Acute Myocardial Infarction Reduces Respiration in Rat Cardiac Fibers, despite Adipose Tissue Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Transplant.

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cell (AD-MSC) administration improves cardiac function after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Although the mechanisms underlying this effect remain to be elucidated, the reversal of the mitochondrial dysfunction may be associated with AMI recovery. Here, we analyzed the alterations in the respiratory capacity of cardiomyocytes in the infarcted zone (IZ) and the border zone (BZ) and evaluated if mitochondrial function improved in cardiomyocytes after AD-MSC transplantation. Female rats were subjected to AMI by permanent left anterior descending coronary (LAD) ligation and were then treated with AD-MSCs or PBS in the border zone (BZ). Cardiac fibers were analyzed 24 hours (necrotic phase) and 8 days (fibrotic phase) after AMI for mitochondrial respiration, citrate synthase (CS) activity, F0F1-ATPase activity, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). High-resolution respirometry of permeabilized cardiac fibers showed that AMI reduced numerous mitochondrial respiration parameters in cardiac tissue, including phosphorylating and nonphosphorylating conditions, respiration coupled to ATP synthesis, and maximal respiratory capacity. CS decreased in IZ and BZ at the necrotic phase, whereas it recovered in BZ and continued to drop in IZ over time when compared to Sham. Exogenous cytochrome c doubled respiration at the necrotic phase in IZ. F0F1-ATPase activity decreased in the BZ and, to more extent, in IZ in both phases. Transmission electron microscopy showed disorganized mitochondrial cristae structure, which was more accentuated in IZ but also important in BZ. All these alterations in mitochondrial respiration were still present in the group treated with AD-MSC. In conclusion, AMI led to mitochondrial dysfunction with oxidative phosphorylation disorders, and AD-MSC improved CS temporarily but was not able to avoid alterations in mitochondria function over time.

The Impact of Advanced Age on Major Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing a Pharmaco-Invasive Strategy.

BACKGROUND: There is little research in the efficacy and safety of a pharmaco-invasive strategy (PIS) in patients ≥75 years versus <75 years of age. We aimed to evaluate and compare the influence of advanced age on the risk of death and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients undergoing PIS. METHODS: Between January 2010 and November 2016, 14 municipal emergency rooms in São Paulo, Brazil, used full-dose tenecteplase to treat patients with STEMI as part of a pharmaco-invasive strategy for a local network implementation. RESULTS: A total of 1852 patients undergoing PIS were evaluated, of which 160 (9%) were ≥75 years of age. Compared to patients <75 years, those ≥75 years were more often female, had lower body mass index, higher rates of hypertension; higher incidence of hypothyroidism, chronic renal failure, prior stroke, and diabetes. Compared to patients <75 years of age, in-hospital MACE and mortality were higher in patients with ≥75 years (6.5% versus 19.4%; p<0.001; and 4.0% versus 18.2%; p<0.001, respectively). Patients ≥75 years had higher rates of in-hospital major bleeding (2.7% versus 5.6%; p=0.04) and higher incidence of cardiogenic shock (7.0% versus 19.6%; p<0.001). By multivariable analysis, age ≥75 years was independent predictor of MACE (OR 3.57, 95% CI 1.72 to 7.42, p=0.001) and death (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.12-3.82, p=0.020). CONCLUSION: In patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing PIS, age ≥75 years was an independent factor that entailed a 3.5-fold higher MACE and 2-fold higher mortality rate compared to patients <75 years of age.

Impact of Intensive Physiotherapy on Cognitive Function after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery / Impacto da Fisioterapia Intensiva no Pós-Operatório de Revascularização Miocárdica

Background: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is a standard surgical option for patients with diffuse and significant arterial plaque. This procedure, however, is not free of postoperative complications, especially pulmonary and cognitive disorders. Objective: This study aimed at comparing the impact of two different physiotherapy treatment approaches on pulmonary and cognitive function of patients undergoing CABG. Methods: Neuropsychological and pulmonary function tests were applied, prior to and following CABG, to 39 patients randomized into two groups as follows: Group 1 (control) - 20 patients underwent one physiotherapy session daily; and Group 2 (intensive physiotherapy) - 19 patients underwent three physiotherapy sessions daily during the recovery phase at the hospital. Non-paired and paired Student t tests were used to compare continuous variables. Variables without normal distribution were compared between groups by using Mann-Whitney test, and, within the same group at different times, by using Wilcoxon test. The chi-square test assessed differences of categorical variables. Statistical tests with a p value ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Changes in pulmonary function were not significantly different between the groups. However, while Group 2 patients showed no decline in their neurocognitive function, Group 1 patients showed a decline in their cognitive functions (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusion: Those results highlight the importance of physiotherapy after CABG and support the implementation of multiple sessions per day, providing patients with better psychosocial conditions and less morbidity. .

