Results of a surgical cricothyrotomy workshop with a pig trachea model. / Resultados de un taller de cricotiroidotomía quirúrgica con un modelo de tráquea de cerdo.

BACKGROUND: The latest Difficult Airway Society (DAS) guidelines recommend that all anaesthesiologists should to be trained in the performing of a surgical cricothyrotomy (CtQ). The aim of this study was to analyse the learning results of a CtQ workshop by assessing the success rate and time to perform CtQ on a porcine tracheal model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A workshop was designed in which each student completed a questionnaire with demographic data and theoretical knowledge about surgical approaches of airway. During the following hour, a review was presented theoretical aspects of CtQ. The model was shown and a CtQ was performed using a classical technique. Afterwards, in groups of 3-4 students with an instructor, each one of the students performed 6 CtQ. A record was made on whether the ventilation was correct, the time to perform CtQ, and the ease of performing the CtQ by the students and instructors. Finally, students completed a questionnaire on the theoretical aspects. Students and instructors performed a workshop debriefing. A statistical analysis was performed, considering a P-value <0.05 as statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 8 workshop sessions were held with a total of 91 students. At first attempt, 86% of students performed a CtQ with successful ventilation, and 92% at the sixth attempt (P<.0001). Time taken was 163 [107-211] seconds at first attempt, and 70 [55-85] seconds at the sixth (P<.0001). At the end of workshop, students had improved their theoretical knowledge (P<.0001) and perception of the ease of the technique. CONCLUSION: Workshop performance improved theoretical knowledge and competence in surgical cricothyrotomy.

Ventana sagital paramedial oblicua para el acceso de la rama medial del nervio raquídeo posterior guiado ecográficamente / Ultrasound guided parasagittal obliqua aproach for lumbar medial branch block

Objetivos: el método de abordaje ecográfico más utilizado para el bloqueo del ramo medial del nervio raquídeo posterior (RmNRp) requiere de la utilización de una técnica ecográfica biplanar con punción guiada en plano en ventana transversal, para situar la cánula perpendicular al RmNRp, limitando la realización de radiofrecuencia. La utilización de una ventana ecográfica parasagital oblicua permite el acceso al RmNRp permitiendo situar la cánula de forma paralela al nervio, logrando estímulos sensitivos y motores, y posibilitando la realización de radiofrecuencia térmica para segmentos lumbares por encima de L5.En el presente estudio valoramos la eficacia de este nuevo abordaje ecográfico mediante la comprobación fluoroscópica de la situación de la cánula y la comprobación de la obtención de estímulos sensitivos y motores. Material y métodos: se estudian 31 pacientes diagnosticados de síndrome facetario propuestos para la realización de bloqueos de RmNRp diagnósticos. Describimos cuatro ventanas ecográficas lumbares secuenciales necesarias para incluir los pacientes en el estudio. Una vez obtenidas, se localiza el punto objetivo utilizando una ventana parasagital oblicua para lograr la visualización de la cara externa de la apófisis articular superior y la parte más dorsal de la apófisis transversa. Se realiza punción guiada en plano hasta situar la punta en la unión entre apófisis articular superior y apófisis transversa. Una vez situada la cánula en el objetivo se procede a estímulo sensitivo 50 Hz y motor 2Hz para reposicionar la cánula en caso de no obtenerse estímulos. Una vez obtenido estímulo motor o sensitivo o ambos, se realiza una proyección fluoroscópica oblicua 30° y caudo-craneal para comprobar la localización de la punta de la aguja. Resultados: en el 16% de los pacientes no se pueden identificar las 4 ventanas ecográficas por lo que se aborta el procedimiento. En el 84% restante se consigue situar la aguja en el punto target en el 100% de los casos en el primer intento o con un sólo reposicionamiento de la aguja. Conclusión: la ventana ecográfica parasagital oblicua nos permite una aproximación tangencial al RmNRp lumbar con un alto índice de éxito para situar la cánula de radiofrecuencia de forma similar a cuando utilizamos fluoroscopia. La identificación de las cuatro ventanas ecográficas descritas en el estudio nos permite hacer un cribado de los pacientes tributarios a ecografía para el bloqueo de RmNRp (AU)

Objectives: The most used ultrasound guided medial branch block method requires the use of a biplane ultrasound technique. Using this technique the cannula is positioned not parallel to the medial branch by limiting their use to perform conventional radiofrequency. Using a sonographic parasagittal obliqua view allows placing the cannula parallel to the nerve, achieving sensory and motor stimuli and making possible radiofrequency above L5 lumbar segments. In the present study we determined the effectiveness of this new approach by using fluoroscopy and by obtention of sensory and motor stimuli. Material and methods: Thirty-one patients diagnosed with lumbar facet joint pain proposed for diagnostic medial branch blocks were studied. We describe four lumbar sequential sonographic views necessary to include patients in the study. Once obtained, the target point is located using a parasagittal oblique sonographic view to achieve the external face of the superior articular process and the more dorsal part of the transverse process. Puncture is performed guided in plane to place the tip at the junction between superior articular process and transverse process. Once the cannula located in the target proceeds to sensory stimulus 50 Hz and Motor 2 Hz to perform a cannula repositioning in case there were no stimuli. Once obtained either motor or sensory stimulus a caudal to craneal 30° oblique projection is performed by fluoroscopy to check the location of the needle tip. Results: In 16% of patients cannot identify the four ultrasound views so the procedure is aborted. In the remaining 84% is achieved by placing the needle into the target point at 100% of the cases on the first attempt or by once a repositioning of the needle. Conclusion: Ultrasound oblique parasagittal view allows us a tangential approach to the lumbar medial branch with a high rate of success to position the radiofrequency cannula similar to when using fluoroscopy. The sonographic identification of the four windows described in the study allows us to screening tributary patient for ultrasound medial branch blocks (AU)