Influence of systemic antibiotic therapy on the development and progression of induced apical periodontitis in Wistar rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of systemic antibiotic therapy on the development and progression of induced apical periodontitis (AP) in Wistar rats. Fifty-six rats were submitted to pulp exposure of the lower left first molar for the induction of AP. On the same day, intraperitoneal antibiotic therapy was administered once a day, for 15 days, until euthanasia. The groups were formed according to the different treatments (n = 8): C-control; GEN-treated with gentamicin (10 mg/Kg); AC-treated with amoxicillin (100 mg/Kg); MZ-treated with metronidazole (40 mg/Kg); AMP-treated with ampicillin (100 mg/Kg); AMC group-treated with amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (100 mg/kg); CLI-treated with clindamycin (60 mg/kg). After euthanasia, the jaws were collected and processed for (1) histological and histometric analysis using hematoxylin and eosin staining, (2) analysis of collagen fibers using Picrosirius Red staining and (3) bacteriological analysis using Brown-Brenn staining. The data were analyzed statistically (p < 0.05). AP induction was confirmed in all groups. The AMC group had the lower intensity of inflammatory infiltrate (p = 0.028) and less periapical bone resorption compared to control (p = 0.006). Regarding collagen maturation, PSR staining revealed a predominance of mature collagen fibers in all groups. The AC and AMC groups had the lower amount of mature fibers and the highest amount of immature fibers, compared to all other groups (p < 0.001). All groups showed bacterial contamination; however, the AC and AMC groups showed a lower extent of bacterial contamination compared to the control (p < 0.001). It can be concluded that systemic antibiotic therapy influences the development and progression of induced AP.

Influence of photoactivation on tissue response to different dyes used in photodynamic therapy and laser ablation therapy.

Laser ablation therapy (LA) uses Indocyanine Green dye (ICG) which efficiently absorbs laser energy and the increased temperature results in an instantaneous flame that chars tissue and microbes. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses different dyes that are activated by light to kill bacteria. This study evaluated the biocompatibility of the dye Curcumin (CUR), Methylene Blue (MB), and Indocyanine Green (ICG) before and after laser activation (ACT). Polyethylene tubes containing one of the dyes were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of 32 rats (4 tubes per rat) which were divided into 8 groups: C - control (saline solution); C + ACT (Red Laser 660 nm); CUR; CUR + ACT (480 nm blue LED); MB; MB + ACT (Red Laser 660 nm); ICG; ICG + ACT (810 nm Infrared Laser). After 7 and 30 days (n = 8/time), the rats were euthanized and the tubes with the surrounding tissue were removed and processed for histological analysis of inflammation using H&E stain, and collagen fiber maturation using picrosirius red (PSR). A two-way analysis of variance statistical test was applied (p < 0.05). At 7 days, regardless of laser activation, the CUR group showed a greater inflammatory infiltrate compared to the ICG and control groups, and the MB group had a greater inflammation only in relation to the control (p < 0.05). At 30 days, CUR and MB groups showed a greater inflammatory infiltrate than the control (p < 0.05). ICG group was equal to the control in both periods, regardless of the laser activation (p > 0.05). Laser activation induced the proliferation of collagen immature fibers at 7 days, regardless of the dye (p < 0.05). The CUR group showed a lower percentage of immature and mature fibers at 7 days, compared to ICG and control (p < 0.05) and, at 30 days, compared to control (p < 0.05). Regardless of laser activation, the ICG showed the results of collagen maturation closest to the control (p > 0.05). It was concluded that all dyes are biocompatible and that laser activation did not interfere with biocompatibility. In addition, the maturity of collagen was adequate before and after the laser activation. These results demonstrate that the clinical use of dyes is safe even when activated with a laser.

