ABSTRACT
Abstract This study aimed to validate the frequency consumption scale (FCS) and establish cut-off points to assess changes in the eating behavior of participants in the VAMOS Program. The study was based on a community intervention conducted in 2019 in 70 Brazilian cities, with 458 adults from Primary Care. The questionnaire consisted of 12 questions about food frequency consumption. The questions were inserted into the analytical workflow, divided into the descriptive analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA), item response theory (IRT) modeling, and construction and validity of an applied questionnaire score. EFA indicated a two-factor structure, with three "healthy" (raw vegetables, fruits, and cooked vegetables) and three "unhealthy" (sugary drinks, sweets, and the replacement of meals with snacks) eating items. Items responses' probabilities indicate a daily consumption of two healthy and once or nonweekly consumption of unhealthy items. Finally, the four categories proposed for FCS can respond over time. Therefore, the FCS proposal can be used effectively for program nutrition evaluation. Furthermore, it is possible to attribute behavior change in Brazilian primary care users with six items.
Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo validar a escala de consumo de frequência (ECF) e estabelecer pontos de corte para avaliar mudanças no comportamento alimentar dos participantes do Programa VAMOS. O estudo baseou-se em uma intervenção comunitária realizada em 2019 em 70 cidades brasileiras, com 458 adultos da Atenção Básica. O questionário era composto por 12 questões sobre o consumo de frequência alimentar. As questões foram inseridas no fluxo de trabalho analítico, divididas em análise descritiva, análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória (EFA), modelagem da teoria de resposta ao item (TRI) e construção e validade de um escore de questionário aplicado. EFA indicou uma estrutura de dois fatores, com três itens alimentares "saudáveis" (vegetais crus, frutas e vegetais cozidos) e três "não saudáveis" (bebidas açucaradas, doces e a substituição de refeições por lanches). As probabilidades das respostas dos itens indicam um consumo diário de dois itens saudáveis e um consumo único ou não semanal de itens não saudáveis. Por fim, as quatro categorias propostas para o ECF podem fornecer respostas ao longo do tempo. A proposta do ECF pode ser usada efetivamente para avaliação nutricional do programa. Além disso, é possível atribuir a mudança de comportamento em usuários da atenção básica brasileira com seis itens.
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to validate the frequency consumption scale (FCS) and establish cut-off points to assess changes in the eating behavior of participants in the VAMOS Program. The study was based on a community intervention conducted in 2019 in 70 Brazilian cities, with 458 adults from Primary Care. The questionnaire consisted of 12 questions about food frequency consumption. The questions were inserted into the analytical workflow, divided into the descriptive analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA), item response theory (IRT) modeling, and construction and validity of an applied questionnaire score. EFA indicated a two-factor structure, with three "healthy" (raw vegetables, fruits, and cooked vegetables) and three "unhealthy" (sugary drinks, sweets, and the replacement of meals with snacks) eating items. Items responses' probabilities indicate a daily consumption of two healthy and once or nonweekly consumption of unhealthy items. Finally, the four categories proposed for FCS can respond over time. Therefore, the FCS proposal can be used effectively for program nutrition evaluation. Furthermore, it is possible to attribute behavior change in Brazilian primary care users with six items.
Subject(s)
Feeding Behavior , Fruit , Adult , Humans , Brazil , Vegetables , Surveys and Questionnaires , DietABSTRACT
RESUMO O estudo identitário por muito tempo vem ganhando novos paradigmas, gerando inclusive crises identitárias. O objetivo do estudo foi encontrar publicações desta temática em estudos brasileiros, com a pretensão de discutir o processo de (re)construção da identidade do Professor de Educação Física. Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa da literatura, para discutir junto as temáticas da Teoria conceituais da identidade, Contributos para a construção da identidade do professor, e a identidade do professor de Educação Física. Face aos achados, vale dizer que o cenário atual requer um debate mais reflexivo sobre o direcionamento e desenvolvimento da identidade profissional do professor de Educação Física. Em relação a literatura científica, ainda há muito a ser estudado, pois foi possível identificar algumas limitações nos estudos sobre identidade, como por exemplo, a falta de consenso sobre a definição e conceituação da identidade do professor de Educação Física, que podem dificultar a comparação e generalização de futuros resultados. Espera-se que pesquisadores e organizações públicas a privadas, se atentem aos cuidados necessários quanto à formação do docente, assim para qualquer desenvolvimento profissional, e que esses achados ganhem espaços nas discussões relacionadas a identidade profissional do professor de Educação Física.
ABSTRACT The identity study has long been gaining new paradigms, even generating identity crises. The aim of the study was to find publications on this theme in Brazilian studies, with the intention of discussing the process of (re)construction of the identity of the Physical Education Teacher. A narrative review of the literature was carried out, to discuss along with the themes of conceptual identity theory, contributions to the construction of teacher identity, and the identity of the physical education teacher. Given the findings, it is worth saying that the current scenario requires a more reflective debate on the direction and development of the professional identity of the physical education teacher. In relation to scientific literature, there is still much to be studied, as it was possible to identify some limitations in studies on identity, such as, for example, the lack of consensus on the definition and conceptualization of the identity of the physical education teacher, which may hinder comparison and generalization of future results. It is hoped that researchers and public and private organizations will pay attention to the necessary care regarding teacher training, as well as any professional development, and that these findings will gain space in discussions related to the professional identity of the physical education teacher.