Fundamento: A cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM) é a opção cirúrgica padrão para pacientes com placas arteriais difusas e significativas. Tal procedimento, no entanto, não é desprovido de complicações pós-operatórias, especialmente distúrbios pulmonares e cognitivos. Objetivo: Comparar o impacto de duas abordagens fisioterapêuticas diferentes nas funções pulmonar e cognitiva de pacientes submetidos a CRM. Métodos: Testes de função pulmonar e neuropsicológicos foram aplicados, antes e após CRM, a 39 pacientes randomizados em dois grupos: Grupo 1 - 20 pacientes-controle submetidos a uma sessão de fisioterapia por dia; Grupo 2 - 19 pacientes submetidos a três sessões de fisioterapia por dia durante recuperação no hospital. Testes t de Student pareado e não pareado foram usados para comparar as variáveis contínuas. Variáveis sem distribuição normal foram comparadas entre os grupos usando-se o teste de Mann-Whitney, e, dentro do mesmo grupo em momentos diferentes, usando-se o teste de Wilcoxon. O teste do qui-quadrado avaliou diferenças das variáveis categóricas. Testes estatísticos com p valor ≤ 0,05 foram considerados significativos. Resultados: As alterações da função pulmonar não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. Entretanto, o mesmo não ocorreu com a função neurocognitiva, que apresentou declínio no Grupo 1, mas não no Grupo 2 (p ≤ 0,01). Conclusão: Tais resultados reforçam a importância da fisioterapia após CRM e da realização de múltiplas sessões por dia, o que oferece aos pacientes melhores condições psicossociais e menos morbidade. .

Impact of Intensive Physiotherapy on Cognitive Function after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery.

Background: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is a standard surgical option for patients with diffuse and significant arterial plaque. This procedure, however, is not free of postoperative complications, especially pulmonary and cognitive disorders. Objective: This study aimed at comparing the impact of two different physiotherapy treatment approaches on pulmonary and cognitive function of patients undergoing CABG. Methods: Neuropsychological and pulmonary function tests were applied, prior to and following CABG, to 39 patients randomized into two groups as follows: Group 1 (control) - 20 patients underwent one physiotherapy session daily; and Group 2 (intensive physiotherapy) - 19 patients underwent three physiotherapy sessions daily during the recovery phase at the hospital. Non-paired and paired Student t tests were used to compare continuous variables. Variables without normal distribution were compared between groups by using Mann-Whitney test, and, within the same group at different times, by using Wilcoxon test. The chi-square test assessed differences of categorical variables. Statistical tests with a p value ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Changes in pulmonary function were not significantly different between the groups. However, while Group 2 patients showed no decline in their neurocognitive function, Group 1 patients showed a decline in their cognitive functions (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusion: Those results highlight the importance of physiotherapy after CABG and support the implementation of multiple sessions per day, providing patients with better psychosocial conditions and less morbidity.Fundamento: A cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM) é a opção cirúrgica padrão para pacientes com placas arteriais difusas e significativas. Tal procedimento, no entanto, não é desprovido de complicações pós-operatórias, especialmente distúrbios pulmonares e cognitivos. Objetivo: Comparar o impacto de duas abordagens fisioterapêuticas diferentes nas funções pulmonar e cognitiva de pacientes submetidos a CRM. Métodos: Testes de função pulmonar e neuropsicológicos foram aplicados, antes e após CRM, a 39 pacientes randomizados em dois grupos: Grupo 1 - 20 pacientes-controle submetidos a uma sessão de fisioterapia por dia; Grupo 2 - 19 pacientes submetidos a três sessões de fisioterapia por dia durante recuperação no hospital. Testes t de Student pareado e não pareado foram usados para comparar as variáveis contínuas. Variáveis sem distribuição normal foram comparadas entre os grupos usando-se o teste de Mann-Whitney, e, dentro do mesmo grupo em momentos diferentes, usando-se o teste de Wilcoxon. O teste do qui-quadrado avaliou diferenças das variáveis categóricas. Testes estatísticos com p valor ≤ 0,05 foram considerados significativos. Resultados: As alterações da função pulmonar não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. Entretanto, o mesmo não ocorreu com a função neurocognitiva, que apresentou declínio no Grupo 1, mas não no Grupo 2 (p ≤ 0,01). Conclusão: Tais resultados reforçam a importância da fisioterapia após CRM e da realização de múltiplas sessões por dia, o que oferece aos pacientes melhores condições psicossociais e menos morbidade.