Prevalence of apical periodontitis and non-retention of root-filled teeth in hypertensive patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have suggested a relationship between AP, as well as the loss of root-filled teeth (RFT), and hypertension (HTN). OBJECTIVES: The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to investigate the prevalence of AP, and non-retention of RFT, in hypertensive patients. METHODS: A search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus and EMBASE. The inclusion criteria established were studies published until February 2023, comparing hypertensive subjects with controls, assessing the prevalence of AP and/or providing data on the prevalence of non-retained RFT. Meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan (analyst) tool to determine the pooled prevalence of AP and loss of RFT. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool. The quality of evidence was assessed by GRADE. RESULTS: The search strategy identified 454 articles, and only eight met the inclusion criteria. Six studies had analysed the association between AP and HTN and two studies had analysed the association between non-retention of RFT and HTN. Meta-analysis showed and overall OR = 1.71 (95% CI = 0.92-3.16; p = .09) for the prevalence of AP among patients with HTN. The prevalence of non-retention of RFT among patients with HTN has an overall OR = 1.78 (95% CI = 1.60-1.98; p = .000001). The risk of bias in the individual studies was low or moderate, and the quality of the overall evidence has shown a level of certainty very low. DISCUSSION: There is no association between the prevalence of AP and HTN. In addition, hypertensive patients have significantly increased odds of losing RFT. Given the high prevalence of hypertension, it is very common to perform root canal treatments on hypertensive patients. It is imperative to communicate this heightened risk to patients and recommend periodic monitoring of oral health and hypertension, paying special attention to this subset of patients. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42022302385.

Curcumin reduces inflammation in rat apical periodontitis.

AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of systemic curcumin administration on the severity of apical periodontitis (AP). METHODOLOGY: Forty male Wistar rats weighing 250-280 g each, age 2.5 months, were distributed into four groups (n = 10): control untreated rats (C), control rats treated with curcumin (CUR), rats with pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis (AP) and rats with pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis treated with curcumin (AP-CUR). Curcumin treatment was administered orally once daily for 15 days before pulp exposure and continued for 30 days after pulp exposure. The rats were sacrificed at 30 days, and the jaws were collected and reconstructed in a programme specific for micro-CT. The jaws were processed for analysis of the inflammatory process using haematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical assays for interleukin tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (Il)-6 and Il-1ß. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and osteocalcin (OCN) staining were used to analyse the resorptive process on the bone surface of periapical area. Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's test was performed for nonparametric data and anova with Tukey's test for parametric data, p < .05. RESULTS: Micro-CT revealed no statistically significant differences in bone resorption between the AP and AP-CUR groups (p > .05). The levels of inflammatory cell infiltration and immunoreactivity for the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, Il-6 and Il-1ß were significantly higher in the periapical lesions of the AP group than in the AP-CUR group (p < .05). The number of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells was higher in the AP group than in the AP-CUR group (p < .05). In OCN-positive cells, no differences were observed between the AP and AP-CUR groups (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Oral supplementation with curcumin had a significant effect on the AP severity in rats, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin on AP development.

The use of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of oral diseases.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) have been reported to exert important roles in the inflammatory response. There are many inflammatory diseases in dentistry which support the administration of ω-3 PUFAs as an adjunct therapy during the treatment of these diseases. The aim of this review was to evaluate the use of ω-3 PUFAs as an adjuvant therapy during the treatment of buccal diseases. The review showed that supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs was used for treatment of gingivitis, periodontal diseases, apical periodontitis, stomatitis, and orthodontic tooth movement. The results indicate that ω-3 PUFAs decreased the number of pro-inflammatory mediators in the gingival tissues of individuals with gingivitis and periodontitis. In apical periodontitis, the supplementation suppressed bone resorption and promoted bone formation in the periapical area of rats. During orthodontic movement, the supplementation showed a decrease of bone resorption in rats. It also showed that painful symptoms of recurrent aphthous stomatitis were alleviated in supplemented patients. In conclusion, the ω-3 PUFAs may be used as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of inflammatory diseases that affect the oral cavity. However, more studies are required to elucidate the role of ω-3 PUFAs in decreasing oral cavity inflammatory processes.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids Alter Systemic Inflammatory Mediators Caused by Apical Periodontitis.

INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) on serum inflammatory mediators of rats with pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis. METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: control, untreated rats (C); control rats treated with ω-3 PUFAs (C-O); rats with pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis (AP); and rats with pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis treated with ω-3 PUFAs (AP-O). ω-3 PUFAs were administered orally once a day for 15 days before pulp exposure and continued for 30 days after pulp exposure. The rats were sacrificed, and then blood and jaw samples were collected. Blood analysis was conducted to determine the total number of leukocytes including neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL) 6, and IL-17 were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Histologic analysis was performed to confirm the development of apical periodontitis. The data were statistically evaluated using analysis of variance and the Tukey posttest. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: The development of apical periodontitis was confirmed in all infected groups. Bone destruction was larger in the AP group compared with the AP-O group (P < .05). Blood analysis showed that the AP and AP-O groups showed higher numbers of lymphocytes, leukocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and expressions of tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-6 compared with the C and C-O groups (P < .05). In contrast, the presence of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and the expression of IL-6 decreased in the AP-O group compared with the AP group (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: ω-3 PUFA supplementation influences the systemic effects caused by apical periodontitis, decreasing the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and IL-6 in rat blood.

Padronização do modelo experimental da insuficiência renal aguda para estudo bidirecional com a periodontite apical / Standardization of the experimental model of acute renal failure for bidirectional study with an apical periodontitis

Introdução: A insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) ocorre em cerca de 5% das hospitalizações e até 30% das internações em UTI, possuindo taxas de mortalidade entre 15% e 60%. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar diferentes protocolos de indução da IRA em modelo animal, buscando a padronização do modelo para o estudo da relação bidirecional com a periodontite apical (PA). Métodos: Foram utilizados vinte e quatro ratos divididos em três grupos (n=8): G1) administração de gentamicina na dosagem de 80mg/Kg/dia durante cinco dias; G2) administração de gentamicina na dosagem de 100mg/kg/dia durante oito dias; e G3) administração de gentamicina na dosagem de 100mg/kg/dia durante dez dias. A PA foi induzida em todos os grupos por meio da exposição pulpar dos primeiros e segundos molares superiores e inferiores do lado direito. Após trinta dias da exposição pulpar, os animais foram eutanasiados; os rins, coletados para análise histológica em HE; e as maxilas e mandíbulas, removidas para análise radiográfica. Resultados: A presença da PA foi confirmada em todos os espécimes pelo exame radiográfico. O grupo G3 apresentou índice de mortalidade de 75%, enquanto G1 e G2 não apresentaram mortalidade. Histologicamente, o tecido renal do grupo G2 apresentou alterações teciduais, como dilatação e necrose tubular mais severa, quando comparado ao grupo G1 (p<0,05). Conclusão: Diante do alto índice de mortalidade observado em G3 e dos achados histológicos observados em G1 e G2, o protocolo indicado para o estudo da relação bidirecional com a periodontite apical é o de 100mg/kg/dia durante oito dias (AU).

Introduction: Acute Renal Failure (ARF) occurs in about 5% of hospitalizations and up to 30% of ICU admissions, with mortality rates between 15% and 60%. The objective of this study was to analyze different protocols for the induction of IRA in an animal model, seeking the standardization of the model for the study of bidirectional relationship with apical periodontitis (AP). Methods: Twenty-four rats were divided into three groups (n = 8): G1 - Administration of Gentamicin at a dose of 80mg/ kg/day for 5 days; G2 - Administration of Gentamicin at the dose of 100mg/kg/day for 8 days; G3 - Administration of Gentamicin at the dosage of 100mg/kg/day for 10 days. The AP was induced in all groups by means of pulp exposure of the first and second upper and lower molars from the right side. After 30 days, the animals were euthanized, the kidneys collected for histological analysis, and the jaws removed for radiographic analysis. Results: The presence of AP was confirmed in all specimens by radiographic examination. The G3 group had a mortality rate of 75% while G1 and G2 had no mortality. Histologically, the renal tissue of the G2 protocol presented tissue changes such as dilation and more severe tubular necrosis when compared to the G1 protocol (p <0.05). Conclusion: In view of the high mortality rate observed in G3 and the histological findings observed in G1 and G2, the indicated protocol is 100mg/kg/day for 8 days to study the bidirectional relationship with apical periodontitis (AU).

