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1.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 28(9): 1931-1932, 2022 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35997471

ABSTRACT

Invasive meningococcal disease persists as a fulminant disorder worldwide. Although cases caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup X (MenX) occur infrequently, outbreaks have been reported in countries in Africa in recent decades. We report 2 cases of MenX invasive meningococcal disease in São Paulo, Brazil, in 2021 and 2022, during the COVID-19 pandemic.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Meningitis, Meningococcal , Meningococcal Infections , Meningococcal Vaccines , Neisseria meningitidis , Brazil/epidemiology , Humans , Meningitis, Meningococcal/epidemiology , Meningococcal Infections/epidemiology , Pandemics
2.
J Clin Virol ; 154: 105245, 2022 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35896051

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute febrile illness characterized by fever; sore throat; and vesicular eruptions on the hands, feet, and oral mucosa. Outbreaks of HFMD in children aged <5 years have been reported worldwide and the major causative agents are Coxsackievirus (CV)A16, enterovirus (EV)-A71 and recently CVA6. AIM AND METHODS: The aim of this study was to investigated a large outbreak of Hand, foot, and mouth disease during COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 from clinical samples of 315 suspected cases, in São Paulo State, Brazil. Diagnostic evaluation was performed by RT-qPCR, culture cell isolation and serological neutralization assay. EV-positive were genotyped by partial VP1 genome sequencing. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-nine cases analyzed were positive for enterovirus (47.3%; n = 149/315) by neutralizing test (n = 10 patients) and RT-qPCR (n = 139 patients), and identified as CVA6 sub-lineage D3 by analysis of VP1 partial sequences. CONCLUSIONS: This finding indicated the reemergence of CVA6 in HFMD, soon after the gradual easing of non-pharmaceutical interventions during-pandemic COVID-19 and the relevance of continued surveillance of circulating enterovirus types in the post-COVID pandemic era.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Enterovirus Infections , Enterovirus , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease , Brazil/epidemiology , COVID-19/epidemiology , Child , China/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/epidemiology , Humans , Infant , Pandemics
3.
Boletim epidemiológico paulista ; 15(177-178): 23-32, set-out. 2018. tab
Article in Portuguese | Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-CTDPROD, Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-ACVSES | ID: biblio-1061556

ABSTRACT

Registros de casos de leishmaniose tegumentar na cidade de São Paulo, em parques e seusentornos, desde a década de 1970, e o início da expansão da área de transmissão da leishmaniosevisceral, no final dos anos de 1990, levaram o Centro de Controle de Zoonoses do município deSão Paulo (atualmente Divisão de Vigilância de Zoonoses) a desenvolver coletas sistematizadasde flebotomíneos em 12 áreas florestais da cidade, representadas por dez parques: Alfredo Volpi,Anhanguera, Cantareira (Núcleo Pedra Grande), do Carmo, Ecológico Tietê, Fundação ParqueZoológico, Guarapiranga, Jaraguá, Previdência e Tenente Siqueira Campos (Trianon), e em doisfragmentos de matas residuais: do Instituto Butantan e da Secretaria da Agricultura do Estado deSão Paulo. As coletas foram realizadas com armadilhas automáticas luminosas tipos New Jersey(NJ) e Center of Disease Control (CDC), entre 1981 e 2001. Flebotomíneos foram encontradosem 10/12 áreas amostradas. Nos parques Guarapiranga e Siqueira Campos (Trianon) as coletasforam negativas. No total das demais áreas, coletou-se 2.638 espécimes de flebotomíneos (79%fêmeas e 21% machos) de 23 espécies, pertencentes a 11 gêneros Brumptomyia...


Reports of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in areas in and near urban parks in the city of São Paulosince the 1970s, and the spread of visceral leishmaniasis since the end of the 1990s led the Centrode Controle de Zoonoses (currently the Divisão de Vigilância de Zoonoses) of the municipalityof São Paulo to undertake systematic collections of phlebotomine sand flies in 12 forested areas,represented by 10 parks: Alfredo Volpi, Anhanguera, Cantareira (Núcleo Pedra Grande), do Carmo,Ecológico Tietê, Fundação Parque Zoológico, Guarapiranga, Jaraguá, Previdência and TenenteSiqueira Campos (Trianon), and two fragments of residual forest: of the Instituto Butantan andof the Secretariat of Agriculture of the state of São Paulo. The collections were carried out usingautomatic light traps, New Jersey (NJ) and Center of Disease Control (CDC) types, between1981 and 2001. In the Guarapiranga and Tenente Siqueira Campos (Trianon) parks the collectionswere negative. In the all other areas 2,638 sand flies (79% female and 21% male) of 23 species,belonging to 11 genera, were captured: Brumptomyia (5), Evandromyia (1), Expapillata (1),Lutzomyia (1), Martinsmyia (1), Migonemyia (1), Nyssomyia (3), Pintomyia (3), Psathyromyia(3), Psychodopygus (3) and Sciopemyia (1), and also four taxa identified only at the genus level.The Cantareira park presented the greatest species richness (15 species + 1 Brumptomyia sp.).Pintomyia fischeri was collected at all the above...