Subject(s)
Physical Education and Training , Review , Faculty/psychology , Social Identification , Professional Training , Teacher TrainingABSTRACT
Relative age effect (RAE) is considered to bias the selection of young athletes and a cause of exclusion of many participants. The goal of the study was to unveil the effects of the birth quarter on physical performances and a set of psychological constructs in the age groups corresponding to the specialization years. A set of surveys with cross-sectional data collected from 2015 to 2019 in youth basketball was used. Three hundred and twenty-seven Brazilian players (127 females, 100 males), mean age 14.0 years, participated in the study. Counter-movement jump, line-drill, yoyo intermittent test, achievement goals, motivation for deliberate practice, and enjoyment were measured. Bayesian multilevel regression was performed. RAE was observed but its advantages did not persist and did not differentiate the players in the variables under scrutiny. The only predictor of athletic and psychological outcomes was chronological age. The initial advantage that triggered the coaches' decision to select individual players disappears during the specialization years. Coaches must overcome the superficial observation of young athletes based only on age groups and actual performances, avoiding hasty decisions that, unlike RAE, last in time and cannot be reversed.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Many people experience aging-related losses in different physical domains, which leads to a condition often called physical frailty (PF). The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of two different, 28-weeks, class chair-exercise protocols on salivary steroid hormones (SH), PF, and functional disabilities (FD) in frail older women. METHODS: A sample of older frail individuals (n = 60, 817.84 years) participated in the study and were divided into three groups: chair elastic-band muscle strength exercises (CSE), n = 20), chair-multimodal exercise (CME, n = 21) and a control non-exercise group (CGne, n = 19). Both exercise programs consisted of 45 min of supervised chair-based exercise group classes, carried out 3 times/week. CME participants performed a progressive training using walking, mobility and body weight resistance exercises. The CSE participants exercised using an elastic-band system of progressive exercises. Both CSE and CME followed a circuit training protocol. The controls did not change their usual lifestyle. The indicators of PF, FD and SH concentrations were analyzed before and after the intervention. RESULTS: Both exercise programs diminished the PF status showing significant time and time versus treatment interactions (p < .01). An increase in the CME group, between baseline and 14-weeks, and in the CSE group, after 28 weeks, for Testosterone concentrations was observed (p < .01). Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) increased after 28-weeks in the CME group and decreased in the CGne after the same period (p < .05). Both exercise programs decreased the negative scores of several FD domains, specially fear of falling that showed significant effects with time (p < .01), and time vs intervention (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Both chair-exercise based programs were effective in stimulating positive changes in physical health and in steroid hormone responses, especially in DHEA. The control group did show a negative trend towards an increased PF status and decreased levels of SH. It is crucial for public health to identify the main factors associated with Functional Disability and Physical Frailty that underlie the development of new methods for complementary therapies, such as the use of low doses of hormonal supplementation combined with long-term exercise interventions.
Subject(s)
Disabled Persons/rehabilitation , Exercise Therapy/methods , Frail Elderly , Frailty/therapy , Saliva/metabolism , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Dehydroepiandrosterone/metabolism , Exercise/physiology , Female , Humans , Muscle Strength/physiology , Resistance Training , Testosterone/metabolismABSTRACT
Background and Objectives: Recent studies have shown the existence of a positive relationship between physical exercise, symptomatic improvement, and reduction of damage caused by comorbidities associated with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) in children, adolescents, and adults. The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis (SRM) was to estimate the effects of physical exercise (PE) on the stereotyped behaviors of children with a diagnosis of ASD in intervention studies. Materials and Methods: The design followed the PRISMA guidelines and the TREND statement to assess the quality of information in each study. Nine non-randomized intervention trial studies with low, moderate, and vigorous physical exercise, with a duration varying from 8 to 48 weeks and a frequency of 3 times a week, were included in the SRM. The dependent variable episodes of stereotypical behaviors was analyzed in all studies and assessed as the number of episodes demonstrated by the child in pre- versus post-exercise intervention conditions. Results: The eight studies included a total 129 children (115 males and 14 females) with an average age of 8.93 ± 1.69 years. Children with ASD showed a reduction of 1.1 in the number of occurrences of stereotypical behaviors after intervention with physical exercise. Conclusion: Evidence was found to support physical exercise as an effective tool in reducing the number of episodes of stereotypical behaviors in children diagnosed with ASD.
Subject(s)
Autism Spectrum Disorder/therapy , Behavior Therapy/methods , Exercise/physiology , Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Stereotyped BehaviorABSTRACT
Sports participation has been referred as having important influence in positive youth development (PYD) in many life-long aspects, as social, physical, physiological and intellectual components. The aim of this study was to verify influences of body size, growth-related changes and age in developmental assets. This cross-sectional design study considered 45 male adolescent basketball players aged 13.6 ± 1.5 years. Participants were engaged in a club structured training program and competed at state level competition, supervised by the Federacao Paulista de Basketball (Sao Paulo's state basketball Federation). There was substantial variation between athletes for all variables. Inspection of credible intervals showed a substantial variation in body size and functional capacity indicators between players grouped by age group and by maturity status. However, substantial variation by both age group or maturity status was present for DAP dimensions. No relation was observed between DAP dimensions with body size and functional capacity, partitioning the substantial variation between players by age group and maturity status. In the present study there was no substantial variation in developmental assets of adolescent basketball players by age or estimated maturity status. Also, from a multidimensional perspective, there was no influence of body dimensions and functional capacities with developmental assets
