ABSTRACT
Poor school performance may increase the risk of crime and violence via effects on self-esteem, risky behaviours, peer networks, and perceived stakes in society. Despite very high rates of violence in Latin America, no longitudinal research has addressed this issue in the region. Two aspects of educational performance (grade repetition and school completion) were examined during adolescence in a population-based Brazilian birth cohort study (n = 3584). Violent and non-violent crime were measured at age 22 years in confidential self-reports; sociodemographic, family, and individual confounders were measured between birth and age 11 years, and potential mediators were measured at age 18 years. The prevalence of violent and non-violent crimes at 22 years was 8.2% and 3.3%, respectively, referring to acts in the previous twelve months. For youth repeating school grades three times or more, the odds of violent crime were 2.4 (95%CI: 1.6-3.6) times higher than for those who had not repeated any school grade. Youth completing school had a lower risk for both violent (OR = 0.5; 95%CI: 0.4-0.7) and non-violent crime (OR = 0.3; 95%CI: 0.2-0.5), compared to those who did not finish school by the expected age. The protective effect of completing school was independent of the number of grades previously repeated. In conclusion, repeating school grades was associated with increased risk for crime; however, successfully managing to complete school by the expected age was an important protective factor against crime, even after multiple grade repetitions. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40865-022-00214-x.
ABSTRACT
The objective was to investigate sleep disorders and associated sociodemographic and behavioral factors. A census of university students was carried out. Questions extracted from the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire investigated: insufficient sleep duration (< 6 hours/day for < 65 years and < 5 hours/day for other ages), long latency (> 30 minutes), low self-rated sleep quality, nocturnal awakenings (involuntary, in the middle of the night), and daytime sleepiness (difficulty concentrating). Independent variables included sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. Adjusted analyses were performed with Poisson regression. Of the 1,865 students, 32% exhibited insufficient sleep on class days, 8.2% insufficient sleep on weekends, 18.6% long latency on class days, 17.2% long latency on weekends, 30% low self-rated sleep quality, 12.7% nocturnal awakenings, and 32.2% daytime sleepiness. Higher alcohol consumption was associated with insufficient sleep duration and long latency on class days, low quality sleep, awakenings, and daytime sleepiness. Smoking was associated with insufficient sleep duration on weekends, awakenings, and low-quality sleep. Black and brown skin color were associated with insufficient sleep duration on class days, low-quality sleep, and awakenings. Morning classes were associated with insufficient sleep and daytime sleepiness. Female gender was associated with low-quality sleep and awakenings. The most frequent sleep disorders were insufficient sleep on class days, low self-rated quality of sleep, and daytime sleepiness. Alcohol consumption and smoking and black and brown skin color were the principal factors associated with sleep disorders.
O objetivo foi investigar distúrbios do sono e fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais associados. Foi realizado um censo com universitários. Perguntas extraídas do Munich Chronotype Questionnaire investigaram: duração insuficiente do sono (< 6 horas/dia para < 65 anos e < 5 horas/dia para os demais), latência longa (> 30 minutos), baixa qualidade autopercebida, despertares noturnos (involuntários, no meio da noite) e sonolência diurna (dificuldade de concentração). Variáveis independentes englobaram características sociodemográficas e comportamentais. Análises ajustadas foram feitas com regressão de Poisson. Dos 1.865 estudantes, 32% apresentaram sono insuficiente nos dias de aula, 8,2% sono insuficiente nos finais de semana, 18,6% latência longa nos dias de aula, 17,2% latência longa nos finais de semana, 30% baixa qualidade autopercebida, 12,7% despertares noturnos e 32,2% sonolência diurna. O maior consumo de álcool esteve associado à duração insuficiente e latência longa nos dias de aula, baixa qualidade, despertares e sonolência; tabagismo com duração insuficiente nos finais de semana, despertares e baixa qualidade; e cor da pele preta ou parda com duração insuficiente nos dias de aula, baixa qualidade e despertares. Ter aulas de manhã associou-se a sono insuficiente nos dias de aula e sonolência diurna, e o sexo feminino, sonolência, baixa qualidade e despertares. Os distúrbios de sono mais frequentes foram sono insuficiente nos dias de aula, baixa qualidade autopercebida e sonolência diurna. O consumo de álcool e cigarros e a cor preta ou parda foram os principais fatores associados aos distúrbios.