Influência da insuficiência renal aguda na severidade da periodontite apical / Influence of acute renal failure on the severity of apical periodontitis

Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência da Insuficiência Renal Aguda (IRA) na severidade da periodontite apical (PA) em Ratos Wistar. Métodos: Foram utilizados sessenta e quatro ratos divididos em 4 grupos e 2 períodos de análise (n=8): Controle (C), IRA, PA e IRA+PA. A IRA foi induzida por meio de uma aplicação diária de Gentamicina (100 mg/Kg/dia) durante 8 dias, via intraperitoneal. A PA foi induzida pela exposição pulpar dos primeiros e segundos molares superiores e inferiores do lado direito. Após 15 e 30 dias da indução da PA, os animais foram anestesiados, a urina foi coletada para a urinálise e sedimentoscopia, e o sangue foi coletado para análise do hemograma, creatinina, proteína sérica e ureia. Em seguida, os animais foram eutanasiados, os rins coletados para análise histológica e as mandíbulas e maxilas removidas e processadas para análise histomorfométrica e imunohistoquímica para IL-6, IL-17, IL-23 e TNF-α. Resultados: Para urinálise, a quantidade de proteínas foi maior nos grupos PA, IRA e IRA+PA quando comparados ao controle, em ambos os períodos experimentais (p<0,05). Na sedimentoscopia, foram encontrados cilindros granulosos, fosfato amorfo e carbonato de cálcio nos grupos IRA e IRA+PA. No hemograma, o número de hemácias, hemoglobina e volume globular foram menores nos grupos IRA e IRA+PA em 15 e 30 dias comparados aos grupos C e PA (p<0,05); já o volume corpuscular médio foi menor no grupo IRA+PA no período de 15 dias, comparado aos demais grupos (p<0.05). Com relação ao leucograma, o número de leucócitos apresentou-se maior nos grupos IRA e IRA+PA no primeiro período experimental com diferenças estatísticas significantes (p<0,05), já no segundo período experimental os grupos PA, IRA e IRA+PA não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significantes entre si (p>0,05). Na análise dos parâmetros bioquímicos do soro, os níveis de ureia e creatinina foram maiores nos grupos IRA e IRA+PA (p<0,05), comparados aos outros grupos experimentais em ambos os períodos. Já os níveis de proteína, se apresentaram reduzidos nos grupos PA, IRA e IRA+PA, entretanto, sem diferenças estatísticas (p>0.05). Os rins foram analisados histologicamente e foi comprovada a lesão renal em todos os animais induzidos. Com relação ao infiltrado inflamatório, no primeiro período experimental o grupo PA apresentou quatro espécimes com infiltrado discreto e quatro espécimes com infiltrado moderado, enquanto o grupo IRA+PA apresentou infiltrado discreto em todos os espécimes; já no segundo período experimental, o grupo PA apresentou infiltrado inflamatório mais intenso quando comparado ao grupo IRA+PA, apresentando, desta forma, em ambos os períodos experimentais, diferença estatística significante entre os grupos (p<0.05). Na análise histométrica, o grupo PA apresentou maior perda óssea aos 15 dias quando comparado ao grupo IRA+PA (p<0,05). No segundo período experimental, ambos os grupos com PA não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre si (p>0,05), embora a reabsorção óssea do grupo PA tenha sido maior. Na análise imunohistoquímica, TNF-α apresentou padrão de imunomarcação variando de alto a extremamente alto no grupo PA e predominantemente baixo a moderado em IRA+PA em ambos os períodos experimentais (p<0,05). Já IL-23 apresentou padrão de imunomarcação extremamente alto de forma predominante no grupo PA e padrão alto no grupo IRA+PA aos 15 dias (p<0,05). Para IL-6 e IL-17 não houve diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos PA e IRA+PA em ambos os períodos experimentais (p>0,05). Conclusão: A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi observado que a associação da periodontite apical com a insuficiência renal aguda leva à alterações nos parâmetros sanguíneos do hemograma, parâmetros bioquímicos do soro, no perfil inflamatório, na perda óssea e no padrão de imunomarcação da lesão periapical(AU)