Se ha mencionado que la participación deportiva tiene una influencia importante en el desarrollo positivo de la juventud (PYD) en muchos aspectos de la vida, como componentes sociales, físicos, fisiológicos e intelectuales. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar las influencias del tamaño corporal, los cambios relacionados con el crecimiento y la edad en los activos de desarrollo. Este estudio de diseño transversal incluyó a 45 jugadores adolescentes de baloncesto de 13.6 ± 1.5 años. Los participantes se involucraron en un programa de entrenamiento estructurado en clubes y compitieron en una competencia a nivel estatal, supervisada por la Federação Paulista de Basketball (Federación estatal de baloncesto de São Paulo). Hubo una variación sustancial entre los atletas para todas las variables. La inspección de intervalos creíbles mostró una variación sustancial en el tamaño corporal y los indicadores de capacidad funcional entre los jugadores agrupados por grupo de edad y por estado de madurez. Sin embargo, una variación sustancial por grupo de edad o estado de madurez estuvo presente para las dimensiones DAP. No se observó ninguna relación entre las dimensiones de DAP con el tamaño corporal y la capacidad funcional, dividiendo la variación sustancial entre jugadores por grupo de edad y estado de madurez. En el presente estudio no hubo una variación sustancial en los activos de desarrollo de los jugadores de baloncesto adolescentes por edad o estado de madurez estimado. Además, desde una perspectiva multidimensional, no hubo influencia de las dimensiones corporales y las capacidades funcionales con los activos de desarrollo
A participação esportiva tem sido referida como uma importante influência no desenvolvimento positivo de jovens (PYD) em muitos aspectos ao longo da vida, tais quais componentes sociais, físicos, psicológicos e intelectuais. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar influências do tamanho corporal, mudanças relacionadas ao crescimento e idade nos ativos de desenvolvimento. Esse estudo de desenho transversal considerou 45 adolescentes do sexo masculino jogadores de basquete de 13.6 ± 1.5 anos. Os participantes estavam engajados em um programa de treinamento de clube estruturado e competiam no nível estadual, supervisionado pela Federação Paulista de Basketball (Federação estadual de São Paulo). Não houve variação substancial entre os atletas para todas as variáveis. A observação dos intervalos de confiança mostrou uma variação substancial nos indicadores de tamanho corporal e capacidade funcional entre os jogadores agrupados por grupo etário e estágio de maturação. Entretanto, uma variação substancial foi encontrada tanto pelo grupo etário quanto para o estágio de maturação nas dimensões do DAP. Não foi observada relação entre as dimensões do DAP com o tamanho corporal e capacidade funcional, considerando a variação substancial entre os jogadores por agrupamentos grupo etário e estágio de maturação. No presente estudo, não houve variação significativa nos ativos de desenvolvimento de jogadores de basquete pela idade e nem pelo estágio maturacional estimado. Também, pela perspectiva multidimensional, não houveram influências do tamanho corporal e das capacidades funcionais com os ativos de desenvolvimento
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Basketball/physiology , Athletes , Age Factors , Body Height , Puberty , Cross-Sectional Studies , Bayes TheoremABSTRACT
Draft is an annual event, which distributes players coming from college and overseas among a pool of eligible teams. Selecting a player in the draft is probably one of the most important decisions for NBA front offices. In this study we examined the relationships between NBA draft order of selection and career longevity between 1978 and 1998 using generalized additive models. Retrospective data of 1091 players selected in the NBA draft from 1978 to 1998 was considered. Data was extracted from the NBA official website (http://stats. nba.com/draft/history/) and from a specialized website in basketball (https://www.basketball-reference.com/). The variables considered for analysis were order of player's selection pick, years played in the league and the year of the NBA Draft. We assumed the possibility of non-linear patterns in the relations between Draft pick order, career longevity and years of draft selection, hence modeling these variables using a bivariate tensor spline. On average, players selected in the first five picks of the NBA had a longer career (~14 career years). Controlling for draft years, a non-linear trend of career longevity was observed with a decrease in the career longevity from the first pick until the 30th pick, leveling of thereafter. When accounting for draft pick, a non-linear trend was observed for career longevity per draft year. Career longevity increased between 1978 and 1985, leveling between 1985 and 1993 and increasing in the following years until 1998. Overall, the longevity of NBA careers has increased for players selected in the first picks of the NBA drafts of the most recent draft years
Draft es un evento anual, que distribuye a los jugadores procedentes de la universidad y del extranjero entre un grupo de equipos elegibles. La selección de un jugador en el draft es probablemente una de las decisiones más importantes para los directores de la NBA. El objetivo fue la asociación entre la longevidad de la carrera y el orden de selección en el draft de la NBA entre 1978 y 1998, adoptando un enfoque bayesiano multinivel. Para este estudio longitudinal retrospectivo, se recogieron datos de 1091 jugadores seleccionados en el draft de la NBA de 1978 a 1998, con edades comprendidas entre los 17.2 y los 27.3 años. A través del recurso oficial en línea de la liga profesional, el sitio (http://stats. nba.com/draft/history/) y el sitio web especializado en baloncesto (https://www.basketball-reference.com/). Las variables fueron el orden de selección del jugador, los años jugados en la liga y el año del Draft de la NBA. El promedio de años de los seleccionados en las primeras cinco selecciones de la NBA Draft tiene una carrera más larga (~ 14 años de carrera) y cuando las selecciones disminuyen hay una disminución en la longevidad de la carrera y desde la selección 25 los años de carrera se estabilizan (~ 4 años), este comportamiento se mantiene controlando el Año de Draft. Al controlar la selección del draft, podemos observar que hubo un crecimiento en el tiempo de la carrera a medida que pasaron los años, teniendo una estabilidad de los años 1990 a 1993. Por lo tanto, se vio que las primeras elecciones tienen más éxito en su carrera y los atletas tienen más longevidad en la carrera con el curso de los Draft anuales
Draft é um evento anual, que distribui jogadores vindos da faculdade e do exterior entre um grupo de equipes elegíveis. Selecionar um jogador no draft é provavelmente uma das decisões mais importantes para os diretores das franquias da NBA. O objetivo do estudo foi a associação entre longevidade na carreira e ordem de seleção no draft da NBA entre 1978 e 1998, adotando uma abordagem Bayesiana em vários níveis. Para este estudo longitudinal retrospectivo, foram coletados dados de 1091 jogadores selecionados no draft da NBA de 1978 a 1998, com idade de 17.2 a 27.3 anos. Através do recurso online oficial da liga profissional do site (http://stats.nba.com/draft/history/) e do site especializado em basquete (https://www.basketball-reference.com/). As variáveis analisadas foram ordem de seleção de jogador, anos jogados na liga e ano do Draft. Os atletas selecionados nas primeiras cinco escolhas da NBA tem uma média de carreira mais longa (~ 14 anos de carreira) e conforme a ordem das escolhas regridem, há uma diminuição na longevidade da carreira, ocorrendo, a partir da escolha 25, há uma estabilização na média de anos de carreira (~ 4 anos), esse comportamento é observado quando controlado o Ano do draft. Ao controlar a ordem da escolha do draft, podemos observar que houve um aumento nos anos de carreira com o passar dos anos, tendo uma estabilidade dos anos de 1990 a 1993. Assim, foi visto que as primeiras escolhas têm mais sucesso em sua carreira e os atletas têm maior longevidade na carreira conforme o passar dos Drafts
Subject(s)