El objetivo fue investigar trastornos del sueño, factores sociodemográficos y de comportamiento asociados. Fue realizado un censo con los estudiantes universitarios. Las preguntas extraídas del Munich Chonotype Questionnaire investigaron: duración insuficiente del sueño (< 6 horas/día para < 65 años y < 5 horas/día para los demás), latencia prolongada (> 30 minutos), baja calidad autopercibida, vigilias (involuntarias, en medio de la noche) y somnolencia diurna (dificultad de concentración). Las variables independientes englobaron características sociodemográficas y de comportamiento. Se realizaron análisis ajustados con regresión de Poisson. De los 1.865 estudiantes, un 32% presentaron sueño insuficiente durante los días de clase, un 8,2% sueño insuficiente los fines de semana, un 18,6% latencia prolongada durante los días de clase, un 17,2% latencia prolongada durante los fines de semana, un 30% baja calidad autopercibida, un 12,7% vigilias y un 32,2% somnolencia diurna. El mayor consumo de alcohol se asoció a la duración insuficiente y latencia prolongada los días de clase, baja calidad de sueño, vigilias y somnolencia; el tabaquismo con duración insuficiente de sueño durante los fines de semana, vigilias y baja calidad de sueño, así como color de piel negro o mulato con una duración insuficiente de sueño durante los días de clase, baja calidad del mismo y vigilias. Tener clases por la mañana se asoció a sueño insuficiente durante los días de clase, somnolencia diurna, y el sexo femenino con somnolencia, baja calidad y vigilias. Los disturbios de sueño más frecuentes fueron sueño insuficiente durante los días de clase, baja calidad autopercibida y somnolencia diurna. El consumo de alcohol y cigarrillos, así como el color negro o mulato fueron los principales factores asociados a los disturbios.
Subject(s)
Sleep Wake Disorders , Universities , Brazil , Female , Humans , Sleep , Students , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Social jetlag (SJL) is defined as the misalignment between the biological clocks and the social clock imposed by work and social constraints. In order to accomplish the workdays duties, people tend to not respect the internally sleep-wake cycle during the week, often using alarm clock to wake-up, which would lead to a chronic form of travel-induced jetlag. This circadian misalignment has been found to be associated with increased health risk and health-impairing behaviors. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to explore whether the SJL is a valid concept for the travel-induced jetlag symptoms, as well as what is the cutoff point with best parameters for defining the presence of SJL, in a sample of undergraduate students of a university in Southern Brazil. We assessed SJL by the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) and defined the concept as the difference between the midsleep point on free days and the midsleep point on classes days. The gold standard was defined as having at least one travel-induced jetlag symptom (fatigue, sleepiness or difficulty concentrating). Relative SJL, sensitivity and specificity were calculated for different cutoff points, plotted on ROC curves. A total of 452 students with complete sleep information were included in the analysis. The relative SJL mean was 2 h 23 min (SD = 1 h 24 min; range -3 h to 7 h 58 min) and 63.7% of the students had ≥2 h of relative SJL. All the tested cutoff points of the instrument had low sensitivity and specificity values, covering a small area under the ROC curve (0.487). The best parameters were for the cutoff point ≥2 h, with 63.4% sensitivity and 35.9% specificity. SJL did not revealed to be a valid concept for the studied sample comparing it to travel-induced jetlag symptomatology. One possible explanation for the lack of validity of our results regards the fact that SJL may not have the same apparent wide-term effects as the travel-induced jetlag. Then, the symptoms of SJL do not well represent the symptoms of travel-induced jetlag.