Confiabilidade e validade da escala de depressão geriátrica em idosos com doença arterial coronariana / Reliability and validity of the geriatric depression scale in elderly individuals with coronary artery disease

FUNDAMENTO: A prevalência de depressão em portadores de doença arterial coronariana (DAC) é alta. A escala de depressão geriátrica (EDG) é um instrumento amplamente usado para rastrear a depressão em idosos. No Brasil, as propriedades psicométricas da versão curta ainda não foram adequadamente exploradas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da versão curta da EDG em portadores de DAC em ambulatório de cardiologia. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal que avaliou 209 idosos (≥ 65 anos) com DAC utilizando a EDG-15, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS), Brazilian OARS Multidimensional Function Assessment Questionnaire (BOMFAQ) e The Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly (CAMDEX). A consistência interna da EDG-15 foi calculada pelo KR-20. Uma análise fatorial dessa escala foi conduzida. Escores da EDG-15 foram comparados com os diagnósticos de depressão (DSM-IV) para a validade de critérios. Na análise de validade concorrente, os mesmos escores foram correlacionados com os das escalas de depressão CAMDEX, Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM), Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG) e BOMFAQ. RESULTADOS: A depressão clínica foi diagnosticada em 35,71 por cento da amostra avaliada de acordo com o DSM-IV. Para o diagnóstico de depressão maior ou distimia, o ponto de corte 5/6 apresentou acurácia moderada (AUROC = 0,84), sensibilidade de 79,92 por cento e especificidade de 78,29 por cento. A consistência interna foi de 0,80. Na análise fatorial, três fatores obtidos explicaram 52,72 por cento da variância total observada. Os escores da EDG-15 correlacionaram-se com os da escala de depressão CAMDEX. CONCLUSÃO: No geral, a EDG-15 apresentou boa confiabilidade e validade (concorrente e de critério). Em settings cardiológicos, seu uso pode auxiliar no rastreamento de quadros depressivos de forma simples e rápida.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of depression in individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD) is high. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is a broadly used tool to screen for depression in elderly individuals. In Brazil, the psychometric properties of the short version have not been adequately assessed. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the short version of the GDS in patients with CAD treated at a Cardiology Outpatient Clinic. METHODS: The present is a cross-sectional study that assessed 209 elderly individuals (≥ 65 years) with CAD using the GDS-15, the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS-G), the Brazilian OARS Multidimensional Function Assessment Questionnaire (BOMFAQ) and The Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly (CAMDEX). The internal consistency of the GDS-15 was calculated through the KR-20. A factorial analysis of this scale was carried out. The GDS-15 scores were compared with the diagnoses of depression (DSM-IV) for the validity of criteria. At the analysis of concurrent validity, the same scores were correlated with those of the CAMDEX, mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG) and BOMFAQ depression scales. RESULTS: Clinical depression was diagnosed in 35.71 percent of the sample assessed according to the DSM-IV. For the diagnosis of major depression or dystimia, the cutoff 5/6 presented moderate accuracy (AUROC = 0.84), sensitivity of 79.92 percent and specificity of 78.29 percent. The internal consistency was 0.80. At the factorial analysis, three obtained factors explained 52.72 percent of the total variance that was observed. The GDS-15 scores correlated with those of the CAMDEX depression scale. CONCLUSION: In general, the GDS-15 presented good reliability and validity (concurrent and of criterion). In cardiologic settings, its use, which is simple and fast, can be utilized in the screening for depression.

[Reliability and validity of the geriatric depression scale in elderly individuals with coronary artery disease]. / Confiabilidade e validade da escala de depressão geriátrica em idosos com doença arterial coronariana.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of depression in individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD) is high. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is a broadly used tool to screen for depression in elderly individuals. In Brazil, the psychometric properties of the short version have not been adequately assessed. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the short version of the GDS in patients with CAD treated at a Cardiology Outpatient Clinic. METHODS: The present is a cross-sectional study that assessed 209 elderly individuals (> or = 65 years) with CAD using the GDS-15, the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS-G), the Brazilian OARS Multidimensional Function Assessment Questionnaire (BOMFAQ) and The Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly (CAMDEX). The internal consistency of the GDS-15 was calculated through the KR-20. A factorial analysis of this scale was carried out. The GDS-15 scores were compared with the diagnoses of depression (DSM-IV) for the validity of criteria. At the analysis of concurrent validity, the same scores were correlated with those of the CAMDEX, mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG) and BOMFAQ depression scales. RESULTS: Clinical depression was diagnosed in 35.71% of the sample assessed according to the DSM-IV. For the diagnosis of major depression or dystimia, the cutoff 5/6 presented moderate accuracy (AUROC = 0.84), sensitivity of 79.92% and specificity of 78.29%. The internal consistency was 0.80. At the factorial analysis, three obtained factors explained 52.72% of the total variance that was observed. The GDS-15 scores correlated with those of the CAMDEX depression scale. CONCLUSION: In general, the GDS-15 presented good reliability and validity (concurrent and of criterion). In cardiologic settings, its use, which is simple and fast, can be utilized in the screening for depression.