Subject(s)
Disease , Meningitis
4.
Clin Vaccine Immunol ; 21(5): 636-40, 2014 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24599531

ABSTRACT

Pertussis remains an important public health problem in many countries despite extensive immunization. Cultures and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assays are the recommended pertussis diagnostic tests, but they lack sensitivity at the later stage of the disease. This study introduces the IgG anti-pertussis toxin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PT ELISA) in our routine diagnosis to improve disease burden estimation. Serum samples and nasopharyngeal swabs (n = 503) were collected at the same time from patients presenting with cough illness suspected of being pertussis and tested by the PT ELISA and culture and/or RT-PCR, respectively. Patients were separated into three age groups: group 1, <1 year (n = 260; mean age, 3 months), group 2, 1 to 6 years (n = 81; mean age, 3 years), and group 3, ≥7 years (n = 162; mean age, 26 years). The times (means) from cough onset to specimen collection were 16, 24, and 26 days, respectively. In group 1, 83 (82.2%) of 101 positive cases were positive for pertussis by culture/RT-PCR, while 40 (39.6%) tested positive by PT ELISA. In group 2, 6 (19.4%) of 31 positive cases were culture/RT-PCR positive, and 29 (93.6%) were seropositive. In group 3, 13 (13.8%) of 94 positive cases were positive by culture/RT-PCR and 91 (96.8%) were positive by serology. Culture/RT-PCR detected more cases of pertussis in infants (P < 0.0001), whereas the PT ELISA detected more cases in adolescents and adults (P < 0.0001). The timing between cough onset and specimen collection or recent vaccination may have partially affected our results. Serology is a suitable, cost-effective, and complementary pertussis diagnostic tool, especially among older children, adolescents, and adults during the later disease phase.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods , Whooping Cough/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Bacteriological Techniques/methods , Bordetella pertussis/genetics , Bordetella pertussis/growth & development , Bordetella pertussis/immunology , Bordetella pertussis/isolation & purification , Brazil , Child , Child, Preschool , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Female , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods , Nasopharynx/microbiology , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Sensitivity and Specificity , Serologic Tests/methods , Young Adult
6.
J Med Virol ; 84(11): 1825-30, 2012 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22997087

ABSTRACT

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of severe respiratory infections worldwide, and an important cause of childhood bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and mortality. Although prevention of RSV infection by immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab has proved effective, a precise understanding of the timing of RSV outbreaks is necessary to ensure that infants are protected when RSV is circulating. In this study a consistent shift in the seasonal patterns of RSV circulation in southeast Brazil (São Paulo) is reported based on the analysis of 15 years of viral surveillance. Surveillance was conducted from 1996 to 2010 and involved the collection of samples from children with symptoms of acute respiratory infection. Putative changes in school terms, in the proportion of RSV genotypes infecting children and in the seasonal dynamics of several climatic parameters during the period were also investigated. The results revealed a progression in the timing of RSV seasons, with a shift in the onset and peak of RSV epidemics from 2007 onwards. Although lower rainfall and temperatures were associated with the onset of outbreaks, there was no evidence of changes in climate, school terms or in the relative proportion of genotypes in the period analyzed. These findings have direct implications for improving the prophylactic use of palivizumab, and stress the importance of fine tuning prophylaxis with recent surveillance data. In the case of São Paulo, palivizumab prophylaxis should be initiated earlier than suggested currently. Similar adjustments may be necessary in other regions.