Humans , Longevity , Basketball/physiology , Models, Theoretical , Bayes Theorem , Retrospective Studies , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The selection of NBA players usually takes place through the NBA Draft. Assessment of players entering in the draft is made in the NBA pre-draft combine, where each athlete performs a battery of tests composed by body size and basketball-specific agility and power performance. Physiological performance is influenced by body dimensions, and in basketball size is highly valued. Thus, interpretation of performance needs to account appropriately for the influence of body size on performance. In this study we examined the influence of the body dimensions of the NBA Draft Combine test battery performance. Also we examined the validity of the ratio standards or allometric scaling to partition the influence of body dimensions on performance. The performance in the pre-draft assessment of the NBA among 405 athletes from 2010 to 2017 was considered. Players were aged 17.8 to 28.0 years (21.5 ± 1.46 years). Data was extracted from the NBA's Draft Combine website (https://stats. nba.com/draft/combine/). Correlations between adjusted scores against the size indicator were performed to examine the validity of the partition models. Substantial correlations between athletes' performance with body size descriptors were observed. Substantial negative correlations were observed between ratio standard adjusted performance and each size descriptor. Allometric adjusted performance presented no correlation with body size descriptors. Based on the performance of highly selected basketball players, the interpretation of basketball players needs to account appropriately for the influence of body dimensions using allometric scaling. Thus, ratio standards should not be used to account for the influence of body dimensions
La selección de jugadores de la NBA generalmente ocurre a través del Draft de la NBA. En la evaluación pre-draft, cada atleta realiza una batería de pruebas para evaluación de dimensiones corporales, habilidades específicas de baloncesto, y rendimiento de potencia. El rendimiento fisiológico es influenciado por las dimensiones corporales y, en el baloncesto, el tamaño corporal es altamente valorado. En este estudio, examinamos la influencia de las dimensiones corporales en la batería de pruebas de la NBA Draft Combine. También examinamos la validez de los patrones de razón o escala alométrica para dividir la influencia de las dimensiones corporales en el desempeño. El desempeño en la evaluación preliminar de la NBA de 405 atletas de 2010 a 2017 fue considerado. Los datos se extrajeron del sitio web de la Combinación de NBA (https://stats. nba.com/draft/combine/). Se realizaron correcciones entre las puntuaciones ajustadas contra el indicador de tamaño para examinar la validez de los modelos de partición. Se observaron correlaciones sustanciales entre el desempeño de los atletas con los descriptores de tamaño corporal. Se observaron correlaciones negativas sustanciales entre el rendimiento ajustado al índice de razón y cada descriptor de tamaño. El desempeño alométrico ajustado no presentó correlación con los descriptores de tamaño corporal. Con base en el rendimiento de jugadores de baloncesto, la interpretación de los jugadores de baloncesto debe responder adecuadamente a la influencia de las dimensiones corporales usando la escala alométrica. Así, los patrones de razón no deben ser usados para explicar la influencia de las dimensiones corporales
A seleção de jogadores da NBA geralmente acontece através do Draft da NBA. Na avaliação pré-draft, cada atleta realiza uma bateria de testes para avaliação de dimensões corporais, habilidades específicas de basquete, e desempenho de potência. O desempenho fisiológico é influenciado pelas dimensões corporais e, no basquete, o tamanho corporal é altamente valorizado. Neste estudo, examinamos a influência das dimensões corporais na bateria de testes da NBA Draft Combine. Também examinamos a validade dos padrões de razão ou escala alométrica para dividir a influência das dimensões corporais no desempenho. O desempenho na avaliação preliminar da NBA de 405 atletas de 2010 a 2017 foi considerado. Os dados foram extraídos do site da Draft Combine da NBA (https://stats.nba.com/draft/combine/). Correlações entre os escores ajustados contra o indicador de tamanho foram realizadas para examinar a validade dos modelos de partição. Correlações substanciais entre o desempenho dos atletas com os descritores de tamanho corporal foram observadas. Correlações negativas substanciais foram observadas entre o desempenho ajustado ao índice de razão e cada descritor de tamanho. O desempenho alométrico ajustado não apresentou correlação com os descritores de tamanho corporal. Com base no desempenho de jogadores de basquete, a interpretação dos jogadores de basquete precisa responder adequadamente à influência das dimensões corporais usando a escala alométrica. Assim, os padrões de razão não devem ser usados para explicar a influência das dimensões corporais
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Basketball , Athletes , Body Height , Athletic Performance/physiologyABSTRACT
Aim: The present study examined the validity of the Coaches' Training Profile Questionnaire (QPFT) in Brazilian coaches. Method: The questionnaire was back-translated and content validation was performed by an expert panel. Construct validation was based on the application of the questionnaire to 212 coaches from the state of Paraná, considering the Cronbach's alpha to examine internal consistency, Pearson's correlation and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for test-retest reliability, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: The questionnaire showed high internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha coefficient higher than .80. Correlations of the dimensions and ICC of the items indicated high reliability for the three dimensions of the questionnaire. The results of exploratory factor analysis explained a variance of 69.75%, with the AE factor explaining the largest portion of variance (27.01%) and the AT factor explaining the lowest portion of variance (21.14%). The absolute, parsimonious and incremental fit indices [X2 and p-value; X2/df; CFI, PCFI, GFI, PGFI, TLI, RMSEA (with 90% CI), and MECVI] were high. Conclusion: The Brazilian version of the QPFT presents a reliable and valid factor structure to identify coaches' knowledge sources in Brazil.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Mentors , Reproducibility of Results , Brazil , Surveys and Questionnaires , Correlation of DataABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Introduction: The popularity of ultra-endurance events is increasing worldwide. However, information about hematological parameters during repeated bouts of long-duration running, such as stages during a multi-stage ultramarathon (MSUM) is scarce. Objective: The purpose of the study was to monitor daily hematologic assessment in a 230-km multistage ultramarathon (MSUM) in hot environmental conditions. Methods: Eleven male and three female (n = 14) ultra-endurance runners entered this MSUM, which was conducted over five stages, covering a total distance of 230 km in hot ambient conditions. Peripheral blood samples were collected before and after each stage to determine leukocyte and erythrocytes parameters. Results: Multilevel modelling considering all measurement points showed an increase for whole blood leukocyte and granulocyte counts at five stages of the MSUM and for monocytes until Stage 3 of the race. For erythrocyte parameters, decreases across stages were observed in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit responses when computing/considering all measurement points. Conclusions: The results indicate that MSUM in a hot environment leads to a greater impact on leukocyte population responses and platelet variation in the initial stages of the race. We suggest that athletes may have a decrease in immune function in the early stages of the MSUM, probably with some transient risk of infectious. Nevertheless, a physiological adaptation to physical exertion and heat mitigates these changes in the subsequent stages of MSUM. Level of Evidence III; Case-control study.