Subject(s)
Circadian Rhythm , Social Behavior , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Jet Lag Syndrome , Sleep , Surveys and Questionnaires , Time FactorsABSTRACT
O objetivo foi investigar distúrbios do sono e fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais associados. Foi realizado um censo com universitários. Perguntas extraídas do Munich Chronotype Questionnaire investigaram: duração insuficiente do sono (< 6 horas/dia para < 65 anos e < 5 horas/dia para os demais), latência longa (> 30 minutos), baixa qualidade autopercebida, despertares noturnos (involuntários, no meio da noite) e sonolência diurna (dificuldade de concentração). Variáveis independentes englobaram características sociodemográficas e comportamentais. Análises ajustadas foram feitas com regressão de Poisson. Dos 1.865 estudantes, 32% apresentaram sono insuficiente nos dias de aula, 8,2% sono insuficiente nos finais de semana, 18,6% latência longa nos dias de aula, 17,2% latência longa nos finais de semana, 30% baixa qualidade autopercebida, 12,7% despertares noturnos e 32,2% sonolência diurna. O maior consumo de álcool esteve associado à duração insuficiente e latência longa nos dias de aula, baixa qualidade, despertares e sonolência; tabagismo com duração insuficiente nos finais de semana, despertares e baixa qualidade; e cor da pele preta ou parda com duração insuficiente nos dias de aula, baixa qualidade e despertares. Ter aulas de manhã associou-se a sono insuficiente nos dias de aula e sonolência diurna, e o sexo feminino, sonolência, baixa qualidade e despertares. Os distúrbios de sono mais frequentes foram sono insuficiente nos dias de aula, baixa qualidade autopercebida e sonolência diurna. O consumo de álcool e cigarros e a cor preta ou parda foram os principais fatores associados aos distúrbios.
The objective was to investigate sleep disorders and associated sociodemographic and behavioral factors. A census of university students was carried out. Questions extracted from the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire investigated: insufficient sleep duration (< 6 hours/day for < 65 years and < 5 hours/day for other ages), long latency (> 30 minutes), low self-rated sleep quality, nocturnal awakenings (involuntary, in the middle of the night), and daytime sleepiness (difficulty concentrating). Independent variables included sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. Adjusted analyses were performed with Poisson regression. Of the 1,865 students, 32% exhibited insufficient sleep on class days, 8.2% insufficient sleep on weekends, 18.6% long latency on class days, 17.2% long latency on weekends, 30% low self-rated sleep quality, 12.7% nocturnal awakenings, and 32.2% daytime sleepiness. Higher alcohol consumption was associated with insufficient sleep duration and long latency on class days, low quality sleep, awakenings, and daytime sleepiness. Smoking was associated with insufficient sleep duration on weekends, awakenings, and low-quality sleep. Black and brown skin color were associated with insufficient sleep duration on class days, low-quality sleep, and awakenings. Morning classes were associated with insufficient sleep and daytime sleepiness. Female gender was associated with low-quality sleep and awakenings. The most frequent sleep disorders were insufficient sleep on class days, low self-rated quality of sleep, and daytime sleepiness. Alcohol consumption and smoking and black and brown skin color were the principal factors associated with sleep disorders.
El objetivo fue investigar trastornos del sueño, factores sociodemográficos y de comportamiento asociados. Fue realizado un censo con los estudiantes universitarios. Las preguntas extraídas del Munich Chonotype Questionnaire investigaron: duración insuficiente del sueño (< 6 horas/día para < 65 años y < 5 horas/día para los demás), latencia prolongada (> 30 minutos), baja calidad autopercibida, vigilias (involuntarias, en medio de la noche) y somnolencia diurna (dificultad de concentración). Las variables independientes englobaron características sociodemográficas y de comportamiento. Se realizaron análisis ajustados con regresión de Poisson. De los 1.865 estudiantes, un 32% presentaron sueño insuficiente durante los días de clase, un 8,2% sueño insuficiente los fines de semana, un 18,6% latencia prolongada durante los días de clase, un 17,2% latencia prolongada durante los fines de semana, un 30% baja calidad autopercibida, un 12,7% vigilias y un 32,2% somnolencia diurna. El mayor consumo de alcohol se asoció a la duración insuficiente y latencia prolongada los días de clase, baja calidad de sueño, vigilias y somnolencia; el tabaquismo con duración insuficiente de sueño durante los fines de semana, vigilias y baja calidad de sueño, así como color de piel negro o mulato con una duración insuficiente de sueño durante los días de clase, baja calidad del mismo y vigilias. Tener clases por la mañana se asoció a sueño insuficiente durante los días de clase, somnolencia diurna, y el sexo femenino con somnolencia, baja calidad y vigilias. Los disturbios de sueño más frecuentes fueron sueño insuficiente durante los días de clase, baja calidad autopercibida y somnolencia diurna. El consumo de alcohol y cigarrillos, así como el color negro o mulato fueron los principales factores asociados a los disturbios.