Subject(s)
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/isolation & purification , Brazil/epidemiology , Child, Preschool , Humans , Incidence , Infant , Seasons , Sentinel Surveillance , Temperature , Weather
7.
BEPA - Boletim Epidemiológico Paulista ; 9(97): 5-25, jan. 2012. tab, graf, ilus
Article in Portuguese | Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-CTDPROD, Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-ACVSES, SESSP-CVEPROD, Sec. Est. Saúde SP | ID: biblio-1060321

ABSTRACT

As meningites têm distribuição mundial e sua epidemiologia depende de fatorescomo: agente etiológico, aglomerados populacionais e faixa etária acometida.Realizou-se a avaliação do Sistema de Vigilância das Meningites no municípiode São Paulo nos anos de 2006 e 2008, com ênfase para a doença meningocócica, preconizando a notificação e a investigação. A metodologia seguiu as recomendações do Updated Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems Recommendations from the Guidelines Working Group/CCD e do roteiro para avaliação da Qualidade da Base de Dados do SINAN. Para a descrição da vigilância das meningites foram entrevistados técnicos responsáveis pela Vigilância das Meningites: do Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica “Prof Alexandre Vranjac”, das supervisões de vigilância em saúde/SUVIS/SMS/SP e dos núcleos de epidemiologia hospitalar. Os dadossecundários foram obtidos a partir do SINAN com seleção de pacientesresidentes e atendidos no município de São Paulo em 2006 e 2008, segundo adata de início dos sintomas. O presente estudo mostrou que os núcleos devigilância epidemiológica hospitalar são úteis para desencadear as medidas deprevenção e controle e que o SINAN é uma ferramenta importante na geraçãode informações. No entanto, faz-se necessário reconhecer suas limitações eaperfeiçoar esse instrumento. No município de São Paulo a vigilância dasmeningites mostrou-se complexa, aceita pelos técnicos, oportuna em relação àinvestigação, inoportuna quanto a quimioprofilaxia e útil diante os objetivosdo sistema


Subject(s)
Meningococcal Infections , Meningitis, Bacterial , Epidemiological Monitoring
8.
Bepa - Boletim Epidemiológico Paulista ; 7(76): 4-12, Abril 2010. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-CTDPROD, Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-CVEPROD, Sec. Est. Saúde SP | ID: biblio-1060763

ABSTRACT

A contraimunoeletroforese (CIE) é uma técnica amplamente utilizada no Brasil para o diagnóstico laboratorial indireto de meningites causadas por Neisseria meningitidis (Men) dos sorogrupos A, B e C e Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) tipo b, desde a década de 1970. A introdução da técnica de PCR em tempo real (RT-PCR) na rotina diagnóstica das meningites causadas por Men, Hi e Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), no Instituto Adolfo Lutz, levou à identificação de resultados discrepantes entre as duas metodologias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar 46 amostras com resultados de CIE positivos para Hib. Deste total, 26 amostras (57%) tiveram resultados caracterizados como falsos positivos para Hib, pois nenhuma delas foi positiva para este agente por RT-PCR e teste de látex. Destas, 21 (46%) foram positivas para Spn por RT-PCR e látex e 5 (11%) foram negativas tanto para Hib ou Spn por ambas as técnicas. Estes dados evidenciaram a alta porcentagem de resultados falsos positivos para o componente Hib obtidos pela técnica de CIE. Nós recomendamos o uso do látex ou RT-PCR e não a CIE para a detecção de Hib ou, então, o uso de um segundo teste para confirmar casos de Hib positivos por CIE.


Subject(s)
Humans , Haemophilus influenzae , Meningitis , Meningitis, Bacterial , Haemophilus influenzae type b
9.
BEPA - Boletim Epidemiológico Paulista ; 7(75): 4-12, mar. 2010. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-CTDPROD, Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-ACVSES, SESSP-CVEPROD, Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-IALPROD, Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-IALACERVO | ID: biblio-1060186

ABSTRACT

A contraimunoeletroforese (CIE) é uma técnica amplamente utilizada noBrasil para o diagnóstico laboratorial indireto de meningites causadas porNeisseria meningitidis (Men) dos sorogrupos A, B e C e Haemophilusinfluenzae (Hi) tipo b, desde a década de 1970. A introdução da técnica dePCR em tempo real (RT-PCR) na rotina diagnóstica das meningitescausadas por Men, Hi e Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), no InstitutoAdolfo Lutz, levou à identificação de resultados discrepantes entre as duasmetodologias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar 46 amostras comresultados de CIE positivos para Hib. Deste total, 26 amostras (57%)tiveram resultados caracterizados como falsos positivos para Hib, poisnenhuma delas foi positiva para este agente por RT-PCR e teste de látex.Destas, 21 (46%) foram positivas para Spn por RT-PCR e látex e 5 (11%)foram negativas tanto para Hib ou Spn por ambas as técnicas. Estes dadosevidenciaram a alta porcentagem de resultados falsos positivos para ocomponente Hib obtidos pela técnica de CIE. Nós recomendamos o uso dolátex ou RT-PCR e não a CIE para a detecção de Hib ou, então, o uso de umsegundo teste para confirmar casos de Hib positivos por CIE


Subject(s)
Haemophilus influenzae type b , Meningitis, Bacterial , Streptococcus pneumoniae
10.
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