RESUMO Introdução: A popularidade dos eventos de ultra-resistência está aumentando em todo o mundo. Entretanto, faltam informações sobre os parâmetros hematológicos durante episódios repetidos de corridas de longa duração, como, por exemplo, os estágios durante uma ultramaratona de múltiplos estágios (MSUM). Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi monitorar a avaliação hematológica diária em uma ultramaratona de múltiplos estágios (MSUM) de 230 km sob condições climáticas quentes. Métodos: Onze corredores e três corredoras de -ultra-resistência (n = 14) participaram dessa MSUM, em cinco estágios, totalizando uma distância de 230 km sob condições climáticas quentes. As amostras de sangue periférico foram coletadas antes e após cada estágio para determinação dos parâmetros de leucócitos e eritrócitos. Resultados: O modelo multinível considerando todos os pontos de medição apresentou um aumento na contagem de leucócitos e granulócitos do sangue total nos cinco estágios da MSUM e para os monócitos até o estágio três da competição. Para os parâmetros dos eritrócitos, foram observadas reduções através dos estágios na concentração de hemoglobina e nas respostas do hematócrito ao se contabilizar/considerar todos os pontos de medição. Conclusões: Os resultados indicam que a MSUM em condições climáticas quentes exerce um maior impacto nas respostas da população de leucócitos e na variação plaquetária nos estágios iniciais da competição. Sugerimos que os atletas podem ter uma diminuição na função imune nos estágios iniciais da MSUM, provavelmente, com algum risco transitório de infecção. No entanto, uma adaptação fisiológica para o esforço físico e calor minimiza essas alterações nos estágios seguintes da MSUM. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo caso-controle.
RESUMEN Introducción: La popularidad de los eventos de ultra resistencia está aumentando en todo el mundo. Entretanto, faltan informaciones sobre los parámetros hematológicos durante episodios repetidos de carreras de larga duración, como por ejemplo, las etapas de una ultramaratón de múltiples etapas (MSUM). Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue monitorizar la evaluación hematológica diaria en una ultramaratón de múltiples etapas (MSUM) de 230 km bajo condiciones climáticas cálidas. Métodos: Once corredores y tres corredoras de ultra resistencia (n = 14) participaron en esa MSUM, en cinco etapas, totalizando una distancia de 230 km bajo condiciones climáticas cálidas. Las muestras de sangre periférica fueron colectadas antes y después de cada etapa para determinación de los parámetros de leucocitos y eritrocitos. Resultados: El modelo multinivel considerando todos los puntos de medición presentó un aumento en el conteo de leucocitos y granulocitos de la sangre total en las cinco etapas de la MSUM y para los monocitos hasta la etapa 3 de la competencia. Para los parámetros de eritrocitos, fueron observadas reducciones a través de las etapas en la concentración de hemoglobina y en las respuestas de hematocrito al contabilizar/considerar todos los puntos de medición. Conclusiones: Los resultados indican que la MSUM en condiciones climáticas cálidas ejerce un mayor impacto en las respuestas de la población de leucocitos y en la variación plaquetaria en las etapas iniciales de la competencia. Sugerimos que los atletas pueden tener una disminución en la función inmune en las etapas iniciales de la MSUM probablemente con algún riesgo transitorio de infección. Sin embargo, una adaptación fisiológica para el esfuerzo físico y el calor, minimiza esas alteraciones en las etapas siguientes de la MSUM. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio de caso-control.
ABSTRACT
Physical exercise has shown positive effects on symptomatology and on the reduction of comorbidities in population with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, there is still no consensus about the most appropriate exercise intervention model for children with ASD. The physical exercise program for children with autism (PEP-Aut) protocol designed allow us to (i) examine the multivariate associations between ASD symptoms, metabolic profile, physical activity level, physical fitness, and health-related quality of life of children with ASD; (ii) assess the effects of a 40-week exercise program on all these aspects of children with ASD. The impact of the exercise program will be assessed based on the sequence of the two phases. Phase 1 is a 12-week cross-sectional study assessing the symptomatology, metabolic profile, physical fitness and physical activity levels, socioeconomic status profile, and health-related quality of life of participants. This phase is the baseline of the following phase. Phase 2 is a 48-week intervention study with a 40-week intervention with exercise that will take place in a specialized center for children with ASD in the city of Maceió-Alagoas, Brazil. The primary outcomes will be change in the symptomatic profile and the level of physical activity of children. Secondary outcomes will be anthropometric and metabolic profiles, aerobic function, grip strength, socioeconomic status, and health-related quality of life. The study will provide critical information on the efficacy of exercise for children with ASD and help guide design and delivery of future programs.
