Composición corporal en escolares de primaria y su relación con el hábito nutricional y la práctica reglada de actividad deportiva / Composição corporal em estudantes do ensino fundamental e sua relação com o hábito nutricional na prática regular de atividade física / Body composition in elementary school and its relationship with nutritional habits and formal practice sports activity

Objetivos. Presentar las relaciones encontradas en el primer año del estudio longitudinal de 6 años de duración entre la composición corporal, frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, nivel de actividad física y prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños y niñas de 6 años. Método. Mensualmente se midió el peso y la talla, se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y se pasó un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos mediante el test Kidmed de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y el cuestionario PAQ-C de actividad física. A partir de los datos de IMC se obtuvieron los valores correspondientes a la ecuación de regresión de Cole y los percentiles según las tablas del CDC de Atlanta y de la Fundación Orbegozo. Semestralmente se realizó una bioimpedancia monofrecuencia (BIA), cineantropometría completa y medición del gasto energético durante 2 días consecutivos con un calorímetro ArmBand. Resultados. Los principales hallazgos de este primer año son los siguientes: los datos obtenidos por BIA y por cineantropometría muestran una buena correlación, los datos del cuestionario Kidmed no muestran correlación con los datos antropométricos ni con el IMC, los datos del PAQ-C y la calorimetría muestran un mayor nivel de actividad en niños que en niñas incluso al corregirlo por la masa corporal total. Conclusiones. Las diferencias entre los 3 criterios de diagnóstico de obesidad son patentes, de forma que nuestros datos globales de sobrepeso oscilarían entre el 29 y el 44,9% para los niños o entre el 20,3 y el 32,4% para las niñas, según el criterio utilizado (AU)

Objetivos: Apresentar as relações encontradas no primeiro ano do estudo longitudinal de 6 anos de duração entre a composição corporal, frequência de consumo de alimentos, nível de atividade física e prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em meninos e meninas de 6 anos. Método: O peso e a altura foram medidos mensalmente, calculando o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e passou-se um questionário de frequência de consumo de alimentos mediante o teste Kidmed de adesão a dieta mediterrânea e o questionário PAQ-C de atividade física. A partir dos dados de IMC obtiveram-se os valores correspondentes da ação de regressão de Cole e os percentis segundo as tabelas do CDC de Atlanta e da Fundação Orbegozo. Semestralmente foram realizadas biopedância monofrequência (BIA), cineantropometria completa e medição do gasto energético durante 2 dias consecutivos com um calorímetro ArmBand. Resultados: Os principais achados desse primeiro ano foram os seguintes: os dados obtidos por BIA e por cineantropometria mostram uma boa correlação, os dados do questionário Kimed não mostram correlação com os dados antropométricos nem com o IMC, os dados do PAQ-C e da calorimetria mostram um maior nível de atividade em meninos que em meninas, inclusive depois de corrigido pela massa corporal. Conclusões: As diferenças entre os 3 critérios de obesidade são notórias, de forma que nossos dados globais de sobrepeso oscilam entre 29 e 44,9% para meninos e entre 20,3 e 32,4% para as meninas, segundo o critério utilizado

Objectives. To present the results of a longitudinal study of six years with a group of children throughout the primary stage of education based on the relationships between body composition, frequency of food consumption, level of physical activity and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in 6 year-old children. Method. Monthly weight and height were measured, body mass index (BMI) was calculated and two questionnaires were administered: The Kidmed questionnaire of adherence to the Mediterranean diet for the frequency of food consumption, and the PAQ -C questionnaire for physical activity. Data corresponding to the regression equation of Cole and percentiles according to the tables of CDC Atlanta and the Foundation Orbegozo values were obtained from the BMI. Twice a year, a single frequency bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and a full kinanthropometry were assessed and measurement of energy expenditure was conducted over two consecutive days with an ArmBand calorimeter. Results. The main findings of this first year are as follows: Data obtained by BIA and kinanthropometry show a good correlation. The questionnaire data shows that KIDMED does not correlate with anthropometric data or BMI. Data from the PAQ- C and calorimetry show a higher level of activity in boys than in girls even when adjusted to the total body mass. Conclusions. The differences between the three diagnostic criteria of obesity are obvious, so that our global data overweight range between 29 and 44.9% for boys and between 20.3 and 32.4% for girls, depending on the criteria used (AU)

A test for evaluation of exercise with apneic episodes in synchronized swimming.

In synchronized swimming, complex maneuvers are developed in the water alternating air breathing and apnea episodes, which activate complex and adjusted mechanisms for respiratory compensation. The aim of this study is to propose a specific laboratory test for the assessment of the functional respiratory adaptations during exercise with apnea periods in synchronized swimmers. We studied 25 women, of which 13 were elite synchronized swimmers and the other 12 were a control group. A laboratory test was performed on a cycle ergometer consisting of 4 minutes pedalling at a constant intensity of 1.5 watts/kg (test 1). After 30 minutes at rest, a new test was performed alternating free respiration and apnea periods of 15 seconds at the same intensity (test 2). In both tests HR, VE, VT, BF, VO2, VCO2, and lactate were analyzed. We observed an increase in VE, VO2, and VCO2 in the 13 swimmers in test 2, with no change in HR and lactate, and a constant relationship between VE and VCO2 equal for tests 1 and 2. In the control group only 6 women completed test 2, the other 6 stopped before the third minute. In this group, important differences were observed in relation to the swimmers: both heart rate and lactate increased in test 2 and showed an increase in the VE vs. VCO2 relationship which involved a different slope for test 1 and test 2. We conclude that functional respiratory adaptations induced by apnea during synchronized swimming are essential in this sport and the test proposed may be a useful tool to assess the physical performance in synchronized swimmers.