ABSTRACT
The recovery of antioxidants and minerals as well as the content of contaminants of rainbow trout and sole side streams (head, skin and viscera) extracts obtained by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were evaluated. Then, the effect of the gastrointestinal digestion was tested. No mycotoxins were detected in the extracts, while heavy metals contents (mg/kg) were up to 2.9 (As), 0.054 (Cd), 0.16 (Hg) and 0.073 (Pb), being below maximum legislated limits. A positive effect of PLE was found for the antioxidant capacity recovery, being the oxygen radical capacity of sole head and skin extracts significantly enhanced after digestion (â¼3.8 times). PLE significantly increased Mg, Fe, Zn, Se and P (KPLE > 1) contents of rainbow trout side streams, Zn (KPLE5.97) and Fe (KPLE 2.80) of head sole and Mg, Se and P of all samples. Moreover, Mg, Ca and Fe bioaccessibility was lower in all sole extracts compared to rainbow trout.
Subject(s)
Metals, Heavy , Mycotoxins , Animals , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Metals, Heavy/chemistry , Minerals/chemistry , Oncorhynchus mykiss/metabolism , Rivers , Antioxidants/chemistry , DigestionABSTRACT
The impact of Spirulina, Chlorella and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) microalgal extracts obtained by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, microbial growth and in vitro gut microbiota composition was evaluated. PLE, compared to conventional extraction, led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in proteins, carbohydrates, polyphenols, and antioxidant capacities of the three microalgal extracts. Moreover, Spirulina and P. tricornutum extracts significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the in vitro activation of the inflammatory NF-κB pathway. The microalgal extracts had also an inhibitory effect on the pathogenic bacteria while potential beneficial Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains increased growth. The effects of microalgal extracts on specific bacterial groups were analyzed by quantitative PCR technology, and bacterial gene copy numbers were affected by in vitro digestion process and colonic fermentation time. GC-MS results showed that microalgal biomolecules' digestion promoted the release of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) during in vitro colonic microbiota fermentation, particularly acetic, butanoic and propanoic, indicating that the biomolecules in microalgae extracts have potential health benefits for human gut.
Subject(s)
Chlorella , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Microalgae , Spirulina , Humans , Chlorella/metabolism , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/metabolism , Spirulina/metabolism , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Microalgae/metabolism , Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism , Bacteria/metabolism , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/metabolism , CarbohydratesABSTRACT
The paper presents experimental results concerning the ultrasonically-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Erodium glaucophyllum roots. A comparison with conventional methodology is presented, and thereby the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts are evaluated. The phenolic profile of Erodium extracts was analyzed by TOF-LC-MS-MS. The identification of phenolic compounds revealed that the major component was (+)-gallocatechin in the aqueous extracts obtained for the different extraction methodologies. The highest quantity of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity was found in the hydroethanolic extract obtained by conventional extraction (29.22-25.50 mg GAE/g DM; 21.174 mM Trolox equivalent). The highest content of carotenoids, varying from 0.035 to 0.114 mg/g dry matter, was reached by ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Furthermore, Erodium extracts showed a potent inhibition of the inflammatory reaction by means of the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). The extracts obtained when ultrasound extraction was combined with ethanol:water (50:50, v/v) presented the greatest inhibition (92%).
Subject(s)
Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Plant Roots/chemistry , Tracheophyta/chemistry , Ultrasonic Waves , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Chromatography, Liquid , Ethanol/chemistry , Phenols/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-IonizationABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to identify and discriminate bacteria contained in commercial fermented milks with bifidobacteria by the use of amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques. ARDRA of the 16S rDNA gene and RAPD were performed on 13 Lactobacillus strains, 13 Streptococcus and 13 Bifidobacterium strains isolated from commercial fermented milk. Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Streptococcus thermophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis isolates were identified by genus- and species-PCR and also, they were differentiated at genus and species level by ARDRA using MwoI restriction enzyme. The ARDRA technique allowed for the discrimination among these three related genus with the use of only one restriction enzyme, since distinctive profiles were obtained for each genus. Therefore it can be a simple, rapid and useful method for routine identification. Also, RAPD technique allowed the discrimination of all bacteria contained in dairy products, at genus- and strain-level by the performance of one PCR reaction.