ABSTRACT
The interaction of multiple influences on the path to sport success is not yet fully understood by sport scientists. In this study, we examined variation in body size, functional capacities and motivation for achievement, competitiveness and deliberate practice of youth basketball players associated with differences in biological maturity status, chronological age and years of training experience. Reflecting the importance of interactive effects, we examined the relationships between the psychological variables and functional capacities. Fifty-eight male basketball players aged 9.5 to 15.5 years were considered. Variables included chronological age, estimated age at peak height velocity, stature, body mass and sitting height by anthropometry; the Work and Family Orientation and Deliberate Practice Motivation Questionnaires were also used. Finally, the Line Drill test and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) tests were used as functional capacities indicators for basketball. Variance components models derived from series of multilevel linear regression models revealed a substantial variation by maturity status for body size, functional capacities indicators, mastery and will to excel. The influence of estimated maturity status on mastery and will to excel was independent of age and years of experience. In contrast, no relationships were observed between psychological variables and functional capacities indicators. We conclude that growth-related changes are relevant to understanding players´ motivations for achievement, competitiveness and deliberate practice. This should be of interest to those involved in the selection and development of youth basketball players.
Subject(s)
Athletic Performance/physiology , Athletic Performance/psychology , Basketball/physiology , Basketball/psychology , Body Size , Competitive Behavior/physiology , Motivation , Adolescent , Age Factors , Aptitude , Child , Humans , Male , Motor Skills/physiology , Sexual MaturationABSTRACT
Pubertal growth in body size and functional capacities were examined in adolescent soccer players (n = 33). The average age at baseline was 10.9 (9.8-11.8 years). Peak height velocity (PHV) and growth curves for body mass and functional performance (countermovement jump, 15-m sprint, agility and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test - level 1) were determined with Bayesian multilevel models. Estimates for PHV and age at PHV were 8.1 cm/year (95% credible interval: 4.2-18.5 cm/year) and 12.9 years (95% credible interval: 11.8-15.5 years), respectively. Peak body mass velocity occurred 0.48 year after PHV. Jump performance maximum velocity occurred about 2 years after PHV and peak sprint performance maximum velocity was coincident with PHV. Agility and intermittent endurance run performance showed a quadratic trend of improvement of performance, starting to level off at about 3-4 years after PHV. The modelling procedures were efficient to determine pubertal growth curves aligned for chronological age and age at PHV, considering individual differences in maturation when interpreting the development of performance in youth soccer.
Subject(s)
Athletic Performance , Body Size , Puberty , Soccer , Adolescent , Adolescent Development , Athletes , Child , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , MaleABSTRACT
RESUMO Introdução: A prática de basquetebol durante a adolescência aumenta o tamanho corporal e o desempenho funcional. O basquetebol envolve esforços máximos de curta duração com mudanças de direção que utilizam o metabolismo anaeróbico e a agilidade. Objetivo: Examinar a variação do desempenho no Line-drill Test em adolescentes jogadores de basquetebol (n = 59, faixa etária 9 a 15 anos) com relação ao estado de maturação somática (idade estimada do pico da velocidade de crescimento [PVC]) e à variação do tamanho corporal. Métodos: Foi considerada a idade cronológica, o tempo previsto para a idade do PVC pelo protocolo maturity offset, a estatura e a massa corporal medidas por antropometria e o desempenho no Line-drill Test. Foram utilizados modelos alométricos proporcionais para controlar a variação associada ao tamanho corporal, idade cronológica e estado de maturação na variação interindividual no Line-drill Test. Resultados: Observou-se uma relação linear negativa elevada entre o desempenho no Line-drill Test e a idade cronológica (r = - 0,64, IC 95% -0,77 a -0,46, p < 0,01). A relação entre o desempenho no Line-drill Test e o tempo até a idade do PVC mostrou ser não linear, indicando desaceleração na variação do desempenho, aproximadamente entre a idade do PVC e um ano após o PVC predito. Os modelos alométricos mostraram uma relação negativa entre o tamanho corporal e o desempenho no Line-drill Test. A amplitude da variância explicada nos modelos alométricos proporcionais foi de 0,28 a 0,48. Foram observados expoentes negativos de pequena magnitude para a idade cronológica e para o indicador de maturação, sendo, porém, significativos e de amplitude reduzida (-0,05 a -0,06). Conclusão: A utilização de modelos alométricos para controlar a influência do tamanho corporal tem o potencial de ajudar a compreender o desenvolvimento dos desempenhos de agilidade durante a adolescência em jogadores de basquetebol.
ABSTRACT Introduction: The practice of basketball during adolescence increases the body size and functional performance. Basketball involves short-time maximum effort for changes of direction, which use anaerobic metabolism and agility. Objective: To examine the variation in performance in the Line-drill Test in adolescent basketball players (n=59, age 9-15 years) in relation to the stage of somatic maturity (estimated age of peak growth velocity [PGV]) and the variation in body size. Methods: We considered chronological age, estimated time for the age of PGV by the maturity offset protocol, height and body mass measured by anthropometry, and performance in the Line Drill Test. Proportional allometric models were used to control the variation associated with the body size, chronological age, and maturity of inter-individual variation in the Line-drill Test. Results: We found a high negative linear relationship between performance in the Line-drill Test and chronological age (r=-0.64, 95% IC -0.77 - -0.46, p<0.01). The relationship between performance on the Line-drill Test and the time until the age of PGV proved to be non-linear, indicating slowdown in performance variation, approximately from the age of PGV and one year after the predicted PGV. The allometric models showed a negative relationship between body size and performance in the Line-drill Test. The amplitude of variance explained in the proportional allometric models ranged from 0.28 to 0.48. Negative exponents of small magnitude were observed for chronological age and the indicator of maturity being, however, significant and with reduced amplitude (-0.05 to -0.06) Conclusion: The use of allometric models to control the influence of body size can potentially help to understand the development of agility performances in adolescent basketball players.