Echocardiographic parameters and brain natriuretic peptide in patients after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot.

BACKGROUND: Although the residual lesions after surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) can be evaluated by Doppler echocardiography (DE), the relation of DE parameters with the proBNP level, a potential biomarker of right ventricle overload, is not well known. The objective of this study was to evaluate the DE parameters and their relation to proBNP levels. METHODS: proBNP plasma level and Doppler echocardiography parameters were obtained on the same day in 49 patients later after repair of TOF (mean age of 14.7 years, 51% female, mean PO time of 9.5 years). The DE parameters studied were the dimensions of the right atrium (RA) and ventricle (RV), RV diastolic and systolic function, and residual pulmonary lesions. The relation between them and proBNP levels were analyzed and the cutoff values of DE parameters for elevated proBNP determined. RESULTS: proBNP was elevated in 53% and correlated with RV diastolic diameter (r = 0.41; P = 0.003), RA longitudinal (r = 0.52; P = 0.0001) and transversal (r = 0.47; P = 0.001) diameters, pressure half time of pulmonary regurgitation (PR) velocity (PHT) (r =-0.42; P = 0.005), and the PR index (r =-0.60; P < 0.001). By multivariate analysis, the PR index (r =-597; P = 0,001; CI: -913.2 to -280.8) and RA longitudinal (r = 7.74; P < 0,001; CI 4.18 to 11.31) were independent predictors of elevated proBNP. PHT lower than 64 msec (0.76) and PRi lower than 0.65 (0.81) had the best accuracy for elevated proBNP. CONCLUSION: proBNP may be increased in patients after surgical repair of TOF, correlated with the size of right cardiac chambers and the severity of PR.

Novel mutations in the TBX5 gene in patients with Holt-Oram Syndrome.

The Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by upper limb and cardiac malformations. Mutations in the TBX5 gene cause HOS and have also been associated with isolated heart and arm defects. Interactions between the TBX5, GATA4 and NKX2.5 proteins have been reported in humans. We screened the TBX5, GATA4, and NKX2.5 genes for mutations, by direct sequencing, in 32 unrelated patients presenting classical (8) or atypical HOS (1), isolated congenital heart defects (16) or isolated upper-limb malformations (7). Pathogenic mutations in the TBX5 gene were found in four HOS patients, including two new mutations (c.374delG; c.678G > T) in typical patients, and the hotspot mutation c.835C > T in two patients, one of them with an atypical HOS phenotype involving lower-limb malformations. Two new mutations in the GATA4 gene were found in association with isolated upper-limb malformations, but their clinical significance remains to be established. A previously described possibly pathogenic mutation in the NKX2.5 gene (c.73C > 7) was detected in a patient with isolated heart malformations and also in his clinically normal father.

Novel mutations in the TBX5 gene in patients with Holt-Oram Syndrome

The Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by upper limb and cardiac malformations. Mutations in the TBX5 gene cause HOS and have also been associated with isolated heart and arm defects. Interactions between the TBX5, GATA4 and NKX2.5 proteins have been reported in humans. We screened the TBX5, GATA4, and NKX2.5 genes for mutations, by direct sequencing, in 32 unrelated patients presenting classical (8) or atypical HOS (1), isolated congenital heart defects (16) or isolated upper-limb malformations (7). Pathogenic mutations in the TBX5 gene were found in four HOS patients, including two new mutations (c.374delG; c.678G > T) in typical patients, and the hotspot mutation c.835C > T in two patients, one of them with an atypical HOS phenotype involving lower-limb malformations. Two new mutations in the GATA4 gene were found in association with isolated upper-limb malformations, but their clinical significance remains to be established. A previously described possibly pathogenic mutation in the NKX2.5 gene (c.73C > 7) was detected in a patient with isolated heart malformations and also in his clinically normal father.

