportunities like the ones we offer to our LIM trainees. This training has important implications for the delivery of healthcare in Canada.

Physical Rehabilitation and Occupational Therapy.

Head and neck cancer and associated treatments can have debilitating effects on patient physical function and quality of life. The American Cancer Society's Head and Neck Cancer Survivorship Care Guidelines recommend that all patients receive an assessment after their treatment to address complications that may impact long-term recovery and function. Evidence supports the role of physical activity, exercise, physical therapy, and occupational therapy to decrease symptom burden after treatment and improve strength, endurance, and function. Physical therapy can play an important role in optimizing jaw, neck and shoulder function and occupational therapy can optimize return to work.

Exercise preferences and associations between fitness parameters, physical activity, and quality of life in high-grade glioma patients.

PURPOSE: Exercise has numerous benefits for cancer survivors, but very limited research to date has exclusively examined brain cancer patients, specifically those diagnosed with high-grade glioma (HGG). This study examined (1) the feasibility of recruiting HGG patients to an exercise-based study and performing fitness assessments; (2) exercise counseling and programming preferences; and (3) associations between fitness, physical activity (PA), and quality of life (QOL). METHODS: Participants completed assessments prior to starting Temozolamide chemotherapy with radiation (T1), at 2 months and 8 months. Fitness was measured with an incremental cycling exercise test to volitional exhaustion (VO2peak) and hand grip dynamometry. The Godin leisure time questionnaire measured PA and the functional assessment for cancer therapy, brain cancer module (FACT-Br) measured QOL. RESULTS: Of the 35 approached, N = 16 participated. Due to safety concerns, the aerobic fitness test protocol was altered. Participants preferred to exercise during treatment, alone and unsupervised, at home, and at a moderate intensity. Few participants (<25%) met guidelines for PA at any time point. At T1, aerobic capacity was associated with the FACT Trial Outcome Index (TOI) (r = 0.619, p < 0.05). At 2 months, PA minutes were associated with FACT-TOI (r = 0.653, p = 0.057), FACT-G (r = 0.711, p < 0.05), and FACT-Br scores (r = 0.722, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Recruitment rate was similar to a previous study in HGG populations, but study completion rate was lower. Most exercise counseling and programming preferences were similar to previous brain cancer patients. Assessing aerobic fitness to VO2peak was not feasible. Aerobic fitness and PA were positively associated with QOL.

Patient-reported outcomes, body composition, and nutrition status in patients with head and neck cancer: Results from an exploratory randomized controlled exercise trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with head and neck cancer experience loss of weight and muscle mass, decreased functioning, malnutrition, depression, and declines in quality of life during and after treatment. The purpose of this exploratory randomized study was to determine the optimal timing for the initiation of a lifestyle and progressive resistance exercise training intervention (during or after radiation therapy), as determined by intervention adherence and by comparing between-group outcomes across 24 weeks. METHODS: Sixty patients with head and neck cancer were randomized to engage in a 12-week lifestyle intervention and progressive resistance-training program either during radiation treatment or immediately after completion. The primary outcome of body composition--specifically, lean body mass, body mass index, and body fat--as well as secondary outcomes of fitness, quality of life, depression, and nutrition status were evaluated. RESULTS: The progressive resistance-training intervention carried out during treatment did not significantly influence the primary outcome of body composition, despite a significant increase in weekly physical activity reported by the intervention group. A small-to-medium intervention effect was noted for some secondary outcomes, including fitness, quality of life, and nutrition status. Regardless of whether patients received the immediate or delayed progressive resistance-training intervention, the analysis revealed a main effect of time on body composition, fitness, quality of life, depression, and nutritional scores. CONCLUSIONS: Although the intervention during treatment did not reduce the loss of lean body mass, delaying the exercise program until after treatment completion was associated with improved intervention adherence, a finding with important clinical implications.

The impact of physical activity on health-related fitness and quality of life for patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Patients with head and neck cancer often face a plethora of cancer and treatment-related side effects, negatively impacting their lean body mass, physical functioning, quality of life and fatigue management. Physical activity is a potential mediator of many of these side effects. This is the first systematic review reporting on head and neck cancer and physical activity literature. METHODS: A literature search was conducted up to January 2015. Two reviewers independently identified articles using the outlined inclusion criteria, assessing the study methodology, risk of bias and extracting the necessary data from studies evaluating the impact of full-body physical activity on patients with head and neck cancer. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement was used to guide this review. RESULTS: We identified 16 articles published from 2003 to 2014, the majority of which were published within the past 5 years. Physical activity interventions were feasible, safe and beneficial in mediating cancer and treatment-related side effects. Specifically, patients experienced improvements in lean body mass, muscular strength, physical functioning, quality of life and fatigue management. Owing to significant study heterogeneity, data were not pooled. Reflecting the early state of the literature, included studies were found to vary greatly in design, quality and reporting characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: There is early evidence that supports the benefit of physical activity interventions for patients with head and neck cancer, both during and following treatment. Future research is necessary to determine the benefits of different physical activity interventions, and their impact on patients with different head and neck cancers.