RESUMEN Introducción: La práctica de baloncesto durante la adolescencia aumenta el tamaño corporal y el rendimiento funcional. El baloncesto implica un esfuerzo máximo de corta duración con cambios de dirección que utilizan el metabolismo anaeróbico y la agilidad. Objetivo: Examinar la variación de rendimiento en el Line-drill Test en jugadores adolescentes de baloncesto (n = 59, edad 9-15 años) en respecto al estado de maduración somática (edad estimada del pico de velocidad de crecimiento [PVC]) y la variación del tamaño corporal. Métodos: Se consideró edad cronológica, el tiempo estimado para la edad del PVC por el protocolo maturity offset, la estatura y la masa corporal medida por antropometría y el rendimiento en el Line-drill Test. Modelos alométricos proporcionales fueron utilizados para controlar la variación asociada con el tamaño corporal, la edad cronológica y el estado de maduración en la variación interindividual en el Line-drill Test. Resultados: Hubo una alta relación lineal negativa entre el rendimiento en el Line-drill Test y la edad cronológica (r = -0,64, IC de 95% -0,77 a -0,46, p < 0,01). La relación entre el rendimiento en el Line-drill Test y el tiempo hasta la edad del PVC resultó ser no lineal, lo que indica una desaceleración en la variación del rendimiento, aproximadamente entre la edad del PVC y un año después del PVC previsto. Los modelos alométricos mostraron una relación negativa entre el tamaño corporal y el rendimiento en el Line-drill Test. La amplitud de la variación explicada en los modelos alométricos proporcionales fue de 0,28 a 0,48. Fueron observados exponentes negativos de pequeña magnitud para la edad cronológica y para el indicador de maduración, siendo, sin embargo, significativos y de amplitud reducida (-0,05 a -0,06). Conclusión: El uso de modelos alométricos para controlar la influencia del tamaño corporal tiene el potencial para ayudar a entender el desarrollo del rendimiento de agilidad durante la adolescencia en jugadores de baloncesto.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: in soccer, agility is a relevant parameter that is defined as the ability to change the direction of the body rapidly and is a result of a combination of strength, speed, balance and coordination. OBJECTIVE: to demonstrated the reliability and validity of the modified Barrow test in soccer players aged 10 to 14 years, analyze its relationship with age, maturation, experience and body size and test the effectiveness of the protocol for distinguishing performance changes during a 10-month competitive season. METHODS: fifty-one adolescent Basque soccer players were enrolled. Age, maturation, experience, body size, vertical jump and 15-m sprint were measured. The reliability of the test was analyzed using replicate tests in a subgroup n = 34. Another subgroup of 33 players n =18, under-11, 10.4 ± 0.3 years; n = 15 under-13, 12.0 ± 0.8 years was evaluated at the beginning and the end of the season. RESULTS: the reliability of the test was good change in mean = -0.5%, 95% CI -1.2 to 0.2, SD=0.14; coefficient of variation = 0.9%, 95% CI - 0.7 to 1.5, SD=0.25. Chronological age and adiposity were significant predictors of agility performance P<0.01. An improvement in performance was observed over a 10-month soccer season, with a significant group effect P<0.01. CONCLUSION: the agility test demonstrated logic and validity, and proved to be a reliable and objective instrument for assessing adolescent soccer players. .
INTRODUÇÃO: a agilidade é um parâmetros relevante de desempenho no futebol, que pode de ser definido como a capacidade de alterar a direção do corpo com rapidez, sendo resultado da combinação de força, velocidade, equilíbrio e coordenação. OBJETIVO: demonstrar a confiabilidade e a validade do teste de Barrow modificado em jogadores de futebol com idade entre 10 e 14 anos, analisar sua relação com idade, amadurecimento, experiência e tamanho do corpo e comprovar a efetividade do protocolo para distinguir as mudanças no desempenho ao longo de uma temporada de 10 meses de competição. MÉTODOS: participaram 51 jovens jogadores de futebol bascos. Foram realizadas as seguintes mensurações: idade, maturação, experiência, composição corporal, salto vertical e corrida de velodidade de 15 metros. A confiabilidade do teste foi analisada pela repetição das medidas em um subgrupo de 34 jogadores n =18 sub-11, 10,4 ± 0,3 anos; n = 15 sub-13, 12,0 ± 0,8 anos. RESULTADOS: a confiabilidade do teste foi boa mudanças da média = -0,5%, IC 95% - 1,2 a 0,2, DP = 0,14; coeficiente de variação = 0,9%; IC 95% - 0,7 a 1,5, DP = 0,25. A idade cronológica e a adiposidade foram preditores do desempenho de agilidade P < 0,01. Foi observada melhora significante no desempenho durante os 10 meses de temporada, com efeito de grupo significante P < 0,01. CONCLUSÃO: o teste de agilidade demonstrou lógica e validade, além de ser um instrumento confiável e objetivo para avaliar a agilidade em jogadores de futebol adolescentes. .
INTRODUCCIÓN: en futbol, la agilidad es un parámetro relevante. Así, este parámetro está definido como la capacidad para cambiar de direcciones de forma rápida y es el resultado de una combinación de fuerza, velocidad, equilibrio y coordinación. OBJETIVO: demostrar la validez y confiabilidad del test modificado de Barrow en jóvenes jugadores de futbol de 10 a 14 años, analizar la relación con la edad, maduración, experiencia y tamaño corporal y comprobar la efectividad del protocolo para distinguir cambios de rendimiento durante una temporada competitiva de 10 meses. MÉTODOS: participaron 55 jugadores adolescentes vascos. Se realizaron las siguientes mediciones: edad, maduración, experiencia, composición corporal, salto vertical y sprint de 15 metros. La confiabilidad del test fue analizada mediante test replicado en un subgrupo de 34 jugadores. Otro subgrupo de 33 jugadores n = 18 sub-11, 10,4 ± 0,3 años; n = 15 sub-13, 12,0 ± 0,8 años fue analizado al principio y al final de la temporada. RESULTADOS: la confiabilidad del test fue buena cambios en la media = -0,5%, 95% IC - 1,2 a 0,2, ES-d = 0,14; el coeficiente de variación fue 0,9%, 95% IC - 0,7 a 1,5, ES-d = 0,25. La edad cronológica y la adiposidad fueron predictores del rendimiento de la agilidad P < 0,01. Se observó una mejora importante del rendimiento durante los 10 meses de temporada con un efecto de grupo significativo P < 0,01. CONCLUSIÓN: el test de agilidad demostró lógica y validez además de ser un instrumento confiable y objetivo para evaluar la agilidad en jugadores de futbol adolescentes. .