Bases da terapia celular em cardiologia / Cell therapy in cardiology

O implante de células para o tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares encontra-se sob investigação em vários centros no mundo. Várias linhagens celulares, de células-tronco bem caracterizadas a frações contendo diferentes tipos de células, têm sido investigadas em modelos animais. Apesar dos avanços obtidos na última década, na área de ciência básica, com relação a esta nova modalidade terapêutica, diversas questões permanecem sem resposta. Pouco ainda se sabe sobre os mecanismos através dos quais a terapia celular possa gerar resultados efetivos. Adicionalmente, a melhor via para o transplante, o número total e a concentração de células, e o melhor tipo celular permanecem questões importantes, ainda sem definição. É fato de que diversas células da medula óssea exercem seus efeitos através de mecanismos parácrinos e de que existe um complexo mecanismo de interação, contato e liberação de sinais entre essas células e as outras populações celulares nos órgãos lesados. Atualmente, a maioria dos estudos em humanos se concentra em células de origem adulta e autóloga, em oposição ao uso de células de origem embrionária. Esta revisão analisa os principais ensaios clínicos que utilizaram células derivadas de medula óssea em quatro cardiopatias: doença arterial coronariana aguda e crônica, e nas cardiomiopatias chagásica e dilatada. Os resultados desses estudos demonstram que o procedimento é seguro e exequível, e potencialmente eficaz. Inquestionavelmente, mais estudos pré-clínicos e clínicos são necessários para acessar o real potencial benefício desse novo modelo terapêutico.

Cell transplantation for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is being investigated in many centers throughout the world. Various cell lines, from well characterized stem cells to cell fractions containing different types of cells, have been investigated in animal models. Despite progress in the basic research of this new therapy obtained over the last decade, many questions remain unanswered. We still know very little about the mechanisms of action that may lead to positive results after cell therapy. Additionally, the best route for cell transplantation, the best number and concentration of cells and the best cell type for transplant remain important questions that are still undefined. It is a fact that many bone marrow cells exert their effects through paracrine mechanisms, and that a complex mechanism of interaction, contact and signal release exists between these cells and other cell populations in damaged organs. Currently the majority of human studies are focused on the use of adult and autologous cells in contrast to the use of embryonic cells. This review describes the main clinical trials that have been performed using bone marrow-derived cells in the setting of four distinct heart diseases: acute and chronic ischemic heart disease and chagasic and dilated cardiomyopathies. Results from these studies demonstrate the procedure to be safe and feasible, and potentially efficacious. Undoubtedly more pre-clinical and clinical studies are necessary to assess the real potential benefit of this new therapeutic model.

Acupuncture and moxibustion as fundamental therapeutic complements for full recovery of staphylococcal skin infection after a poor 50-day treatment response to antibiotics.

OBJECTIVES: Use of acupuncture and moxibustion as therapeutic complements for staphylococcia. DESIGN: Complementary treatment with acupuncture and moxibustion for staphylococcal-infected skin wounds and a life-threatening clinical condition in a 13-month-old Brazilian child with a genetic syndrome and congenital heart disease initially treated in the traditional fashion with poor response to antibiotics, antifungal agent, and local dressing for a period of 50 days. INTERVENTIONS: Needling acupoints: Bl-58, St-40, St-36, K-7, Sp-6, Lu-9, LI-4, Ren-17, Lu-11, LI-1, St-45, Sp-1, H-9, SI-1, Bl-67, P-9, TB-1, GB-44, Li-1, and K-1. Moxibustion was applied on DU-14. RESULTS: The association of acupuncture and moxibustion resulted in rapid improvement in clinical condition as well as progressive wound cicatrization. Withdrawal of antibiotics and the antifungal agent and dismissal from the hospital occurred within 7 and 11 days, respectively. Full recovery was achieved following 40-day treatment. CONCLUSION: Acupuncture and moxibustion were fundamental complementary tools for staphylococcal wound healing and restoration of health.

Complicações embólicas de trombo móvel em átrio esquerdo na estenose mitral / Free-floating left atrial thrombus with multiple embolic episodes in a patient with mitral stenosis: a case report

Trombo móvel em átrio esquerdo é uma rara complicação da estenose mitral com alto potencial embólico. O presente caso ilustrra esta condição, detectada ao ecocardiograma transtorácico e confirmada ao ecocardiograma transesofágico. A ocorrência de múltiplos episódios embólicos determinou o desfecho fatal. Os autores enfatizam a necessidade do diagnóstico precoce para previnir estas graves complicações embólicas.

Topical betablocker use can result in inconclusive dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with glaucoma.

