Prevalence of diabetes, prediabetes, and stress hyperglycemia: insulin therapy and metabolic control in patients on total parenteral nutrition (prospective multicenter study).

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders in patients who receive total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is not well known. These disorders can affect the treatment, metabolic control, and prognosis of affected patients. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence in noncritically ill patients on TPN of diabetes, prediabetes, and stress hyperglycemia; the factors affecting hyperglycemia during TPN; and the insulin therapy provided and the metabolic control achieved. METHODS: We undertook a prospective multicenter study involving 19 Spanish hospitals. Noncritically ill patients who were prescribed TPN were included, and data were collected on demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables (glycated hemoglobin, C-reactive protein [CRP], capillary blood glucose) as well as insulin treatment. RESULTS: The study included 605 patients. Before initiation of TPN, the prevalence of known diabetes was 17.4%, unknown diabetes 4.3%, stress hyperglycemia 7.1%, and prediabetes 27.8%. During TPN therapy, 50.9% of patients had at least one capillary blood glucose of >180 mg/dL. Predisposing factors were age, levels of CRP and glycated hemoglobin, the presence of diabetes, infectious complications, the number of grams of carbohydrates infused, and the administration of glucose-elevating drugs. Most (71.6%) patients were treated with insulin. The mean capillary blood glucose levels during TPN were: known diabetes (178.6 ± 46.5 mg/dL), unknown diabetes (173.9 ± 51.9), prediabetes (136.0 ± 25.4), stress hyperglycemia (146.0 ± 29.3), and normal (123.2 ± 19.9) (P<.001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders is very high in noncritically ill patients on TPN. These disorders affect insulin treatment and the degree of metabolic control achieved.

Síndrome metabólico y diabetes mellitus tipo 1: prevalencia y factores relacionados / Metabolic syndrome and type-1 diabetes mellitus: prevalence and associated factors

Introducción y objetivos. Numerosas evidencias han puesto de relieve la importancia clínica y epidemiológica del síndrome metabólico como precursor de la enfermedad cardiovascular. El síndrome metabólico se asocia en general a la diabetes tipo 2, pero son escasos los datos en la diabetes tipo 1. En el presente estudio se evalúa la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 y los factores relacionados. Métodos. Estudio transversal que incluyó a los pacientes mayores de 18 años de edad con diabetes tipo 1 autoinmune de más de 6 meses de evolución atendidos consecutivamente en la Consulta Externa de Endocrinología del Hospital del Mar de Barcelona durante el año 2008. La identificación del síndrome metabólico se estableció según los criterios modificados del Panel III del National Cholesterol Education Program. Resultados. Tenía síndrome metabólico el 31,9% (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 22,3%-41,5%) de los pacientes con diabetes tipo 1. La edad (odds ratio [OR] = 1,09; IC del 95%, 1,029-1,154), el índice de masa corporal (OR = 1,389; IC del 95%, 1,134-1,702) y la glucohemoglobina (OR = 1,745; IC del 95%, 1,081-2,815) fueron los factores que se asociaron de forma independiente y significativa con la presencia de síndrome metabólico en los pacientes con diabetes tipo 1. Se constató una relación directa entre el número de componentes de síndrome metabólico y la prevalencia de microangiopatía, que llegó a ser del 100% en los pacientes que cumplían todos los criterios diagnósticos. Conclusiones. El síndrome metabólico es frecuente en los pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 y se asocia con las complicaciones microvasculares (AU)