ABSTRACT
The prevalence of overweight and obesity in patients with fibromyalgia is high, which makes these patients more likely to trigger metabolic changes. It is also uncertain whether the clinical manifestations of fibromyalgia alter the metabolism in these patients. This study investigates the influence of adiposity indicators and presence of fibromyalgia on leptin and acylated ghrelin levels, which are hormones responsible for controlling energy homeostasis. Seventeen women with fibromyalgia (patients) and fifteen healthy women (controls) were evaluated. Pain intensity, physical activity level characteristics and leptin and acylated ghrelin levels were assessed. General linear models, using a main-effects model, were used to test the effect of fibromyalgia (patients vs. controls) on the relationship of leptin and acylated ghrelin with anthropometric indicators [body mass index, waist circumference (WC) and WC by height]. Patients showed higher leptin levels (controls: 9.1 ± 6.7 vs. patients: 22.4 ± 10.6 ng/mL; p < 0.01) and lower acylated ghrelin levels (controls: 188.7 ± 103.4 vs. patients: 126.7 ± 47.8 pg/mL; p = 0.04). The anthropometric variables, entered into linear models as independent variables, significantly influenced both leptin and acylated ghrelin levels (p < 0.01). The explained variance (R(2)) of the models containing leptin was higher (R(2) = 0.52-0.61) compared to the models containing acylated ghrelin (R(2) = 0.24-0.27). When analyzing the influence of the presence of fibromyalgia (study group: women with fibromyalgia vs. healthy women), only the leptin levels were influenced. High leptin levels independent of adiposity in women with fibromyalgia may be associated with the clinical condition of this syndrome.
Subject(s)
Adiposity , Fibromyalgia/blood , Fibromyalgia/physiopathology , Leptin/blood , Obesity/physiopathology , Adult , Biomarkers/blood , Body Mass Index , Brazil/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Fibromyalgia/diagnosis , Fibromyalgia/epidemiology , Ghrelin/blood , Humans , Linear Models , Middle Aged , Obesity/diagnosis , Obesity/epidemiology , Predictive Value of Tests , Prevalence , Up-Regulation , Waist CircumferenceABSTRACT
The objectives of the study were to analyze the deliberate practice variables in three different youth competitive sport settings; to analyze the effects of a season-long exposure on deliberate practice variables. The study explores three contexts in two different sports, soccer and volleyball, and at two competitive levels. The athletes fulfilled the questionnaire at the beginning and at the end of the season. A multilevel analysis was performed. Forty eight boys aged 15-17 years (14 from a volleyball club; 14 from an elite volleyball centre; 20 from a professional soccer club) participated in the study. The measure was an adapted version for soccer and volleyball of the Deliberate Practice Motivation Questionnaire, which assesses two dimensions: the will to compete and the will to excel. Fewer people in the volleyball group showed a will to excel, the soccer group showed an increase in the scores. In will to compete, the three teams showed a decrease in their means. The decrease is more pronounced in the will to excel but the context effect is not significant. The biggest decrease is shown by the elite volleyball team, followed by the club teams. The findings raise questions for managers and coaches who look for physical and technical gifted young athletes and aim to develop their qualities through a careful planned training programme. The insertion in programmes that are believed to foster expertise seems to have unexpected consequences. Sport participation cannot rely exclusively on an orientation toward expertise, forgetting the autonomy of young people to set their goals. Key PointsThe need for the adolescents to focus on game performance can be a deterrent for their own perspectives of a career or just to have fun.The crucial factor to influence the players' answers seems to be the perspective of a rewarding professional career in sport.It is possible that young athletes, after a hard season, re-evaluate their priorities and think that their dedication to sport did not fit their initial expectations.Managers and coaches should be aware of important pedagogical implications, and the effectiveness of sport participation cannot rely exclusively on an orientation toward expertise.
ABSTRACT
The relationships between knee joint isokinetic strength, biological maturity status and body size were examined in 14-16-year-old basketball players, considering proportional allometric modeling. Biological maturity status was assessed with maturity offset protocol. Stature, body mass, sitting height, and estimated thigh volume were measured by anthropometry. Maximal moments of force of concentric and eccentric muscular actions for the knee extensors and flexors were assessed by isokinetic dynamometry at 60° s(-1). Regression analysis revealed a linear relation between maximal moments of force of the knee extensors in both muscular actions and knee flexors in concentric actions were moderately high (0.55 ≤ r ≤ 0.64). As for knee flexors in eccentric actions, a squared term of maturity indicator was significant indicating that the relationship with maturity offset tended to plateau approximately 2 years after PHV. Incorporating maturity indicator term with body size term (body mass or thigh volume) in the allometric models revealed that the size exponents for both body mass and thigh volume were reduced compared with simple allometric modeling. The results indicate a significant inter-individual variation in lower-limb isokinetic strength performance at 60° s(-1) in concentric and eccentric muscular actions in late adolescent basketball players. The variability in performance is related to inter-individual variation in estimated time before or after peak height velocity, as well as differences in body size. Proportional allometric models indicate that the influence of estimated time from age at peak height velocity on isokinetic strength performance is mostly mediated by corresponding changes in overall body mass.