Dobutamine stress echocardiography is a well-established method to assess coronary artery disease, of which sensitivity has been enhanced by adding atropine at the end of the protocol. Individuals with glaucoma, a disease with a high prevalence in patients with cardiac diseases older than 40 years, cannot benefit from the use of atropine as it is contraindicated for this group of patients. Additionally, these individuals are often treated with topical betablockers (eye drops), which can have systemic effects by decreasing cardiac frequency, blood pressure and pulmonary capacity. The aim of our study was to verify whether a possible systemic effect caused by the use of these eye drops, yielding a low chronotropic response, could result in inconclusive dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with glaucoma.

Evaluation of heart failure prognostic factors in patients referred for heart transplantation.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the survival of patients with heart failure submitted to cardiac transplantation screening as well as identify poor prognostic factors using a risk score to identify patients with higher death risk. METHODS: 330 male and female patients aged 12 to 74 years old, referred for heart transplantation from January 1986 to November 2001 were evaluated. Clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic, Holter monitoring, echocardiographic and radionuclide ventriculography data were analyzed. RESULTS: The median follow up period was 5 years; patients' survival rate was 84.5% in the first year, 74.3% in the second year, 68.9% in the third year and 60.5% in the fifth year. The prognostic variables selected through the univariate analysis were: age, Chagas' disease etiology for cardiomyopathy, NYHA functional classes III and IV, orthopnea, systolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, pulse pressure, plasma urea, sodium, glucose, albumin, bilirubin, hemoglobin, and mean heart rate. The prognostic variables at the multivariate analysis were: ejection fraction, blood urea, and hemoglobin. The risk score: RR=exp[(-0.0942401 x ejection fraction) + (0.0105207 x blood urea) + (-0.2974991 x hemoglobin) + (-0.0132898 x age) + (-0.0099115 x blood glucose)] discriminated the population with a higher death risk. CONCLUSION: Patients' survival was satisfactory despite heart failure severity, suggesting they can be maintained on optimized clinical treatment until persistent clinical deterioration takes place. Ejection fraction, ventricular diameters, and clinical functional class alone should not be used as an indication for heart transplantation. The risk score could help discriminate the population with the poorest prognosis.

Betabloqueador tópico pode determinar resultados inconclusivos no ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina em pacientes com glaucoma / Topical betablocker use can result in inconclusive dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with glaucoma

O ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina é um método bem estabelecido para avaliar doença arterial coronária, cuja sensibilidade tem sido potencializada pela adição de atropina no final do protocolo. Indivíduos com glaucoma, doença com alta prevalência em pacientes cardiopatas com mais de 40 anos, não podem se beneficiar do uso de atropina por ser contra-indicada neste grupo. Além disso, estes indivíduos são tratados freqüentemente com betabloqueadores tópicos (colírios), que podem exercer efeitos sistêmicos diminuindo a freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial e capacidade pulmonar. O objetivo do nosso trabalho foi verificar se a ocorrência de um possível efeito sistêmico causado por estes colírios, causando baixa resposta cronotrópica, poderia determinar resultados inconclusivos no ecocardiograma sob estresse pela dobutamina nestes pacientes com glaucoma.

Dobutamine stress echocardiography is a well-established method to assess coronary artery disease, of which sensitivity has been enhanced by adding atropine at the end of the protocol. Individuals with glaucoma, a disease with a high prevalence in patients with cardiac diseases older than 40 years, cannot benefit from the use of atropine as it is contraindicated for this group of patients. Additionally, these individuals are often treated with topical betablockers (eye drops), which can have systemic effects by decreasing cardiac frequency, blood pressure and pulmonary capacity. The aim of our study was to verify whether a possible systemic effect caused by the use of these eye drops, yielding a low chronotropic response, could result in inconclusive dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with glaucoma.

Avaliação de fatores prognósticos da insuficiência cardíaca em pacientes encaminhados para avaliação de transplante cardíaco / Evaluation of heart failure prognostic factors in patients referred for heart transplantation