Objective: This study aimed to verify the influence of Acute Renal Failure (ARF) on the severity of apical periodontitis (AP) in Wistar rats. Methods: Sixtyfour rats divided into 4 groups and 2 periods of analysis (n = 8) were used: Control (C), ARF, AP and ARF+AP. IRA was induced by daily application of Gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day) for 8 days,intraperitoneal route. AP was induced by the pulp exposure of the upper and lower right and first and second molars. After 15 and 30 days of AP induction, the animals were anesthetized, the urine was collected for urinalysis and sedimentation, and the blood was collected for hemogram, creatinine, serum protein and urea analysis. Afterwards, the animals were euthanized, the kidneys collected for histological analysis and the jaws and jaws removed and processed for histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analysis for IL-6, IL-17, IL-23 and TNF-α. Results: For urinalysis, the amount of protein was higher in the AP, ARF and ARF+AP groups when compared to the control, in both experimental periods (p <0.05). In the sedimentation, granular cylinders, amorphous phosphate and calcium carbonate were found in the ARF and ARF+AP groups. In the hemogram, the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin and globular volume were lower in the ARF and ARF+AP groups at 15 and 30 days compared to the C and AP groups (p <0.05); mean corpuscular volume was lower in the ARF+AP group in the 15- day period, compared to the other groups (p <0.05). Regarding the leukogram, the number of leukocytes was higher in the ARF and ARF+AP groups in the first experimental period with significant statistical differences (p <0.05), in the second experimental period, the groups PA, IRA and ARF+AP did not present significant statistical differences among themselves (p> 0.05). In the analysis of serum biochemical parameters, urea and creatinine levels were higher in the ARF and ARF+AP groups (p <0.05), compared to the other experimental groups in both periods. Protein levels were reduced in the AP, ARF and ARF+AP groups, however, without statistical differences (p> 0.05). The kidneys were histologically analyzed and renal damage was demonstrated in all induced animals. Regarding the inflammatory infiltrate, in the first experimental period the AP group presented four specimens with discrete infiltrate and four specimens with moderate infiltration, while the ARF+AP group showed discrete infiltrate in all the specimens; in the second experimental period, the AP group presented a more intense inflammatory infiltrate when compared to the ARF+AP group, thus presenting a statistically significant difference between the groups in both experimental periods (p <0.05). In the histometric analysis, the AP group presented greater bone loss at 15 days when compared to the ARF+AP group (p <0.05). In the second experimental period, both groups with AP did not present statistical differences (p> 0.05), although the bone resorption of the AP group was higher. In the immunohistochemical analysis, TNF-α presented immunostaining pattern ranging from high to extremely high in the AP group and predominantly low to moderate in ARF + AP in both experimental periods (p <0.05). Already IL-23 presented an extremely high immunostaining pattern predominantly in the AP group and high in the ARF+AP group at 15 days (p <0.05). For IL-6 and IL-17, there were no statistical differences between the AP and ARF+AP groups in both experimental periods (p> 0.05). Conclusion: It was observed that the association of apical periodontitis with acute renal failure leads to alterations in the blood parameters of the hemogram, serum biochemical parameters, inflammatory, bone loss and the pattern of periapical lesion immunostaining(AU)

Omega 3 Fatty Acids Reduce the Triglyceride Levels in Rats with Apical Periodontitis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the prophylactic and therapeutic supplementation with omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (w-3 PUFAs) on the lipid profile and periapical bone resorption in rats with apical periodontitis. Forty male rats were divided into groups: control rats (C), rats treated with w-3 PUFAs (C+O), rats with pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis (AP), and rats with AP treated with w-3 PUFAs (AP+O). The administration of w-3 PUFAs was carried out orally once a day for 15 days before pulp exposure and, subsequently, for an additional 30 days after pulp exposure. AP was induced by exposing pulpal tissues to the oral environment. The samples were collected after 30 days. Triglycerides and cholesterol levels were enzymatically measured using the Trinder method. The jaws were collected and submitted for histological analysis. Two-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analysis, and the significance was set at p<0.05. The triglyceride levels of the AP group were significantly higher than those of the C, C+O and AP+O groups (p<0.05). However, the difference in the cholesterol levels among the groups was not significant (p>0.05). Rats with AP showed larger areas of bone resorption as well as higher inflammatory intensity compared with rats with AP supplemented with w-3 PUFAs. It may be concluded that the presence of multiple AP foci increased the triglyceride levels. In addition, omega 3 supplementation might reduce these levels in rats with AP, as well as the bone resorption areas of periapical tissues.