Introduction and objectives. Numerous clinical and epidemiological studies have highlighted the fact that metabolic syndrome is an important precursor of cardiovascular disease. Metabolic syndrome is generally associated with type-2 diabetes, and few data exist on its occurrence in type-1 diabetes. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with type-1 diabetes and to identify associated factors. Methods. This cross-sectional study included consecutive patients aged over 18 years with autoimmune type-1 diabetes of more than 6 months’ duration who were treated during 2008 at the Outpatient Endocrinology Clinic of the Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain. The presence of metabolic syndrome was determined using the modified criteria proposed by the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III. Results. Overall, 31.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.3%-41.5%) of patients with type-1 diabetes had metabolic syndrome. The following factors were significantly and independently associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome in patients with type-1 diabetes: age (odds ratio [OR]=1.09; 95% CI, 1.029-1.154), body mass index (OR=1.389; 95% CI, 1.134-1.702) and glycosylated hemoglobin level (OR=1.745; 95% CI, 1.081-2.815). In addition, there was a direct relationship between the number of components of metabolic syndrome present and prevalence of microangiopathy, which reached 100% in patients who satisfied all diagnostic criteria. Conclusions. Metabolic syndrome was common in patients with type-1 diabetes and was associated with microvascular complications (AU)

[Metabolic syndrome and type-1 diabetes mellitus: prevalence and associated factors]. / Síndrome metabólico y diabetes mellitus tipo 1: prevalencia y factores relacionados.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Numerous clinical and epidemiological studies have highlighted the fact that metabolic syndrome is an important precursor of cardiovascular disease. Metabolic syndrome is generally associated with type-2 diabetes, and few data exist on its occurrence in type-1 diabetes. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with type-1 diabetes and to identify associated factors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included consecutive patients aged over 18 years with autoimmune type-1 diabetes of more than 6 months' duration who were treated during 2008 at the Outpatient Endocrinology Clinic of the Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain. The presence of metabolic syndrome was determined using the modified criteria proposed by the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III. RESULTS: Overall, 31.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.3%-41.5%) of patients with type-1 diabetes had metabolic syndrome. The following factors were significantly and independently associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome in patients with type-1 diabetes: age (odds ratio [OR]=1.09; 95% CI, 1.029-1.154), body mass index (OR=1.389; 95% CI, 1.134-1.702) and glycosylated hemoglobin level (OR=1.745; 95% CI, 1.081-2.815). In addition, there was a direct relationship between the number of components of metabolic syndrome present and prevalence of microangiopathy, which reached 100% in patients who satisfied all diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic syndrome was common in patients with type-1 diabetes and was associated with microvascular complications.

Estimated glucose disposal rate in assessment of the metabolic syndrome and microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to quantify insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes patients by estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR), according to the presence or absence of the metabolic syndrome, and its relationship with chronic complications. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study in 91 patients with type 1 immune-mediated diabetes managed at an outpatient endocrinology clinic. All participants were Caucasians aged 18 yr or older with type 1 diabetes duration of more than 6 months who had completed the study protocol. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients met metabolic syndrome criteria, yielding a prevalence of 31.9%. Although no differences in insulin requirements were found between diabetic patients with and without metabolic syndrome, lower eGDR levels, indicating greater insulin resistance, were observed in metabolic syndrome patients compared with those without (6.19 +/- 1.5 mg/kg(-1) x min(-1) vs. 9.93 +/- 1.6 mg/kg(-1) x min(-1)) (P < 0.001). An eGDR level less than 8.77 mg/kg(-1) x min(-1) showed 100% sensitivity and 85.2% specificity for metabolic syndrome diagnosis. All patients with diabetes complications had eGDR values below 8.16 mg/kg(-1) x min(-1). eGDR level was significantly lower in patients with diabetic retinopathy (5.97 +/- 1.2 mg/kg(-1) x min(-1)), diabetic neuropathy (5.06 +/- 0.4 mg/kg(-1) x min(-1)), or diabetic nephropathy (5.79 +/- 1.5 mg/kg(-1) x min(-1)) compared with those without (9.38 +/- 2.0 mg/kg(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.001; 9.26 +/- 2.0 mg/kg(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.001; and 9.19 +/- 2.2 mg/kg(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Insulin resistance is common in type 1 diabetes patients and is associated with microvascular complications. eGDR, as an insulin resistance marker, provides more useful information than other classical variables such as insulin requirements.