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a sobrevida dos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca encaminhados para transplante cardíaco, e identificar os fatores de pior prognóstico a fim de estabelecer um escore para reconhecer os pacientes de maior risco de óbito. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 330 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 12 e 74 anos, encaminhados para transplante cardíaco no período de janeiro de 1986 a novembro de 2001. Foi feita análise de variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais, e de dados de eletrocardiografia, Holter, ecocardiografia e ventriculografia radioisotópica. RESULTADOS: O período mediano de acompanhamento foi de cinco anos e a sobrevida dos pacientes no primeiro ano foi de 84,5 por cento, no segundo ano foi de 74,3 por cento, no terceiro ano foi de 68,9 por cento, no quarto ano foi de 64,8 por cento e, no quinto ano, foi de 60,5 por cento. As variáveis prognósticas selecionadas na análise univariada, estatisticamente significantes, foram: idade, etiologia chagásica, classes funcionais III e IV, ortopnéia, pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial média, pressão de pulso, uréia plasmática, sódio plasmático, glicemia, albumina, bilirrubina, hemoglobina e freqüência cardíaca média. As variáveis prognósticas na análise multivariada estatisticamente significantes foram: fração de ejeção, uréia e hemoglobina. O escore de risco foi calculado de acordo com a fórmula: RR = exp[(-0,0942401 x fração de ejeção) + (0,0105207 x uréia) + (-0,2974991 x hemoglobina) + (-0,0132898 x idade) + (-0,0099115 x glicemia)], discriminando a população com maior probabilidade de óbito. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da sobrevida satisfatória, trata-se de amostra de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca grave, sugerindo que esses pacientes podem ser mantidos em tratamento clínico otimizado até que apresentem deterioração clínica persistente. A fração de ejeção, os diâmetros ventriculares e a classe funcional não devem ser usados de forma isolada para indicação de transplante...

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the survival of patients with heart failure submitted to cardiac transplantation screening as well as identify poor prognostic factors using a risk score to identify patients with higher death risk. METHODS: 330 male and female patients aged 12 to 74 years old, referred for heart transplantation from January 1986 to November 2001 were evaluated. Clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic, Holter monitoring, echocardiographic and radionuclide ventriculography data were analyzed. RESULTS: The median follow up period was 5 years; patients' survival rate was 84.5 percent in the first year, 74.3 percent in the second year, 68.9 percent in the third year and 60.5 percent in the fifth year. The prognostic variables selected through the univariate analysis were: age, Chagas' disease etiology for cardiomyopathy, NYHA functional classes III and IV, orthopnea, systolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, pulse pressure, plasma urea, sodium, glucose, albumin, bilirubin, hemoglobin, and mean heart rate. The prognostic variables at the multivariate analysis were: ejection fraction, blood urea, and hemoglobin. The risk score: RR=exp[(-0.0942401 x ejection fraction) + (0.0105207 x blood urea) + (-0.2974991 x hemoglobin) + (-0.0132898 x age) + (-0.0099115 x blood glucose)] discriminated the population with a higher death risk. CONCLUSION: Patients' survival was satisfactory despite heart failure severity, suggesting they can be maintained on optimized clinical treatment until persistent clinical deterioration takes place. Ejection fraction, ventricular diameters, and clinical functional class alone should not be used as an indication for heart transplantation. The risk score could help discriminate the population with the poorest prognosis.

Forâmen oval patente: embolia paradoxal e enxaqueca / Patent foramen ovale: paradoxical embolism and migraine

O forâmen oval patente com ou sem aneurisma septal tem sido associado a vários problemas, como acidente vascular isquêmico, embolia paradoxal, doença da descompressão, platipnéia ortostática e enxaqueca, muito embora a relação causa-efeito entre forâmen oval patente e esses eventos ainda não esteja bem esclarecida. Avanços tecnológicos ofereceram mais opções terapêuticas, como a oclusão percutânea do forâmen oval patente. Todavia, evidência definitiva de sua eficácia ainda em discussão, e o fechamento parece ser recomendado apenas como profilaxia secundária para recorrência de acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico.

Prevalência e variáveis associadas ao hábito de fumar em crianças e adolescentes / The prevalence of and variables associated with smoking in children and adolescents

OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalência do hábito de fumar e a ocorrência de variáveis associadas ao hábito em crianças e adolescentes de 7 a 17 anos, de ambos os sexos e provenientes da cidade de Maceió. MÉTODOS: Estudo epidemiológico transversal, baseado na população de alunos da rede de ensino público e privada, níveis fundamental e médio. Cálculo da amostra baseado na menor prevalência esperada de inúmeras variáveis, incluindo tabagismo. Amostragem por conglomerados. Questionário sobre o hábito de fumar; entrevista individual com cada estudante. Considerado fumante atual aquele que admitiu ter fumado em 1 ou mais dias nos últimos 30 dias. Variáveis analisadas: relacionadas ao estudante (idade, sexo, experimentação prévia de cigarros e trabalho remunerado), à sua condição na escola (pública/privada, turno, nível e repetência) e à família (classificação econômica, pais fumantes e pais separados). RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 1.253 estudantes (547 do sexo masculino, média de idade 12,4±2,9 anos). Identificou-se uma prevalência de tabagismo de 2,4 por cento. A análise estatística multivariada demonstrou associação significante do hábito de fumar com: maior idade (odds ratio de 1,31); experimentação prévia de cigarros (odds ratio de 33,96); estudar no período noturno (odds ratio de 5,43). Observou-se que 286 estudantes (22,8 por cento) admitiram haver experimentado cigarros (9 por cento de 7 a 9 anos; 21 por cento de 10 a 14 anos; 36 por cento de 15 a 17 anos). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de tabagismo em crianças e adolescentes da rede de ensino da cidade de Maceió é de 2,4 por cento, sendo mais freqüente em estudantes de 15 a 17 anos, do curso noturno. Estudantes que experimentaram cigarros apresentam 34 vezes mais chances de se tornarem fumantes.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of smoking and the presence of variables associated with the habit in children and adolescents of both sexes, aged 7 to 17 years, resident in the city of Maceió. METHODS: A cross-sectional epidemiological study of the student population of the both private and public education systems at elementary and high school level. Sample size was calculated based on the minimum predicted prevalence of a large number of variables, including smoking itself. Cluster sampling was employed. A questionnaire on smoking habits was completed during individual interviews with each student. Children who admitted having smoked on 1 or more day during the previous 30 were defined as current smokers. The variables analyzed were related to: the students (age, sex, previous experimentation with cigarettes and paid employment), their educational status (public/private school, daytime/evening lessons, grade and repeated years) and their families (economic status, smoking parents and separated parents). RESULTS: A total of 1,253 students were analyzed (547 were male, mean age was 12.4 2.9 years). Observed smoking prevalence was 2.4 percent. Multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated significant associations between smoking and: increased age (odds ratio: 1.31); previous experimentation with cigarettes (odds ratio: 33.96); studying during the evening (odds ratio: 5.43). It was observed that 286 students (22.8 percent) admitted having experimented with cigarettes (9 percent from 7 to 9 years; 21 percent from 10 to 14 years; 36 percent from 15 to 17 years). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of smoking among children and adolescents in the Maceió educational system is 2.4 percent, being most common among students aged 15 to 17 years, studying in the evening. Students who had experimented with cigarettes exhibited a 34 times greater chance of becoming smokers.

The prevalence of and variables associated with smoking in children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of smoking and the presence of variables associated with the habit in children and adolescents of both sexes, aged 7 to 17 years, resident in the city of Maceió. METHODS: A cross-sectional epidemiological study of the student population of the both private and public education systems at elementary and high school level. Sample size was calculated based on the minimum predicted prevalence of a large number of variables, including smoking itself. Cluster sampling was employed. A questionnaire on smoking habits was completed during individual interviews with each student. Children who admitted having smoked on 1 or more day during the previous 30 were defined as current smokers. The variables analyzed were related to: the students (age, sex, previous experimentation with cigarettes and paid employment), their educational status (public/private school, daytime/evening lessons, grade and repeated years) and their families (economic status, smoking parents and separated parents). RESULTS: A total of 1,253 students were analyzed (547 were male, mean age was 12.4+/-2.9 years). Observed smoking prevalence was 2.4%. Multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated significant associations between smoking and: increased age (odds ratio: 1.31); previous experimentation with cigarettes (odds ratio: 33.96); studying during the evening (odds ratio: 5.43). It was observed that 286 students (22.8%) admitted having experimented with cigarettes (9% from 7 to 9 years; 21% from 10 to 14 years; 36% from 15 to 17 years). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of smoking among children and adolescents in the Maceió educational system is 2.4%, being most common among students aged 15 to 17 years, studying in the evening. Students who had experimented with cigarettes exhibited a 34 times greater chance of becoming smokers.

Impact of effective valvotomy in mitral stenosis on pulmonary venous flow pattern.

AIMS: Transesophageal Doppler echocardiography (TEE) is a useful tool to investigate pulmonary venous flow (PVF) velocity, which is altered in patients with mitral stenosis (MS). This study used TEE to analyze the variations in the PVF pattern after successful valvar dilatation in MS patients. METHODS/RESULTS: A total of 15 MS patients, mean age 27.2 years, underwent effective percutaneous balloon valvotomy (PBV). All were submitted to TEE before and after PBV. TEE assessed systolic (SPFV) and diastolic (DPFV) peak flow velocities and their ratio (SPFV/DPFV), time-velocity integrals (STVI and DTVI) and their ratio, and diastolic flow deceleration (DFD). Valvotomy yielded statistically significant increases (P < or = 0.05) in the SPFV: increase on average by 67% and STVI by 120%, as well as in the diastolic component: increased on average by 35%, DTVI by 33%, and DFD by 75%. CONCLUSION: TEE demonstrated that PBV induced a global increase in velocities of PVF, probably related to improvement of left atrial emptying.