Omega 3 fatty acids reduce the triglyceride levels in rats with apical periodontitis

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the prophylactic and therapeutic supplementation with omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (w-3 PUFAs) on the lipid profile and periapical bone resorption in rats with apical periodontitis. Forty male rats were divided into groups: control rats (C), rats treated with w-3 PUFAs (C+O), rats with pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis (AP), and rats with AP treated with w-3 PUFAs (AP+O). The administration of w-3 PUFAs was carried out orally once a day for 15 days before pulp exposure and, subsequently, for an additional 30 days after pulp exposure. AP was induced by exposing pulpal tissues to the oral environment. The samples were collected after 30 days. Triglycerides and cholesterol levels were enzymatically measured using the Trinder method. The jaws were collected and submitted for histological analysis. Two-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analysis, and the significance was set at p<0.05. The triglyceride levels of the AP group were significantly higher than those of the C, C+O and AP+O groups (p<0.05). However, the difference in the cholesterol levels among the groups was not significant (p>0.05). Rats with AP showed larger areas of bone resorption as well as higher inflammatory intensity compared with rats with AP supplemented with w-3 PUFAs. It may be concluded that the presence of multiple AP foci increased the triglyceride levels. In addition, omega 3 supplementation might reduce these levels in rats with AP, as well as the bone resorption areas of periapical tissues.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da suplementação profilática e terapêutica com os ácidos graxos ômega-3 no perfil lipídico e na reabsorção óssea, em ratos com periodontite apical. Quarenta ratos machos foram divididos em grupos: ratos controle (C), ratos tratados com ácidos graxos ômega-3 (C+O), ratos com periodontite apical induzida por meio de exposição pulpar (PA), ratos com PA tratados com ácidos graxos ômega-3 (PA+O). A administração do ômega-3 foi realizada oralmente, uma vez ao dia durante 15 antes da exposição pulpar e, subsequentemente, por mais 30 dias depois da exposição pulpar. A PA foi induzida por meio da exposição do tecido pulpar ao ambiente oral. Após 30 dias, os ratos foram mortos e os níveis de triglicérides e colesterol foram mensurados pelo método enzimático de Trinder. As mandíbulas foram coletadas e submetidas à análise histológica. Análise de variância de dois fatores e teste de Kruskal-Wallis foram utilizados para análise estatística, e o nível de significância foi de p < 0,05. Os níveis de triglicérides do grupo PA foram significativamente maiores que dos grupos C, C+O e PA+O (p<0,05). Entretanto, não houve diferença significativa nos níveis de colesterol entre os grupos (p>0,05). Ratos com PA apresentaram maior área de reabsorção óssea bem como maior intensidade no infiltrado inflamatório comparados aos ratos com PA suplementados com ômega-3. Pode-se concluir que a presença de múltiplos focos de PA aumentou os níveis de triglicérides. Além disso, a suplementação com ômega-3 pode reduzir estes níveis em ratos com PA, bem como a área de reabsorção óssea dos tecidos periapicais.

Omega 3 Fatty Acids Reduce Bone Resorption While Promoting Bone Generation in Rat Apical Periodontitis.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the effects of the dietary supplement omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) on pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis (AP) in rats. METHODS: Twenty-eight male rats were divided into groups: control untreated rats (C), control rats treated with ω-3 PUFAs alone (C-O), rats with pulp exposure-induced AP, and rats with pulp exposure-induced AP treated with ω-3 PUFAs (AP-O). The ω-3 PUFAs were administered orally, once a day, for 15 days before pulp exposure and, subsequently, 30 days after pulp exposure. Rats were killed 30 days after pulp exposure, and jaws were subjected to histologic and immunohistochemical analyses. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to detect tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts and osteocalcin-positive osteoblasts on the bone surface of periapical area. Results were statistically evaluated by using analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significant difference, and P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The bone resorption lesion was significantly larger in the AP group compared with AP-O, C, and C-O groups (P < .05). The level of inflammatory cell infiltration was significantly elevated, and the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts was significantly higher in the periapical lesions of the AP group compared with AP-O, C, and C-O groups (P < .05). The number of osteocalcin-positive osteoblasts was significantly increased in the AP-O group compared with the AP group (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs not only suppresses bone resorption but also promotes new bone formation in the periapical area of rats with AP in conjunction with downregulation of inflammatory cell infiltration into the lesion.